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{| border=1
|  '''Time'''
|  '''Narration'''

|-
| 00:01
| Welcome to the''' Spoken Tutorial''' on '''Electronic components and connections.'''

|-
| 00:07
| In this tutorial, we will learn how to use the: '''Breadboard''' and its internal connections,

|-
| 00:14
| '''LED''' on the breadboard,  '''PushButton''' and  
'''Seven Segment Display''' on the '''breadboard'''.

|-
| 00:23
| To follow this series, you should have basic knowledge of: 

Electronic components such as '''resistors, push-button, LED''' etc.

|-
| 00:34
| open circuit,  
closed circuit,

|-
| 00:38
| serial and parallel connections,

|-
| 00:41
| batteries,  positive and negative voltage.

|-
| 00:47
| This tutorial is recorded using the following components:  '''Breadboard''',

|-
| 00:54
| '''LED or Tri Colour LED''',  '''Push Button''',

|-
| 01:00
| '''Resistor ''' and  '''Seven Segment Display'''.

|-
| 01:06
| This is what the '''breadboard''' looks like. 

|-
| 01:11
| A '''breadboard''' is a device for holding the components of a circuit and connecting them together.

|-
| 01:18
|We can build an electronic circuit on a '''breadboard''' without doing any soldering.

|-
| 01:25
| The top two rails and bottom two rails are called '''power rails'''.

|-
| 01:31
|The top row of holes are all connected together and are marked here with red dots and blue dots.

|-
| 01:41
|Note that the connection breaks in the middle of the '''breadboard'''.

|-
| 01:46
|In the middle, the columns of wires are connected together.

|-
| 01:51
|For example, all the green holes marked are connected together.

But, they are not connected to the yellow holes.

|-
|02:02
|Next we will learn about '''LED'''.

'''LED '''stands for '''light emitting diode. '''

|-
| 02:11
|It emits a colored light when there is a current flowing through it. 

|-
| 02:16
| An '''LED''' has two '''leads''', namely '''anode''' and '''cathode'''.

|-
| 02:22
|The longer '''lead''' is the '''anode'''. It should be connected to the '''positive voltage.'''

|-
| 02:29
|The shorter '''lead '''is the '''cathode'''. It should be connected to the '''ground'''.

|-
| 02:35
| '''Tri-color LED''' is an advanced version of '''LED''' which emits three different colours.

|-
| 02:43
|It has 4 '''pin'''s. The longest '''lead''' is called the '''common lead.'''

|-
| 02:50
|The remaining three '''pin'''s are for the red, green and blue colour '''LEDs'''.

|-
| 02:57
|There are two types of '''tri-color LEDs: common anode '''and '''common cathode.'''

|-
| 03:07
|In '''common anode '''version, the '''common lead '''should be connected to the '''positive voltage.'''

|-
| 03:14
|In '''common cathode''' version, the '''common lead''' should be connected to the '''ground.'''

|-
|03:21
|Next, we will learn about '''Resistor.'''

|-
| 03:25
| A '''resistor''' is used to limit the current flowing in the circuit.

|-
| 03:30
| Now, let’s build a simple circuit using an '''LED''', a '''resistor''' and a '''breadboard'''.

|-
| 03:37
| The image shows the proper connections.

|-
| 03:41
|'''Positive''' of the''' 9 volt battery''' is connected to the second '''rail'''.

|-
| 03:46
|'''Negative''' of the '''9 volt battery '''is connected to the 1st '''rail'''.

|-
| 03:51
|'''Anode''' (i.e Right '''lead''') of the '''LED,''' is connected to the 2nd rail of the '''breadboard''' through a '''resistor'''.

|-
| 04:00
|'''Cathode''' (i.e Left '''lead''') of the '''LED,''' is connected to the 1st rail of the '''breadboard'''.

|-
| 04:08
| This is the live setup of the '''LED '''connections.

|-
| 04:13
| You can see that the '''LED''' is glowing, because the connections we used are proper. 

|-
| 04:21
| Now, we’ll see the common mistakes people make when using '''breadboard''' to make connections.

|-
|04:29
| In this connection, the '''LED''' doesn’t glow because the connections are not proper.

|-
| 04:36
|The '''resistor''' and '''LED''' are placed beside each other.

|-
| 04:41
|The holes in the '''breadboard''' except the '''power rails''' are connected column-wise.

|-
| 04:47
|So, there’s no connection between the '''anode''' of the '''LED''' and the '''resistor lead'''. 

This makes the '''LED''' isolated.

|-
| 04:57
| In the next connection, the '''cathode '''of the '''LED '''is connected to the 2nd '''rail'''.

|-
| 05:04
|The '''anode '''of the '''LED '''is connected to the 1st rail through the '''resistor'''.

|-
| 05:10
|The connections in this circuit are the reverse of what it should be. 

That’s why the '''LED '''doesn’t glow.

|-
| 05:18
| Next, we will learn about the '''push button.'''

|-
| 05:23
| A '''push button''' is a simple '''switch''' mechanism that connects two points in a circuit when pressed. 

|-
| 05:31
|'''Push button''' usually comes with four legs.

|-
| 05:35
| Irrespective of the position of the '''switch''', legs A and C are always connected. 

|-
| 05:43
|Similarly, legs B and D are always connected. 

|-
| 05:48
|When the '''switch''' is pressed all the four legs are connected to each other.

|-
| 05:53
| Now, let us add a '''push button''' to the previous circuit and use it to change the state of the '''LED'''.

|-
|06:02
| The image shows the proper connections.

The '''LED anode '''is connected to the 2nd '''power rail''' i.e.  positive voltage through a '''resistor''' and a '''push button.'''

|-
| 06:15
| Let us see the live setup connection.

|-
| 06:19
| When the '''push button''' is pressed, the '''LED''' glows as expected.

|-
| 06:25
| As there are 4 legs in the '''push button''', the circuit can be built in another way as well.

|-
| 06:32
|Instead of using the leg '''B''' of the '''push button''', we are using the leg '''D'''.

|-
| 06:38
|Since they are internally connected to each other, the '''LED''' glows when the '''push button''' is pressed.

|-
| 06:45
| Next, we’ll see the common mistakes people make while using '''push buttons.'''

|-
| 06:52
| Look at this image.

The '''anode''' of the '''LED''' is connected to the 2nd '''power rail,''' through legs '''A '''and '''C '''of the '''push button.'''

|-
| 07:03
|Recall that the legs '''A''' and '''C '''of the '''push button''' are internally connected.

|-
| 07:10
|Hence, the '''anode''' of the '''LED''' is always connected to 2nd '''power rail,''' irrespective of the '''push button'''.

|-
| 07:19
|The '''LED '''always glows in this circuit, even when the '''push button''' is '''OFF'''.

|-
| 07:26
| Let’s now move on to the '''seven-segment display'''.

|-
| 07:31
| The '''seven-segment display''' has seven'''LEDs''' arranged in the shape of number eight.

|-
| 07:38
|There are two types of '''seven-segment displays:'''  '''common anode''' and  '''common cathode seven segment display.'''

|-
|07:49
| In a '''common cathode seven-segment display''', '''pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g '''and '''dot '''must be connected to '''+5Volts.'''

|-
| 08:02
|The two '''COM pins '''must be connected to '''ground (GND). '''

|-
| 08:07
|The '''common anode display '''is the exact opposite.

|-
| 08:11
|Here, '''pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g '''and '''dot '''must be connected to '''ground.'''

And, the two '''COM pins '''must be connected to '''+5Volts.'''

|-
| 08:26
| Now, let us see how to connect a '''seven-segment display''' on the '''breadboard '''and glow all the '''LEDs'''.

|-
| 08:35
| The '''seven-segment display '''used here, in the image, is a '''common anode'''. 

|-
| 08:41
|So, the '''common anode'''is connected to the 2nd '''power rail''' through a '''resistor.'''

|-
| 08:48
|'''LED pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g, dot '''are connected to the 1st '''power rail'''.

|-
| 08:56
|If the connection is proper, we will see that all the '''LEDs '''are glowing.

|-
| 09:02
| Let us see the live setup connection.

|-
| 09:05
| We can see all the segments in the '''seven segment display''' are glowing.

|-
| 09:11
| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

|-
|09:17
| In this tutorial, we learnt about '''Breadboard''' and its internal connections,

|-
| 09:24
| '''LED''' on the breadboard,  '''PushButton''' and '''Seven Segment Display''' on the breadboard.

|-
| 09:33
| The video at the following link summarizes the '''Spoken Tutorial''' project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
|  09:41
|  The''' Spoken Tutorial Project''' team:

conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
|  09:51
|   Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site. 

|-
| 09:57
| Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly.

|-
| 10:04
| Someone from our team will answer them.

|-
| 10:07
| The '''Spoken Tutorial forum''' is for specific questions on this tutorial.

Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them.

|-
| 10:17
| This will help reduce the clutter.  With less clutter, we can use these discussion as instructional material.

|-
| 10:26
|  Spoken Tutorial project is funded by '''NMEICT, MHRD''', Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at this link.

|-
| 10:37
| This tutorial has been contributed by '''FOSSEE''' and Spoken Tutorial Project, '''IIT Bombay'''. 

Thanks for watching.

|}