Difference between revisions of "R/C2/Introduction-to-RStudio/English"

Latest revision as of 17:42, 4 October 2019

Title of script: Introduction to R Studio

Authors: Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudhakar Kumar (IIT Bombay)

Keywords: R, RStudio, workspace, console, packages, video tutorial

Visual Cue	Narration
Show slide Opening slide	Welcome to this tutorial on Introduction to R Studio.
Show slide Objectives	In this tutorial, you will learn about these features of RStudio: Source and Console windows Workspace; Plots and Files window How to install packages of R
Show slide Pre-requisites	To understand this tutorial, you should know: Elementary Maths Basic commands of R If not, please locate the relevant tutorials on R on this website.
Show slide Systems requirements	This tutorial is recorded on Ubuntu Linux OS 16.04 R version 3.2.3 RStudio version 1.1.456 Install R version 3.2.0 or higher.
[RStudio] RStudio window	Let us switch to RStudio.
Highlight the Source window	The window in the top left corner is the Source window. It is used to edit a script and run it.
Highlight the Console window	The window in the bottom left corner is the Console window. It is used to install packages or to run a particular command.
Highlight the Workspace window Highlight Environment tab	The upper right window is the Workspace window. It stores all the variables used during execution of commands under the Environment tab.
Place cursor on the inside edges of all the windows. Point to the four-headed arrow.	Place your cursor on the inside edges of all the windows. A four-headed arrow symbol appears.
Drag this to resize windows for better visibility.	You can drag this to resize your windows for better visibility.
	Let us declare some variables.
Type testSample <- c(1,2,3,4) in Console	In the Console, type testSample (capital S) space less than symbol followed by hyphen space c. Now, in parentheses, type 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 4. Press Enter to execute this line.
Highlight the testSample in Environment tab	You can see the variable testSample in the Environment window.
Highlight the Plots and Files window	The lower right window is the Plots and Files window.
Highlight the Files tab	The Files tab is used to keep track of Working Directories. We will learn more about Working Directory later in this series.
Highlight the Plots tab	The Plots tab shows all the graphical output.
	Let us plot the variable testSample.
Type plot(testSample) in the Console window Highlight the output plot	In the Console, type plot testSample capital S in parentheses. Press Enter. You can now see the plot in the Plots window.
Highlight the Environment tab	Let us look at the Environment window in the upper right corner.
Highlight testSample Highlight broom-shaped icon in Environment	We will clear this variable in this window. At the top of the Environment window, click on the broom icon.
In Confirm Remove Objects window >> check Include hidden objects >> click on Yes	A Confirm Remove Objects window appears. Ensure that the box Include hidden objects is checked and click on Yes.
Highlight Environment tab	Now, there is no variable in the Environment.
Click in the Plots window and click on the broom icon.	Click in the Plots window and click on the broom icon.
Point to Clear Plots text box.	A Clear Plots text box appears.
Point to Clear Plots text box.	The text reads, “Are you sure you want to clear all of the plots in the history?”
Click Yes.	Click Yes.
Type plot(testSample) in the Console window	Now, let us try plotting this variable again. In the Console, again type plot testSample in parentheses as before. Press Enter.
Highlight the error in the Console window Highlight broom-shaped icon in Environment	No plot is generated. Instead, we see: Error in plot(testSample) : object 'testSample' not found It means that the variable testSample has been removed from our Workspace. So, you should be careful with this broom icon in the Environment window.
History tab Highlight the commands	Next to Environment, the History tab stores all our actions. Here, we can see the lines that have been executed so far.
	Let us declare two variables, firstVar and secondVar, which will be used later.
[Console] Type firstVar <- 6	In the Console, type first capital V a r space less than symbol followed by hyphen space 6. Press Enter.
[Console] Type secondVar <- 8	Next, type second capital V a r space less than symbol followed by hyphen space 8. Press Enter.
[RStudio] Press Ctrl+L	Our Console window is filled with the previous commands. We need to clean the Console before moving on. Click in the Console window and press Ctrl+L together.
Highlight the broom-shaped icon at the right corner of the Console window	Clicking on the broom icon in the upper right corner of the Console will also clear it. To see this icon, place the cursor under the maximizer button of the Console window. You will see a hand symbol and the text, Clear Console Ctrl+L.
Show slide Packages in R	R packages are A collection of R functions, compiled code and sample data Stored under a directory called library in the R environment. By default, R installs a set of packages
	Let us switch back to RStudio.
Click on the Environment tab again.	Now click on the Environment tab again.
[RStudio] Type library()	To see the list of R packages installed in your system, in the Console, type library parentheses. Press Enter.
Tab R packages available opens in Source window	A tab named R packages available opens up in Source window.
	Let us install a new package named MASS. Please make sure that you are connected to the Internet.
[Console] Type install.packages("MASS") Highlight the red dot at the right corner of Console	In the Console window, type install dot packages. Now, MASS inside double quotes in parentheses. Press Enter. We will need to wait until R installs the package.
	There is another way to install a package. Let us install another package named ggplot2.
Click on the Tools button >> Select the Install Packages option	In the top menu bar of RStudio, click on the Tools button. From the drop-down menu, select the Install Packages option.
In Packages, type ggplot2	In the Packages field, type the name of the package ggplot2
Check the box Install dependencies >> click on the Install button	Ensure that Install dependencies box is checked and click on the Install button.
[RStudio] Type library(MASS) in the Console window	To load a package, we use library function and provide the package name as an argument. We will load the MASS package now. In the Console window, type library MASS in parentheses and press Enter.
	Now we will use fractions function available in the MASS package.
[RStudio] Type f r a c t i o. Point to the fractions option. Press Enter to select.	In the Console window, type f r a c t. RStudio shows the fractions option. Press Enter to select it. You can use this feature while typing commands. Only remember that R is case-sensitive.
[RStudio] Type fractions(firstVar/secondVar) Highlight ¾ in the Console	After fractions, type, in parentheses, firstVar division slash secondVar. Press Enter. You can see the reduced fraction ¾ in the Console.
Type firstVar/secondVar in the Console Highlight the output in decimal	In the Console, we can also type firstVar division slash secondVar. It gives the result in decimal form.
	This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
Show slide Summary	We have learnt about, Source and Console windows Workspace; Plots and Files window How to install packages of R
Show slide About the Spoken Tutorial Project	The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. Please download and watch it.
Show slide Spoken Tutorial Workshops	We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials and give certificates. Please contact us.
Show Slide Forum to answer questions	Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? Choose the minute and second where you have the question. Explain your question briefly. Someone from the FOSSEE team will answer them. Please visit this site.
Show Slide Forum to answer questions	Do you have any general / technical questions? Please visit the forum given in the link.
Show Slide Textbook Companion	The FOSSEE team coordinates coding of solved examples of popular books. We give honorarium and certificates for those who do this. For more details, please visit these sites.
Show Slide Acknowledgement	The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India
Show Slide Thank You	This script has been contributed by Shaik (FOSSEE Fellow 2018) and Sudhakar from FOSSEE project. This is Vidhya Iyer from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

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Nancyvarkey, Sudhakarst

Difference between revisions of "R/C2/Introduction-to-RStudio/English"

Latest revision as of 17:42, 4 October 2019

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<div style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;">'''Title of script''': Introduction to R Studio</div>
+'''Title of script''': Introduction to R Studio
-<div style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Authors'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">: Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudh</span>akar Kumar (IIT Bombay)</div>
+'''Authors''': Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudhakar Kumar (IIT Bombay)
-<div style="margin-left:0in;margin-right:0in;">'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, workspace, console, packages</div>
+'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, workspace, console, packages, video tutorial
+{| border =1
-{| style="border-spacing:0;width:7.3958in;"
+|'''Visual Cue'''
-|-
+|'''Narration'''
-| align=center style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000001;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | '''Visual Cue'''
-| align=center style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | '''Narration'''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Opening slide
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Welcome to this tutorial on </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Introduction to R Studio.'''</span>
+|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''Introduction to R Studio.'''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Objectives
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In this tutorial,''' '''you will learn about these features of '''RStudio''':* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Source '''and '''Console '''windows </div>
+|| In this tutorial, you will learn about these features of '''RStudio''':
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window</div>
+* '''Source '''and '''Console '''windows
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''</div>
+* '''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window
+* How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Pre-requisites
+|| To understand this tutorial, you should know:
+* Elementary Maths
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | To understand this tutorial, you should know: * <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Elementary Maths </div>
+* Basic commands of''' R'''
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Basic commands of''' R'''</div>
 If not, please locate the relevant tutorials on '''R''' on this website.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Systems requirements
+|| This tutorial is recorded on
+* '''Ubuntu Linux OS 16.04'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | This tutorial is recorded on* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Ubuntu Linux OS 16.04''' </div>
+* '''R '''version''' 3.2.3 '''
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''R '''version''' 3.2.3 '''</div>
+* '''RStudio''' version''' 1.1.456'''
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''RStudio''' version''' 1.1.456'''</div>
 Install '''R''' version '''3.2.0''' or higher.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
+|| [RStudio]
 RStudio window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us switch to '''RStudio'''.
+|| Let us switch to '''RStudio'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Source '''window
+|| Highlight the '''Source '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The window in the top left corner is the '''Source''' window.
+|| The window in the top left corner is the '''Source''' window.
 It is used to edit a '''script''' and run it.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Console '''window
+|| Highlight the '''Console '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The window in the bottom left corner is the '''Console''' window.
+|| The window in the bottom left corner is the '''Console''' window.
 It is used to install '''packages''' or to run a particular '''command'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Workspace '''window
+|| Highlight the '''Workspace '''window
 Highlight '''Environment''' tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The upper right window is the '''Workspace''' window.
+|| The upper right window is the '''Workspace''' window.
+It stores all the '''variables''' used during execution of '''commands''' under the '''Environment''' tab.
-It stores all the variables used during execution of commands under the '''Environment''' tab.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Place cursor on the inside edges of all the windows.
+|| Place cursor on the inside edges of all the windows.
 Point to the four-headed arrow.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Place your cursor on the inside edges of all the windows.
+|| Place your cursor on the inside edges of all the windows.
 A four-headed arrow symbol appears.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Drag this to resize windows for better visibility.
+|| Drag this to resize windows for better visibility.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | You can drag this to resize your windows for better visibility.
+|| You can drag this to resize your windows for better visibility.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us declare some variables.
+|| Let us declare some '''variables'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type '''testSample <- c(1,2,3,4)''' in '''Console'''
+|| Type '''testSample <- c(1,2,3,4)''' in '''Console'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console''', type '''testSample (capital S) '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space '''c. '''
+|| In the '''Console''', type '''testSample (capital S) '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space '''c. '''
 Now, in '''parentheses''', type 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 4.
 Press '''Enter''' to execute this line.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''testSample''' in Environment tab
+|| Highlight the '''testSample''' in Environment tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | You can see the variable '''testSample''' in the '''Environment '''window.
+|| You can see the '''variable testSample''' in the '''Environment '''window.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Plots '''and '''Files '''window
+|| Highlight the '''Plots '''and '''Files '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The lower right window is the '''Plots '''and''' Files''' window.
+|| The lower right window is the '''Plots '''and''' Files''' window.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Files''' tab
+|| Highlight the '''Files''' tab
+|| The '''Files''' tab is used to keep track of '''Working Directories'''.
-Highlight the '''Plots''' tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | '''The Files''' tab is used to keep track of '''Working Directories'''.
 We will learn more about '''Working Directory''' later in this series.
-The''' Plots''' tab shows all the '''graphical output'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+|| Highlight the '''Plots''' tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us plot the variable '''testSample'''.
+|| The''' Plots''' tab shows all the '''graphical output'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type '''plot(testSample)''' in the Console window
+||
+|| Let us plot the '''variable testSample'''.
+|-
+|| Type '''plot(testSample)''' in the Console window
 Highlight the output plot
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console''', type '''plot testSample capital S in parentheses. '''Press '''Enter'''.
+|| In the '''Console''', type '''plot testSample capital S in parentheses. '''Press '''Enter'''.
 You can now see the plot in the '''Plots '''window.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the '''Environment '''tab
+|| Highlight the '''Environment '''tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us look at the '''Environment '''window in the upper right corner.
+|| Let us look at the '''Environment '''window in the upper right corner.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight '''testSample'''
+|| Highlight '''testSample'''
 Highlight broom-shaped icon in '''Environment '''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We will clear this '''variable''' in this window.
+|| We will clear this '''variable''' in this window.
 At the top of the '''Environment''' window, click on the broom icon.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In '''Confirm Remove Objects''' window >> check '''Include hidden objects''' >> click on '''Yes'''
+|| In '''Confirm Remove Objects''' window >> check '''Include hidden objects''' >> click on '''Yes'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A '''Confirm Remove Objects''' window appears.
+|| A '''Confirm Remove Objects''' window appears.
 Ensure that the box '''Include hidden objects''' is checked and click on '''Yes'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight '''Environment '''tab
+|| Highlight '''Environment '''tab
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now, there is no '''variable '''in the '''Environment'''.
+|| Now, there is no '''variable '''in the '''Environment'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click in the '''Plots '''window and click on the broom icon.
+|| Click in the '''Plots '''window and click on the broom icon.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click in the '''Plots '''window and click on the broom icon.
+|| Click in the '''Plots '''window and click on the broom icon.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Point to Clear Plots text box.
+|| Point to Clear Plots text box.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A Clear Plots text box appears.
+|| A '''Clear Plots''' text box appears.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Point to Clear Plots text box.
+|| Point to Clear Plots text box.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The text reads, “Are you sure you want to clear all of the plots in the history?”
+|| The text reads, '''“Are you sure you want to clear all of the plots in the history?”'''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click Yes.
+|| Click Yes.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click Yes.
+|| Click '''Yes'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type plot('''testSample''') in the '''Console '''window
+|| Type plot('''testSample''') in the '''Console '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now, let us try plotting this variable again.
+|| Now, let us try plotting this '''variable''' again.
 In the '''Console''', again type '''plot testSample '''in '''parentheses''' as before.
@@ Line 172: / Line 147: @@
 Press '''Enter'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the error in the '''Console '''window
+|| Highlight the error in the '''Console '''window
 Highlight broom-shaped icon in '''Environment '''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | No plot is generated.
+|| No plot is generated.
 Instead, we see:
 '''Error in plot(testSample) : object 'testSample' not found'''
+It means that the '''variable testSample '''has been removed from our '''Workspace. '''
-It means that the variable '''testSample '''has been removed from our '''Workspace. '''
 So, you should be careful with this broom icon in the '''Environment '''window.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
 '''History '''tab
 Highlight the commands
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Next to '''Environment''', the '''History''' tab stores all our actions.
+|| Next to '''Environment''', the '''History''' tab stores all our actions.
 Here, we can see the lines that have been executed so far.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us declare two variables, '''firstVar''' and '''secondVar''', which will be used later.
+|| Let us declare two '''variables, firstVar''' and '''secondVar''', which will be used later.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [Console]
+|| [Console]
 Type '''firstVar <- 6'''
+|| In the '''Console''', type '''first capital V a r '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space 6.
-Type '''secondVar <- 8'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the Console, type '''first capital V a r '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space 6.
 Press '''Enter'''.
+|-
+|| [Console]
+Type '''secondVar <- 8'''
-Next, type '''second capital V a r '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space 8.
+|| Next, type '''second capital V a r '''space '''less than''' symbol followed by '''hyphen '''space 8.
 Press '''Enter'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
+|| [RStudio]
 Press '''Ctrl+L'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Our '''Console '''window is filled with the previous '''commands'''.
+|| Our '''Console '''window is filled with the previous '''commands'''.
 We need to clean the '''Console''' before moving on.
-Click in the '''Console''' window and press '''Ctrl+L together. '''
+Click in the '''Console''' window and press '''Ctrl+L''' together.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Highlight the broom-shaped icon at the right corner of the '''Console '''window
+|| Highlight the broom-shaped icon at the right corner of the '''Console '''window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Clicking on the''' '''broom icon in the upper right corner of the '''Console''' will also clear it.
+|| Clicking on the broom icon in the upper right corner of the '''Console''' will also clear it.
-To see this icon, place the cursor under the maximizer button of the '''Console '''window.
+To see this icon, place the cursor under the '''maximizer''' button of the '''Console '''window.
 You will see a hand symbol and the text, '''Clear Console Ctrl+L'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Packages in R
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''R packages'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> are </span>* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">A collection of''' R functions, compiled code '''and sample data</div>
+|| '''R packages''' are
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Stored under a directory called '''library '''in the '''R environment'''.</div>
+* A collection of''' R functions, compiled code '''and sample data
+* Stored under a '''directory''' called '''library '''in the '''R environment'''.
+By default, '''R''' installs a set of '''packages'''
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">By default, </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''R'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> installs a set of </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''packages'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">.</span>
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us switch back to '''RStudio. '''
+|| Let us switch back to '''RStudio. '''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click on the Environment tab again.
+|| Click on the Environment tab again.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now click on the Environment tab again.
+|| Now click on the '''Environment''' tab again.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
+|| [RStudio]
 Type '''library()'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | To see the list of '''R packages''' installed in your system, type '''library parentheses''' in the '''Console.'''
+|| To see the list of '''R packages''' installed in your system, in the '''Console''', type '''library parentheses'''.
 Press '''Enter'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Tab '''R packages available '''opens in '''Source''' window
+|| Tab '''R packages available '''opens in '''Source''' window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | A tab named '''R packages available '''opens up in '''Source''' window.''' '''
+|| A tab named '''R packages available '''opens up in '''Source''' window.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Let us install a new package named '''MASS'''. Please make sure that you are connected to the '''Internet'''.
+|| Let us install a new '''package''' named '''MASS'''.
+Please make sure that you are connected to the '''Internet'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [Console]
+|| [Console]
-Type '''install.packages(<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">"MASS"</span>)'''
+Type '''install.packages("MASS")'''
 Highlight the red dot at the right corner of '''Console'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console '''window, type '''install dot packages'''.''' '''
+|| In the '''Console '''window, type '''install dot packages'''.
-Now''', MASS '''inside double quotes in parentheses.''' '''
+Now''', MASS '''inside double quotes in parentheses.
 Press '''Enter'''.
@@ Line 276: / Line 244: @@
 We will need to wait until '''R''' installs the '''package'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | There is another way to install a '''package'''. Let us install another package named '''ggplot2'''.
+|| There is another way to install a '''package'''. Let us install another '''package''' named '''ggplot2'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Click on the '''Tools''' button >>
+|| Click on the '''Tools''' button >>
 Select the '''Install Packages''' option
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the top menu bar of '''RStudio, '''click on the '''Tools''' button.
+|| In the top menu bar of '''RStudio, '''click on the '''Tools''' button.
-From the dropdown menu, select the '''Install Packages''' option.
+From the drop-down menu, select the '''Install Packages''' option.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In '''Packages''', type '''ggplot2'''
+|| In '''Packages''', type '''ggplot2'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Packages''' field, type the name of the '''package''' '''ggplot2'''
+|| In the '''Packages''' field, type the name of the '''package ggplot2'''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Check the box '''Install dependencies''' >> click on the '''Install '''button
+|| Check the box '''Install dependencies''' >> click on the '''Install '''button
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Ensure that '''Install dependencies''' box is checked and click on the '''Install''' button.
+|| Ensure that '''Install dependencies''' box is checked and click on the '''Install''' button.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
+|| [RStudio]
 Type '''library(MASS) '''in the Console window
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | To load a '''package''', we use '''library() function '''and provide the '''package''' name as an '''argument'''.
+|| To load a '''package''', we use '''library function '''and provide the '''package''' name as an '''argument'''.
 We will load the''' MASS package''' now.
-In the '''Console '''window, type '''library MASS in parentheses '''and press '''Enter'''.
+In the '''Console '''window, type '''library MASS''' in '''parentheses '''and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Now we will use '''fractions() function''' available in the '''MASS package'''.
+|| Now we will use '''fractions function''' available in the '''MASS package'''.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | [RStudio]
+|| [RStudio]
+Type '''f r a c t i o'''.
-Type f r a c t i o.
 Point to the fractions option.
-Press Enter to select.
+Press '''Enter''' to select.
+||
-'''fractions(firstVar/secondVar)'''
+In the '''Console '''window, type '''f r a c t'''.
-Highlight '''¾''' in the '''Console '''
+'''RStudio''' shows the '''fractions''' option.
+Press '''Enter''' to select it.
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+You can use this feature while typing '''commands'''.
+Only remember that '''R''' is case-sensitive.
+|-
+|| [RStudio]
-In the '''Console '''window, type f r a c t i o.
+Type '''fractions(firstVar/secondVar)'''
-RStudio shows the fractions option.
+Highlight '''¾''' in the '''Console '''
-Press Enter to select it.
+|| After '''fractions''', type, in '''parentheses, firstVar''' division slash '''secondVar'''.
-'''You can use this feature while typing commands. '''
-'''Only remember that R is case-sensitive. '''
-'''After fractions, type, in parentheses, firstVar division slash secondVar. '''
 Press '''Enter'''.
-You can see the reduced fraction '''¾''' in the '''Console. '''
+You can see the reduced '''fraction ¾''' in the '''Console. '''
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Type '''firstVar/secondVar''' in the '''Console'''
+|| Type '''firstVar/secondVar''' in the '''Console'''
 Highlight the output in decimal
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | In the '''Console''', we can also type '''firstVar division slash secondVar'''.
+|| In the '''Console''', we can also type '''firstVar division slash secondVar'''.
 It gives the result in decimal form.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" |
+||
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
+|| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Summary
+|| We have learnt about,
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We have learned about, * <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Source '''and '''Console '''windows </div>
+* '''Source '''and '''Console '''windows
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">'''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window</div>
+* '''Workspace; Plots '''and '''Files '''window
-* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''</div>
+* How to install '''packages''' of '''R'''
-|-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
-Assignment
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We now suggest an assignment.* <div style="margin-left:0.7665in;margin-right:0in;">Install '''plyr package''' and load it.</div>
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 About the Spoken Tutorial Project
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
+|| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
 Please download and watch it.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | Show slide
+|| Show slide
 Spoken Tutorial Workshops
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials and give certificates.
+|| We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials and give certificates.
 Please contact us.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+|| Show Slide
 Forum to answer questions
+|| Do you have questions in THIS  '''Spoken Tutorial?'''
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Do you have questions in THIS </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial?'''</span>
 Choose the minute and second where you have the question.
@@ Line 397: / Line 352: @@
 Please visit this site.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+|| Show Slide
 Forum to answer questions
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Do you have any general / technical questions?</span>
+|| Do you have any general / technical questions?
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Please visit the forum given in the link.</span>
+Please visit the forum given in the link.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+|| Show Slide
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Textbook Companion</span>
+Textbook Companion
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''FOSSEE '''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">team coordinates coding of solved examples of popular books.</span>
+|| The '''FOSSEE ''' team coordinates coding of solved examples of popular books.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">We give honorarium and certificates for those who do this.</span>
+We give honorarium and certificates for those who do this.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">For more details, please visit these sites.</span>
+For more details, please visit these sites.
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+|| Show Slide
 Acknowledgement
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India
+|| The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India
 |-
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Show Slide</span>
+|| Show Slide
 Thank You
-| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0743in;padding-right:0.075in;" | <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">This script has been contributed by Shaik (FOSSEE Fellow 2018) and Sudhakar from FOSSEE project.</span>
+|| This script has been contributed by Shaik (FOSSEE Fellow 2018) and Sudhakar from FOSSEE project.
+This is Vidhya Iyer from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.
-<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">This is Vidhya Iyer from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.</span>
 |-
 |}