Difference between revisions of "R/C2/Introduction-to-RStudio/English"

Revision as of 12:41, 21 November 2018

Title of script: Introduction to R Studio

Authors: Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudhakar Kumar (IIT Bombay)

Keywords: R, RStudio, workspace, console, packages

Visual Cue	Narration
Show slide Opening slide	Welcome to this tutorial on Introduction to R Studio.
Show slide Objectives	In this tutorial, you will learn about these features of RStudio: Source and Console windows Workspace; Plots and Files window How to install packages of R
Show slide Pre-requisites	To understand this tutorial, you should know: Elementary Maths Basic commands of R If not, please locate the relevant tutorials on R on this website.
Show slide Systems requirements	This tutorial is recorded on Ubuntu Linux OS 16.04 R version 3.2.3 RStudio version 1.1.456 Install R version 3.2.0 or higher.
[RStudio] RStudio window	Let us switch to RStudio.
Highlight the Source window	The window in the top left corner is the Source window. It is used to edit a script and run it.
Highlight the Console window	The window in the bottom left corner is the Console window. It is used to install packages or to run a particular command.
Highlight the Workspace window Highlight Environment tab	The upper right window is the Workspace window. It stores all the variables used during execution of commands under the Environment tab.
Place cursor on the inside edges of all the windows. Point to the four-headed arrow.	Place your cursor on the inside edges of all the windows. A four-headed arrow symbol appears.
Drag this to resize windows for better visibility.	You can drag this to resize your windows for better visibility.
	Let us declare some variables.
Type testSample <- c(1,2,3,4) in Console	In the Console, type testSample (capital S) space less than symbol followed by hyphen space c. Now, in parentheses, type 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 4. Press Enter to execute this line.
Highlight the testSample in Environment tab	You can see the variable testSample in the Environment window.
Highlight the Plots and Files window	The lower right window is the Plots and Files window.
Highlight the Files tab	The Files tab is used to keep track of Working Directories. We will learn more about Working Directory later in this series.
Highlight the Plots tab	The Plots tab shows all the graphical output.
	Let us plot the variable testSample.
Type plot(testSample) in the Console window Highlight the output plot	In the Console, type plot testSample capital S in parentheses. Press Enter. You can now see the plot in the Plots window.
Highlight the Environment tab	Let us look at the Environment window in the upper right corner.
Highlight testSample Highlight broom-shaped icon in Environment	We will clear this variable in this window. At the top of the Environment window, click on the broom icon.
In Confirm Remove Objects window >> check Include hidden objects >> click on Yes	A Confirm Remove Objects window appears. Ensure that the box Include hidden objects is checked and click on Yes.
Highlight Environment tab	Now, there is no variable in the Environment.
Click in the Plots window and click on the broom icon.	Click in the Plots window and click on the broom icon.
Point to Clear Plots text box.	A Clear Plots text box appears.
Point to Clear Plots text box.	The text reads, “Are you sure you want to clear all of the plots in the history?”
Click Yes.	Click Yes.
Type plot(testSample) in the Console window	Now, let us try plotting this variable again. In the Console, again type plot testSample in parentheses as before. Press Enter.
Highlight the error in the Console window Highlight broom-shaped icon in Environment	No plot is generated. Instead, we see: Error in plot(testSample) : object 'testSample' not found It means that the variable testSample has been removed from our Workspace. So, you should be careful with this broom icon in the Environment window.
History tab Highlight the commands	Next to Environment, the History tab stores all our actions. Here, we can see the lines that have been executed so far.
	Let us declare two variables, firstVar and secondVar, which will be used later.
[Console] Type firstVar <- 6 Type secondVar <- 8	In the Console, type first capital V a r space less than symbol followed by hyphen space 6. Press Enter. Next, type second capital V a r space less than symbol followed by hyphen space 8. Press Enter.
[RStudio] Press Ctrl+L	Our Console window is filled with the previous commands. We need to clean the Console before moving on. Click in the Console window and press Ctrl+L together.
Highlight the broom-shaped icon at the right corner of the Console window	Clicking on the broom icon in the upper right corner of the Console will also clear it. To see this icon, place the cursor under the maximizer button of the Console window. You will see a hand symbol and the text, Clear Console Ctrl+L.
Show slide Packages in R	R packages are A collection of R functions, compiled code and sample data Stored under a directory called library in the R environment. By default, R installs a set of packages
	Let us switch back to RStudio.
Click on the Environment tab again.	Now click on the Environment tab again.
[RStudio] Type library()	To see the list of R packages installed in your system, type library parentheses. Press Enter.
Tab R packages available opens in Source window	A tab named R packages available opens up in Source window.
	Let us install a new package named MASS. Please make sure that you are connected to the Internet.
[Console] Type install.packages("MASS") Highlight the red dot at the right corner of Console	In the Console window, type install dot packages. Now, MASS inside double quotes in parentheses. Press Enter. We will need to wait until R installs the package.
	There is another way to install a package. Let us install another package named ggplot2.
Click on the Tools button >> Select the Install Packages option	In the top menu bar of RStudio, click on the Tools button. From the drop-down menu, select the Install Packages option.
In Packages, type ggplot2	In the Packages field, type the name of the package ggplot2
Check the box Install dependencies >> click on the Install button	Ensure that Install dependencies box is checked and click on the Install button.
[RStudio] Type library(MASS) in the Console window	To load a package, we use library() function and provide the package name as an argument. We will load the MASS package now. In the Console window, type library MASS in parentheses and press Enter.
	Now we will use fractions() function available in the MASS package.
[RStudio] Type f r a c t i o. Point to the fractions option. Press Enter to select. fractions(firstVar/secondVar) Highlight ¾ in the Console	In the Console window, type f r a c t i o. RStudio shows the fractions option. Press Enter to select it. You can use this feature while typing commands. Only remember that R is case-sensitive. After fractions, type, in parentheses, firstVar division slash secondVar. Press Enter. You can see the reduced fraction ¾ in the Console.
Type firstVar/secondVar in the Console Highlight the output in decimal	In the Console, we can also type firstVar division slash secondVar. It gives the result in decimal form.
	This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
Show slide Summary	We have learnt about, Source and Console windows Workspace; Plots and Files window How to install packages of R
Show slide Assignment	We now suggest an assignment. Install plyr package and load it.
Show slide About the Spoken Tutorial Project	The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. Please download and watch it.
Show slide Spoken Tutorial Workshops	We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials and give certificates. Please contact us.
Show Slide Forum to answer questions	Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? Choose the minute and second where you have the question. Explain your question briefly. Someone from the FOSSEE team will answer them. Please visit this site.
Show Slide Forum to answer questions	Do you have any general / technical questions? Please visit the forum given in the link.
Show Slide Textbook Companion	The FOSSEE team coordinates coding of solved examples of popular books. We give honorarium and certificates for those who do this. For more details, please visit these sites.
Show Slide Acknowledgement	The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India
Show Slide Thank You	This script has been contributed by Shaik (FOSSEE Fellow 2018) and Sudhakar from FOSSEE project. This is Vidhya Iyer from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

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Nancyvarkey, Sudhakarst

Difference between revisions of "R/C2/Introduction-to-RStudio/English"

Revision as of 12:41, 21 November 2018

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<div style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;">'''Title of script''': Introduction to R Studio</div>
+'''Title of script''': Introduction to R Studio
-<div style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Authors'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">: Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudh</span>akar Kumar (IIT Bombay)</div>
+'''Authors''': Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudhakar Kumar (IIT Bombay)
-<div style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;">'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, workspace, console, packages</div>
+'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, workspace, console, packages
-{| style="border-spacing:0;width:7.3958in;"
+{| style="border-spacing:0"
 |-
 | align=center style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000001;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | '''Visual Cue'''
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 Opening slide
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Welcome to this tutorial on </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Introduction to R Studio.'''</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Welcome to this tutorial on '''Introduction to R Studio.'''
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
 Objectives
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In this tutorial,''' '''you will learn about these features of '''RStudio''':
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In this tutorial, you will learn about these features of '''RStudio''':
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Source '''and '''Console '''windows </div>
+* '''Source '''and '''Console '''windows
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window</div>
+* '''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''</div>
+* How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''
 |-
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | To understand this tutorial, you should know:
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Elementary Maths </div>
+* Elementary Maths
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Basic commands of''' R'''</div>
+* Basic commands of''' R'''
 If not, please locate the relevant tutorials on '''R''' on this website.
@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | This tutorial is recorded on
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Ubuntu Linux OS 16.04''' </div>
+* '''Ubuntu Linux OS 16.04'''
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''R '''version''' 3.2.3 '''</div>
+* '''R '''version''' 3.2.3 '''
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''RStudio''' version''' 1.1.456'''</div>
+* '''RStudio''' version''' 1.1.456'''
 Install '''R''' version '''3.2.0''' or higher.
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The upper right window is the '''Workspace''' window.
-It stores all the variables used during execution of commands under the '''Environment''' tab.
+It stores all the '''variables''' used during execution of '''commands''' under the '''Environment''' tab.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Place cursor on the inside edges of all the windows.
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us declare some variables.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us declare some '''variables'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type '''testSample <- c(1,2,3,4)''' in '''Console'''
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''testSample''' in Environment tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | You can see the variable '''testSample''' in the '''Environment '''window.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | You can see the '''variable testSample''' in the '''Environment '''window.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Plots '''and '''Files '''window
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Files''' tab
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The '''Files''' tab is used to keep track of '''Working Directories'''.
-Highlight the '''Plots''' tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | '''The Files''' tab is used to keep track of '''Working Directories'''.
 We will learn more about '''Working Directory''' later in this series.
+|-
-The''' Plots''' tab shows all the '''graphical output'''.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Plots''' tab
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The''' Plots''' tab shows all the '''graphical output'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us plot the variable '''testSample'''.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us plot the '''variable testSample'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type '''plot(testSample)''' in the Console window
@@ Line 137: / Line 135: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Point to Clear Plots text box.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A Clear Plots text box appears.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A '''Clear Plots''' text box appears.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Point to Clear Plots text box.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The text reads, “Are you sure you want to clear all of the plots in the history?”
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The text reads, '''“Are you sure you want to clear all of the plots in the history?”'''
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click Yes.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click Yes.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click '''Yes'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type plot('''testSample''') in the '''Console '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now, let us try plotting this variable again.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now, let us try plotting this '''variable''' again.
 In the '''Console''', again type '''plot testSample '''in '''parentheses''' as before.
@@ Line 161: / Line 159: @@
 '''Error in plot(testSample) : object 'testSample' not found'''
-It means that the variable '''testSample '''has been removed from our '''Workspace. '''
+It means that the '''variable testSample '''has been removed from our '''Workspace. '''
 So, you should be careful with this broom icon in the '''Environment '''window.
@@ Line 175: / Line 173: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us declare two variables, '''firstVar''' and '''secondVar''', which will be used later.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us declare two '''variables, firstVar''' and '''secondVar''', which will be used later.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [Console]
@@ Line 183: / Line 181: @@
 Type '''secondVar <- 8'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the Console, type '''first capital V a r '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space 6.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console''', type '''first capital V a r '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space 6.
 Press '''Enter'''.
@@ Line 198: / Line 196: @@
 We need to clean the '''Console''' before moving on.
-Click in the '''Console''' window and press '''Ctrl+L together. '''
+Click in the '''Console''' window and press '''Ctrl+L''' together.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the broom-shaped icon at the right corner of the '''Console '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Clicking on the''' '''broom icon in the upper right corner of the '''Console''' will also clear it.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Clicking on the broom icon in the upper right corner of the '''Console''' will also clear it.
-To see this icon, place the cursor under the maximizer button of the '''Console '''window.
+To see this icon, place the cursor under the '''maximizer''' button of the '''Console '''window.
 You will see a hand symbol and the text, '''Clear Console Ctrl+L'''.
@@ Line 210: / Line 208: @@
 Packages in R
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''R packages'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> are </span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | '''R packages''' are
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">A collection of''' R functions, compiled code '''and sample data</div>
+* A collection of''' R functions, compiled code '''and sample data
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Stored under a directory called '''library '''in the '''R environment'''.</div>
+* Stored under a '''directory''' called '''library '''in the '''R environment'''.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">By default, </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''R'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> installs a set of </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''packages'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">.</span>
+By default, '''R''' installs a set of '''packages'''
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
@@ Line 220: / Line 218: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click on the Environment tab again.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now click on the Environment tab again.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now click on the '''Environment''' tab again.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
 Type '''library()'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | To see the list of '''R packages''' installed in your system, type '''library parentheses''' in the '''Console.'''
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | To see the list of '''R packages''' installed in your system, type '''library parentheses'''.
 Press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Tab '''R packages available '''opens in '''Source''' window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A tab named '''R packages available '''opens up in '''Source''' window.''' '''
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A tab named '''R packages available '''opens up in '''Source''' window.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us install a new package named '''MASS'''. Please make sure that you are connected to the '''Internet'''.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us install a new '''package''' named '''MASS'''.
+Please make sure that you are connected to the '''Internet'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [Console]
-Type '''install.packages(<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">"MASS"</span>)'''
+Type '''install.packages("MASS")'''
 Highlight the red dot at the right corner of '''Console'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console '''window, type '''install dot packages'''.''' '''
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console '''window, type '''install dot packages'''.
-Now''', MASS '''inside double quotes in parentheses.''' '''
+Now''', MASS '''inside double quotes in parentheses.
 Press '''Enter'''.
@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | There is another way to install a '''package'''. Let us install another package named '''ggplot2'''.
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | There is another way to install a '''package'''. Let us install another '''package''' named '''ggplot2'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click on the '''Tools''' button >>
@@ Line 256: / Line 256: @@
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the top menu bar of '''RStudio, '''click on the '''Tools''' button.
-From the dropdown menu, select the '''Install Packages''' option.
+From the drop-down menu, select the '''Install Packages''' option.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In '''Packages''', type '''ggplot2'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Packages''' field, type the name of the '''package''' '''ggplot2'''
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Packages''' field, type the name of the '''package ggplot2'''
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Check the box '''Install dependencies''' >> click on the '''Install '''button
@@ Line 271: / Line 271: @@
 We will load the''' MASS package''' now.
-In the '''Console '''window, type '''library MASS in parentheses '''and press '''Enter'''.
+In the '''Console '''window, type '''library MASS''' in '''parentheses '''and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
@@ Line 278: / Line 278: @@
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
-Type f r a c t i o.
+Type '''f r a c t i o'''.
 Point to the fractions option.
-Press Enter to select.
+Press '''Enter''' to select.
 '''fractions(firstVar/secondVar)'''
@@ Line 290: / Line 290: @@
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
-In the '''Console '''window, type f r a c t i o.
+In the '''Console '''window, type '''f r a c t i o'''.
-RStudio shows the fractions option.
+'''RStudio''' shows the '''fractions''' option.
-Press Enter to select it.
+Press '''Enter''' to select it.
 '''You can use this feature while typing commands. '''
@@ Line 304: / Line 304: @@
 Press '''Enter'''.
-You can see the reduced fraction '''¾''' in the '''Console. '''
+You can see the reduced '''fraction ¾''' in the '''Console. '''
 |-
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type '''firstVar/secondVar''' in the '''Console'''
@@ Line 321: / Line 321: @@
 Summary
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We have learned about,
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We have learnt about,
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Source '''and '''Console '''windows </div>
+* '''Source '''and '''Console '''windows
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window</div>
+* '''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''</div>
+* How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''
 |-
@@ Line 331: / Line 331: @@
 Assignment
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We now suggest an assignment.
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Install '''plyr package''' and load it.</div>
+* Install '''plyr package''' and load it.
 |-
@@ Line 348: / Line 348: @@
 Please contact us.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show Slide
 Forum to answer questions
@@ Line 354: / Line 354: @@
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Do you have questions in THIS </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial?'''</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Do you have questions in THIS  '''Spoken Tutorial?'''
 Choose the minute and second where you have the question.
@@ Line 364: / Line 364: @@
 Please visit this site.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show Slide
 Forum to answer questions
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Do you have any general / technical questions?</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Do you have any general / technical questions?
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Please visit the forum given in the link.</span>
+Please visit the forum given in the link.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show Slide
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Textbook Companion</span>
+Textbook Companion
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''FOSSEE '''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">team coordinates coding of solved examples of popular books.</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The '''FOSSEE ''' team coordinates coding of solved examples of popular books.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">We give honorarium and certificates for those who do this.</span>
+We give honorarium and certificates for those who do this.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">For more details, please visit these sites.</span>
+For more details, please visit these sites.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show Slide
 Acknowledgement
 | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show Slide
 Thank You
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">This script has been contributed by Shaik (FOSSEE Fellow 2018) and Sudhakar from FOSSEE project.</span>
+| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | This script has been contributed by Shaik (FOSSEE Fellow 2018) and Sudhakar from FOSSEE project.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">This is Vidhya Iyer from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.</span>
+This is Vidhya Iyer from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.
 |-
 |}