Difference between revisions of "C and Cpp"

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'''Dennis M. Ritchie''', a systems engineer at '''Bell Laboratories''', New Jersey developed''' C''' in the early '''1970’s'''although designed for the Unix operating system, it soon proved itself a powerful, general purpose programming language.  
 
'''Dennis M. Ritchie''', a systems engineer at '''Bell Laboratories''', New Jersey developed''' C''' in the early '''1970’s'''although designed for the Unix operating system, it soon proved itself a powerful, general purpose programming language.  
 +
 +
'''C++''' is a programming language developed by '''Bjarne Stroustrup''' starting in '''1979''' at '''Bell Labs'''. C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose, powerful programming language. C++ is an '''object oriented language'''. It supports features like  classes and objects, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Inheritance etc. C++ is also used for hardware design.
 
   
 
   
__TOC__
 
  
==Basic Level==                                                                         
+
The Spoken Tutorial effort for '''C''' and '''C++''' is led by Ashwini Patil from IIT BOMBAY, under the guidance of various Professors from IIT BOMBAY.
#First C Program
+
#*Header Files <br>
+
#**example:<nowiki> #include <stdio.h> </nowiki>
+
#*main()
+
#*Curly braces { }
+
#*printf()
+
#*semicolon ;
+
#*Compiling a C program
+
#**example: gcc filename.c -o output parameter
+
#*Executing a C program
+
#**example: ./output parameter
+
#*Errors
+
# First C++ Program
+
#*Header files
+
#**example: <nowiki>#include <iostream> </nowiki>
+
#*main()
+
#*Curly braces { }
+
#*<nowiki>-cout<< </nowiki>
+
#*semicolon ;
+
#*Compiling a C++ program
+
#**example: g++ filename.cpp -o output parameter
+
#*Executing a C program
+
#**example: ./output parameter
+
# Tokens in C and C++
+
#*Data types, constants, identifiers
+
#*Keywords
+
#**example: if, break, else
+
#*Constants
+
#*Data types
+
#**example: int, float, char, double
+
#*Format specifiers
+
#**example: %d, %f, %c, %lf
+
#*Range of data types
+
#*Variables
+
#*Identifier
+
#*Errors
+
#Functions in C and C++
+
#*What is a function
+
#*Syntax for declaration of a function
+
#*Function with arguments
+
#**example: return-type function-name(parameter);
+
#*Function without arguments
+
#**example: return-type function-name;
+
#*Calling a function
+
#*Errors
+
#Scope of Variables in C and C++
+
#*Introduction
+
#*Syntax of declaring a variable
+
#**example: data-type var-name;
+
#*Syntax for initializing a variable
+
#**example: data-type var-name = value;
+
#*Scope of variables
+
#*Global variable
+
#*Local variable
+
#*Error
+
  
 +
Other Contributors : Chaitanya Mokashi, Ritwik Joshi, Dhawal Goyal
  
6) Check the conditions in a program in C and C++ <br>
+
'''Learners''': High School and UG/PG CSE/CS/IT students and anyone who wishes to learn basic programming.
  
-What are Statements.<br>
+
__TOC__
-Syntax for if and <br>
+
-If-else Statement<br>
+
-Errors<br>
+
  
 +
==Basic Level==                                                                         
  
7) Nested if and switch statement in C and C++ <br>
+
1) '''First C Program'''
  
-Nested if statement.<br>
+
*-Header Files
-Switch statement.<br>  
+
**<nowiki>example: #include <stdio.h> </nowiki>
-Syntax for nested-if statement<br>  
+
*main()
-Syntax for switch statement<br>  
+
*Curly braces { }
-break statement<br>
+
*printf()
-Comparison between nested if-else and switch statement<br>
+
*semicolon ;
-Errors<br>
+
  
 +
*Compiling a C program
 +
**example: gcc filename.c -o output parameter
 +
*Executing a C program
 +
**example: ./output parameter
 +
*Errors
  
8) Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++ <br>
 
  
-Increment Operator<br>
+
2) '''First C++ Program'''
--example: ++<br>
+
-Postfix increment<br>
+
--example: a++<br>
+
-Prefix increment<br>
+
--example: ++a<br>
+
-Decrement Operator<br>
+
--example: --<br>
+
-Postfix decrement<br>
+
--example: a--<br>
+
-Prefix decrement<br>
+
--example: --a<br>
+
-Typecasting<br>
+
-Errors<br>
+
  
 +
*Header files
 +
**<nowiki>--example: #include <iostream> </nowiki>
 +
*main()
 +
*Curly braces { }
 +
*<nowiki>-cout<< </nowiki>
 +
*semicolon ;
  
9) Arithmetic Operators in C and C++ <br>
+
*Compiling a C++ program
 +
**example: g++ filename.cpp -o output parameter
 +
*Executing a C program
 +
**example: ./output parameter
  
-Arithmetic Operators<br>
 
-Addition Operator<br>
 
--example: a + b<br>
 
-Subtraction Operator<br>
 
--example: a - b<br>
 
-Multiplication Operator<br>
 
--example: a * b <br>
 
-Division Operator<br>
 
--example: a \ b<br>
 
-Modulus Operator <br>
 
--example: a % b<br>
 
-Errors<br>
 
  
 +
3) '''Tokens in C and C++'''
  
10) Relational Operators in C and C++ <br>
+
*Data types, constants, identifiers
-Double Equal to <br>
+
*Keywords
--example: a == b<br>
+
**example: if, break, else
-Not Equal to <br>
+
*Constants
--example: a != b <br>
+
*Data types
-Greater Than <br>
+
**example: int, float, char, double
--example: a > b<br>
+
*Format specifiers
-Less Than <br>
+
**example: %d, %f, %c, %lf
<nowiki>--example: a < b
+
*Range of data types
</nowiki><br>
+
*Variables
-Greater than Equal To <br>
+
*Identifier
--example: a >= b<br>
+
*Errors  
-Less Than Equal To <br>
+
<nowiki>--example: a <= b
+
</nowiki><br>
+
-Errors<br>
+
  
  
11) Logical Operators in C and C++ <br>
+
4) '''Functions in C and C++'''
  
-And && <br>
+
*What is a function
-Or ||<br>
+
*Syntax for declaration of a function
-Not !<br>
+
*Function with arguments
-Errors<br> http://www.spoken-tutorial.iitb.ac.in/search_videos
+
**example: return-type function-name(parameter);
 +
*Function without arguments
 +
**example: return-type function-name; 
 +
*Calling a function
 +
*Errors
  
  
12) Loops in C and C++ <br>
+
5) '''Scope of Variables in C and C++'''
  
-Loops<br>
+
*Introduction
-Syntax for while and do-while loop<br>
+
*Syntax of declaring a variable
-Comparison of while and do-while loop<br>
+
**example: data-type var-name;
-Syntax for<br>
+
*Syntax for initializing a variable
-for loop<br>
+
**example: data-type var-name = value;
-Errors<br>
+
*Scope of variables
 +
*Global variable
 +
*Local variable
 +
*Error
  
  
13) Arrays in C and C++ <br>
+
6) '''If And Else If statement in C and C++'''
  
-What are arrays<br>
+
*What are Statements.
-1-D Arrays <br>
+
*Syntax for if and
-Syntax for Declaration of arrays<br>
+
*If-else Statement
<nowiki>--example: data type array_name [size];
+
*Errors  
</nowiki><br>
+
-Syntax for Initialization of arrays<br>
+
<nowiki>--example: data type array_name [size]=value;
+
</nowiki><br>
+
-Accepting values from the user<br>
+
-Errors<br>
+
  
  
14) Working with 2-D Arrays in C and C++ <br>
+
7) '''Nested if and switch statement in C and C++'''
  
-What are 2-D Arrays.<br>
+
*Nested if statement.  
-Range of arrays<br>
+
*Switch statement.
-Syntax for Declaration of 2-D arrays<br>
+
*Syntax for nested-if statement
<nowiki>--example: data type array_name[row][column];
+
*Syntax for switch statement
</nowiki><br>
+
*break statement
-Syntax for initialization of 2-D arrays<br>
+
*Comparison between nested if-else and switch statement
<nowiki>--example: data type array_name[row][column]=
+
*Errors  
</nowiki><br>
+
{ <br>
+
{row-val},{col-val} <br>
+
};<br>
+
-Errors<br>
+
  
  
==Intermediate level== 
+
8) '''Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++'''
  
15) Strings in C and C++ <br>
+
*Increment Operator
 +
**example: ++  
 +
*Postfix increment
 +
**example: a++
 +
*Prefix increment
 +
**example: ++a
 +
*Decrement Operator
 +
**example: --
 +
*Postfix decrement
 +
**example: a--
 +
*Prefix decrement
 +
**example: --a
 +
*Typecasting
 +
*Errors
  
-What is a string<br>
 
-Syntax for declaring a string<br>
 
-Syntax for initializing a string<br>
 
-To read a string from keyboard<br>
 
-Errors<br>
 
  
 +
9) '''Arithmetic Operators in C and C++'''
  
16) String Library Functions in C and C++ <br>
+
*Arithmetic Operators
-What are string library functions.<br>
+
*Addition Operator
-Types of string library functions<br>
+
**example: a + b
-Strcpy<br>
+
*Subtraction Operator
-Strlen<br>
+
**example: a - b
-Strcmp<br>
+
*Multiplication Operator
-Strcat<br>
+
**example: a * b
-Errors<br>
+
*Division Operator
 +
**example: a \ b
 +
*Modulus Operator
 +
**example: a % b
 +
*Errors  
  
  
17) Working with Structures in C and C++ <br>
+
10) '''Relational Operators in C and C++'''
  
-Introduction<br>  
+
*Double Equal to
-Syntax of structures<br>  
+
**example: a == b
-Declaration and initialization<br>  
+
*Not Equal to
-Declaration of structure variable<br>  
+
**example: a != b
-Accessing structure variables<br>  
+
*Greater Than
 +
**example: a > b
 +
*Less Than
 +
**<nowiki>example: a < b </nowiki>
 +
*Greater than Equal To
 +
**<nowiki>example: a >= b </nowiki>
 +
*Less Than Equal To
 +
**<nowiki>example: a <= b </nowiki>
 +
*Errors
  
  
18) Understanding Pointers in C and C++ <br>
+
11) '''Logical Operators in C and C++  
 +
'''
 +
*And &&
 +
*Or ||
 +
*Not !
 +
*Errors
  
-Introduction<br>
 
-Syntax of Pointer<br>
 
--example: int *iptr;<br>
 
-Declaration<br>
 
--example: int a;<br> 
 
(integer a)<br>
 
int *aptr; <br>
 
(pointer to an integer *aptr)<br>
 
aptr = &a; <br>
 
(aptr set to address of a)<br>
 
Address Pointer<br>
 
-Errors<br>
 
  
 +
==Intermediate level== 
  
19) Files in C <br>
+
12) '''Loops in C and C++'''
  
-File handling functions<br>
+
*Loops
-Opening a File closing a file<br>
+
*Syntax for while and do-while loop
--example: fopen, fclose<br>
+
*Comparison of while and do-while loop
-Reading data from a File<br>
+
*Syntax for
 +
*for loop
 +
*Errors
  
  
==Advanced level== 
+
13) '''Arrays in C and C++'''
  
20) Classes and Objects in C++ <br>
+
*What are arrays
 +
*1-D Arrays
 +
*Syntax for Declaration of arrays
 +
**<nowiki>example: data type array_name [size]; </nowiki>
 +
*Syntax for Initialization of arrays
 +
**<nowiki>example: data type array_name [size]=value; </nowiki>
 +
*Accepting values from the user
 +
*Errors
  
-Defining Classes<br>
 
-create a class<br>
 
-Defining Objects<br>
 
-create an object of the class<br>
 
-Encapsulation<br>
 
-Member Functions<br>
 
-To create a function<br>
 
  
 +
14) '''Working with 2-D Arrays in C and C++'''
 +
*What are 2-D Arrays.
 +
*Range of arrays
 +
*Syntax for Declaration of 2-D arrays
 +
**example: data type array_name[row][column];
 +
*Syntax for initialization of 2-D arrays
 +
**example: data type array_name[row][column]=
 +
{
 +
 
 +
{row-val},{col-val}
 +
 
 +
};
 +
*Errors
  
21) Constructor and Destructor <br>
 
  
-Constructor and Destructor<br>
+
15) '''Strings in C and C++'''
-To create a constructor<br>
+
-Parameterized constructors<br>
+
-Copy Constructors<br>
+
-Destructor<br>
+
  
22) Operator Overloading  <br>
+
*What is a string
 +
*Syntax for declaring a string
 +
*Syntax for initializing a string
 +
*To read a string from keyboard
 +
*Errors
  
-Operator Overloading<br>
 
-Static Keyword<br>
 
-Static variable<br>
 
-Static member function<br>
 
-Static Classes<br>
 
  
 +
16) '''String Library Functions in C and C++'''
  
23) Inheritance <br>
+
*What are string library functions.
 +
*Types of string library functions
 +
**Strcpy
 +
**Strlen
 +
**Strcmp
 +
**Strcat
 +
*Errors
 +
 
 +
==Advanced level== 
  
-Inheritance<br>
+
17) '''Working with Structures in C and C++'''
-Concept of subclass and superclass<br>
+
-Types of inheritance<br>
+
  
24) Multiple and Hierarchical Inheritance <br>
+
*Introduction
 +
*Syntax of structures
 +
*Declaration and initialization
 +
*Declaration of structure variable
 +
*Accessing structure variables
  
-Multiple Inheritance <br>
 
-Hierarchical Inheritance <br>
 
--Examples
 
  
 +
18) '''Understanding Pointers in C and C++'''
  
25) Polymorphism  <br>
+
*Introduction
 +
*Syntax of Pointer
 +
**example: int *iptr;
 +
*Declaration
 +
**example:
 +
int a;
 +
(integer a)  
 +
int *aptr;
 +
(pointer to an integer *aptr)
 +
aptr = &a;
 +
(aptr set to address of a)
 +
Address Pointer
 +
*Errors
  
-Polymorphism<br> 
 
-Virtual Members<br>
 
-Virtaul Functions
 
  
 +
19) '''Function call in C and C++'''
  
26) Virtual class <br>
+
*types of function calls
-abstract class<br>
+
*function pass by value
-abstract methods<br> in C++
+
*function pass by reference
  
  
25) Exception Handling <br>
+
20) '''File Handling in C'''
  
-Exceptions<br>
+
*File handling functions
-try<br>
+
*Opening a File closing a file
-throw<br>
+
**example: fopen, fclose
-catch<br>
+
*Reading data from a File

Latest revision as of 15:34, 6 February 2020

Introduction to C

Powerful features, simple syntax, and portability make C a preferred language among programmers for business and industrial applications.Portability means that C programs written for a computer with a particular kind of processor, say Intel, can be executed on computers with different processors such as Motorola, Sun Sparc, or IBM with little or no modification.C language is widely used in the development of operating systems.

An Operating System(OS) is a software(collection of programs) that controls the various functions of a computer. Also it makes other programs on your computer work.

For example, you cannot work with a word processor program, such as Microsoft Word, if there is no operating system installed on your computer.Windows, Unix, Linux, Solaris, and MacOS are some of the popular operating systems.

Dennis M. Ritchie, a systems engineer at Bell Laboratories, New Jersey developed C in the early 1970’salthough designed for the Unix operating system, it soon proved itself a powerful, general purpose programming language.

C++ is a programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ is a statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose, powerful programming language. C++ is an object oriented language. It supports features like classes and objects, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Inheritance etc. C++ is also used for hardware design.


The Spoken Tutorial effort for C and C++ is led by Ashwini Patil from IIT BOMBAY, under the guidance of various Professors from IIT BOMBAY.

Other Contributors : Chaitanya Mokashi, Ritwik Joshi, Dhawal Goyal

Learners: High School and UG/PG CSE/CS/IT students and anyone who wishes to learn basic programming.

Basic Level

1) First C Program

  • -Header Files
    • example: #include <stdio.h>
  • main()
  • Curly braces { }
  • printf()
  • semicolon ;
  • Compiling a C program
    • example: gcc filename.c -o output parameter
  • Executing a C program
    • example: ./output parameter
  • Errors


2) First C++ Program

  • Header files
    • --example: #include <iostream>
  • main()
  • Curly braces { }
  • -cout<<
  • semicolon ;
  • Compiling a C++ program
    • example: g++ filename.cpp -o output parameter
  • Executing a C program
    • example: ./output parameter


3) Tokens in C and C++

  • Data types, constants, identifiers
  • Keywords
    • example: if, break, else
  • Constants
  • Data types
    • example: int, float, char, double
  • Format specifiers
    • example: %d, %f, %c, %lf
  • Range of data types
  • Variables
  • Identifier
  • Errors


4) Functions in C and C++

  • What is a function
  • Syntax for declaration of a function
  • Function with arguments
    • example: return-type function-name(parameter);
  • Function without arguments
    • example: return-type function-name;
  • Calling a function
  • Errors


5) Scope of Variables in C and C++

  • Introduction
  • Syntax of declaring a variable
    • example: data-type var-name;
  • Syntax for initializing a variable
    • example: data-type var-name = value;
  • Scope of variables
  • Global variable
  • Local variable
  • Error


6) If And Else If statement in C and C++

  • What are Statements.
  • Syntax for if and
  • If-else Statement
  • Errors


7) Nested if and switch statement in C and C++

  • Nested if statement.
  • Switch statement.
  • Syntax for nested-if statement
  • Syntax for switch statement
  • break statement
  • Comparison between nested if-else and switch statement
  • Errors


8) Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++

  • Increment Operator
    • example: ++
  • Postfix increment
    • example: a++
  • Prefix increment
    • example: ++a
  • Decrement Operator
    • example: --
  • Postfix decrement
    • example: a--
  • Prefix decrement
    • example: --a
  • Typecasting
  • Errors


9) Arithmetic Operators in C and C++

  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Addition Operator
    • example: a + b
  • Subtraction Operator
    • example: a - b
  • Multiplication Operator
    • example: a * b
  • Division Operator
    • example: a \ b
  • Modulus Operator
    • example: a % b
  • Errors


10) Relational Operators in C and C++

  • Double Equal to
    • example: a == b
  • Not Equal to
    • example: a != b
  • Greater Than
    • example: a > b
  • Less Than
    • example: a < b
  • Greater than Equal To
    • example: a >= b
  • Less Than Equal To
    • example: a <= b
  • Errors


11) Logical Operators in C and C++

  • And &&
  • Or ||
  • Not !
  • Errors


Intermediate level

12) Loops in C and C++

  • Loops
  • Syntax for while and do-while loop
  • Comparison of while and do-while loop
  • Syntax for
  • for loop
  • Errors


13) Arrays in C and C++

  • What are arrays
  • 1-D Arrays
  • Syntax for Declaration of arrays
    • example: data type array_name [size];
  • Syntax for Initialization of arrays
    • example: data type array_name [size]=value;
  • Accepting values from the user
  • Errors


14) Working with 2-D Arrays in C and C++

  • What are 2-D Arrays.
  • Range of arrays
  • Syntax for Declaration of 2-D arrays
    • example: data type array_name[row][column];
  • Syntax for initialization of 2-D arrays
    • example: data type array_name[row][column]=

{

{row-val},{col-val}

};

  • Errors


15) Strings in C and C++

  • What is a string
  • Syntax for declaring a string
  • Syntax for initializing a string
  • To read a string from keyboard
  • Errors


16) String Library Functions in C and C++

  • What are string library functions.
  • Types of string library functions
    • Strcpy
    • Strlen
    • Strcmp
    • Strcat
  • Errors

Advanced level

17) Working with Structures in C and C++

  • Introduction
  • Syntax of structures
  • Declaration and initialization
  • Declaration of structure variable
  • Accessing structure variables


18) Understanding Pointers in C and C++

  • Introduction
  • Syntax of Pointer
    • example: int *iptr;
  • Declaration
    • example:

int a; (integer a) int *aptr; (pointer to an integer *aptr) aptr = &a; (aptr set to address of a) Address Pointer

  • Errors


19) Function call in C and C++

  • types of function calls
  • function pass by value
  • function pass by reference


20) File Handling in C

  • File handling functions
  • Opening a File closing a file
    • example: fopen, fclose
  • Reading data from a File