Arduino/C2/Electronic-components-and-connections/English-timed

Time	Narration
00:01	Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Electronic components and connections.
00:07	In this tutorial, we will learn how to use the: Breadboard and its internal connections,
00:14	LED on the breadboard, PushButton and Seven Segment Display on the breadboard.
00:23	To follow this series, you should have basic knowledge of: Electronic components such as resistors, push-button, LED etc.
00:34	open circuit, closed circuit,
00:38	serial and parallel connections,
00:41	batteries, positive and negative voltage.
00:47	This tutorial is recorded using the following components: Breadboard,
00:54	LED or Tri Colour LED, Push Button,
01:00	Resistor and Seven Segment Display.
01:06	This is what the breadboard looks like.
01:11	A breadboard is a device for holding the components of a circuit and connecting them together.
01:18	We can build an electronic circuit on a breadboard without doing any soldering.
01:25	The top two rails and bottom two rails are called power rails.
01:31	The top row of holes are all connected together and are marked here with red dots and blue dots.
01:41	Note that the connection breaks in the middle of the breadboard.
01:46	In the middle, the columns of wires are connected together.
01:51	For example, all the green holes marked are connected together. But, they are not connected to the yellow holes.
02:02	Next we will learn about LED. LED stands for light emitting diode.
02:11	It emits a colored light when there is a current flowing through it.
02:16	An LED has two leads, namely anode and cathode.
02:22	The longer lead is the anode. It should be connected to the positive voltage.
02:29	The shorter lead is the cathode. It should be connected to the ground.
02:35	Tri-color LED is an advanced version of LED which emits three different colours.
02:43	It has 4 pins. The longest lead is called the common lead.
02:50	The remaining three pins are for the red, green and blue colour LEDs.
02:57	There are two types of tri-color LEDs: common anode and common cathode.
03:07	In common anode version, the common lead should be connected to the positive voltage.
03:14	In common cathode version, the common lead should be connected to the ground.
03:21	Next, we will learn about Resistor.
03:25	A resistor is used to limit the current flowing in the circuit.
03:30	Now, let’s build a simple circuit using an LED, a resistor and a breadboard.
03:37	The image shows the proper connections.
03:41	Positive of the 9 volt battery is connected to the second rail.
03:46	Negative of the 9 volt battery is connected to the 1st rail.
03:51	Anode (i.e Right lead) of the LED, is connected to the 2nd rail of the breadboard through a resistor.
04:00	Cathode (i.e Left lead) of the LED, is connected to the 1st rail of the breadboard.
04:08	This is the live setup of the LED connections.
04:13	You can see that the LED is glowing, because the connections we used are proper.
04:21	Now, we’ll see the common mistakes people make when using breadboard to make connections.
04:29	In this connection, the LED doesn’t glow because the connections are not proper.
04:36	The resistor and LED are placed beside each other.
04:41	The holes in the breadboard except the power rails are connected column-wise.
04:47	So, there’s no connection between the anode of the LED and the resistor lead. This makes the LED isolated.
04:57	In the next connection, the cathode of the LED is connected to the 2nd rail.
05:04	The anode of the LED is connected to the 1st rail through the resistor.
05:10	The connections in this circuit are the reverse of what it should be. That’s why the LED doesn’t glow.
05:18	Next, we will learn about the push button.
05:23	A push button is a simple switch mechanism that connects two points in a circuit when pressed.
05:31	Push button usually comes with four legs.
05:35	Irrespective of the position of the switch, legs A and C are always connected.
05:43	Similarly, legs B and D are always connected.
05:48	When the switch is pressed all the four legs are connected to each other.
05:53	Now, let us add a push button to the previous circuit and use it to change the state of the LED.
06:02	The image shows the proper connections. The LED anode is connected to the 2nd power rail i.e. positive voltage through a resistor and a push button.
06:15	Let us see the live setup connection.
06:19	When the push button is pressed, the LED glows as expected.
06:25	As there are 4 legs in the push button, the circuit can be built in another way as well.
06:32	Instead of using the leg B of the push button, we are using the leg D.
06:38	Since they are internally connected to each other, the LED glows when the push button is pressed.
06:45	Next, we’ll see the common mistakes people make while using push buttons.
06:52	Look at this image. The anode of the LED is connected to the 2nd power rail, through legs A and C of the push button.
07:03	Recall that the legs A and C of the push button are internally connected.
07:10	Hence, the anode of the LED is always connected to 2nd power rail, irrespective of the push button.
07:19	The LED always glows in this circuit, even when the push button is OFF.
07:26	Let’s now move on to the seven-segment display.
07:31	The seven-segment display has sevenLEDs arranged in the shape of number eight.
07:38	There are two types of seven-segment displays: common anode and common cathode seven segment display.
07:49	In a common cathode seven-segment display, pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g and dot must be connected to +5Volts.
08:02	The two COM pins must be connected to ground (GND).
08:07	The common anode display is the exact opposite.
08:11	Here, pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g and dot must be connected to ground. And, the two COM pins must be connected to +5Volts.
08:26	Now, let us see how to connect a seven-segment display on the breadboard and glow all the LEDs.
08:35	The seven-segment display used here, in the image, is a common anode.
08:41	So, the common anodeis connected to the 2nd power rail through a resistor.
08:48	LED pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g, dot are connected to the 1st power rail.
08:56	If the connection is proper, we will see that all the LEDs are glowing.
09:02	Let us see the live setup connection.
09:05	We can see all the segments in the seven segment display are glowing.
09:11	This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
09:17	In this tutorial, we learnt about Breadboard and its internal connections,
09:24	LED on the breadboard, PushButton and Seven Segment Display on the breadboard.
09:33	The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project. Please download and watch it.
09:41	The Spoken Tutorial Project team: conducts workshops and gives certificates. For more details, please write to us.
09:51	Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? Please visit this site.
09:57	Choose the minute and second where you have the question. Explain your question briefly.
10:04	Someone from our team will answer them.
10:07	The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial. Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them.
10:17	This will help reduce the clutter. With less clutter, we can use these discussion as instructional material.
10:26	Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India. More information on this mission is available at this link.
10:37	This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay. Thanks for watching.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Sandhya.np14