PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C2/States-of-Matter/English-timed
| Time | Narration |
| 00:01 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on States of Matter Simulation. |
| 00:06 | In this tutorial, we will learn about States of Matter, an interactive PhET simulation. |
| 00:13 | To follow this tutorial, learners should be familiar with topics in high school science. |
| 00:20 | Here I am using-
Ubuntu Linux OS version 14.04 Java version 1.7.0 Firefox Web Browser version 53.02.2 |
| 00:37 | Using this Simulation, students will be able to:
1. Describe the characteristics of states of matter. 2. Predict how change in temperature or pressure changes the behavior of particles. 3. Study melting, freezing and boiling points of different substances. |
| 00:58 | 4. Compare particles in three different phases. |
| 01:02 | 5. Compare interactions between particles in solids, liquids and gases. |
| 01:09 | 6. Study the relation between temperature and kinetic energy of molecules. |
| 01:15 | Matter around us exists in 3 states- solid, liquid and gas. |
| 01:22 | These states arise due to intermolecular forces between the particles.
Change of state occurs on the application of heat and pressure. |
| 01:34 | Now let us begin the simulation. |
| 01:37 | Use the given link to download the simulation. |
| 01:42 | I have already downloaded States of Matter simulation to my Downloads folder. |
| 01:49 | To open the simulation, right click on States-of-Matter html file.
Select Open with Firefox Web Browser option. |
| 02:00 | File opens in the browser. |
| 02:03 | The simulation opens with 3 screens-
States, Phase changes and Interaction. |
| 02:13 | Click on States screen. |
| 02:16 | Screen has a container filled with Neon atoms, by default. |
| 02:22 | The container is also fitted with a thermometer.
It shows the temperature in Kelvin scale. Click on the black arrow to see the temperature in Celsius scale. |
| 02:36 | Below the container, there is a heat regulator to Heat or Cool the system. |
| 02:43 | Drag and hold the slider up to heat the container.
Drag and hold the slider down to cool the container. |
| 02:53 | On the right-side of the screen, there is a list of Atoms & Molecules. |
| 02:59 | Below this list, there are buttons for Solid, Liquid and Gas. |
| 03:07 | There are two buttons at the bottom-left corner of the simulation.
Bigger button to pause and play the simulation. |
| 03:16 | The smaller one to play the simulation step-wise.
Reset button is at the bottom-right corner. |
| 03:25 | Here, we can heat or cool the atoms or molecules to see the phase change. |
| 03:32 | Container has Neon atoms. Click on Solid button. |
| 03:38 | Observe the screen. In solid, Neon particles are tightly packed. |
| 03:43 | The movement of atoms is restricted. The vibrations are minimum. |
| 03:50 | Increase the temperature by moving the slider up on the heat regulator. |
| 03:56 | Increase the temperature up to 27 K. we can see movement in the atoms. |
| 04:04 | It indicates that Neon is in liquid state.
Increase the temperature further. The atoms are moving freely in the container. |
| 04:15 | Neon is in gas phase. |
| 04:18 | In the gas phase, atoms move randomly with high speed. |
| 04:24 | Due to this random motion, atoms hit each other and walls of the container. |
| 04:30 | Click on Reset button to reset the simulation. |
| 04:35 | Select Water molecules from the list.
Click on Solid button. |
| 04:41 | Observe the temperature and movement of molecules in the container.
Again click on Liquid button and observe molecules in the container. |
| 04:53 | Similarly click on Gas button.
Click on Reset button to reset the simulation. |
| 05:01 | Next, click on Phase Changes screen at the bottom of the interface. |
| 05:08 | Using this screen, we can explore how the atoms or molecules behave, when the system is heated, cooled, compressed or when more atoms are added. |
| 05:20 | In this screen, the container is fitted with a pressure gauge. |
| 05:25 | It is also fitted with a pump, to pump in gas atoms or molecules. |
| 05:32 | On the right-side of the screen we can see-
1. The Interaction Potential curve or the Lennard-Jones potential curve and 2. Phase Diagram curve. |
| 05:44 | Before you begin the experiment, note the initial pressure on the pressure gauge. |
| 05:51 | Note the temperature on the thermometer.
Neon is in solid state, as denoted by a red dot on the Phase Diagram. |
| 06:02 | Increase the pressure by pushing the finger down slowly.
Click on finger, hold the mouse and drag down slowly. |
| 06:13 | Observe the temperature and pressure as the lid touches the molecules. |
| 06:19 | As pressure increases, kinetic energy of molecules increases.
Observe the red dot on the Phase Diagram. |
| 06:28 | Add more Neon atoms to the container by pushing the pump. |
| 06:43 | As the collisions between particles increases, temperature and pressure increases.
Observe the Phase Diagram, Neon is now in gas phase. |
| 06:55 | At this point, if you increase the pressure the lid blows off.
This allows some of the atoms to escape out of the container. |
| 07:06 | To replace the lid, click on yellow Return Lid button. |
| 07:11 | Drag the temperature regulator down to cooling position. |
| 07:16 | The temperature of the container now decreases.
Neon is now in liquid state. Observe the pressure gauge, pressure also decreases. |
| 07:28 | Cool the container until the phase changes to solid.
Keep track of the red dot on the Phase Diagram. |
| 07:39 | Similarly observe the phase change for other Atoms and Molecules in the list. |
| 07:49 | Click on the Interaction screen at the bottom of the interface. |
| 07:54 | This screen shows a plot of Potential Energy versus Distance Between Atoms. |
| 08:01 | Using this screen, we can show the relation between bonding distance and stability. |
| 08:08 | Click and drag the atoms to separate them.
Drag the movable atom away from pinned atom. |
| 08:17 | Observe the Potential Energy curve as the atoms come closer.
Potential energy varies when attractive and repulsive forces change between atoms. |
| 08:29 | As an assignment: |
| 08:31 | In Phase Changes screen, select Adjustable Attraction from Atoms & Molecules list. |
| 08:38 | Use the slider to change Interaction Strength from weak to strong.
And, study the effect of temperature and pressure on these molecules. |
| 08:50 | Using Phase Changes screen, determine which substance has strongest inter atomic or molecular forces. |
| 08:59 | In this tutorial, we have learnt: how to use States of Matter interactive PhET simulation. |
| 09:07 | Using this simulation, we have learnt about-
1.Characteristics of States of matter. |
| 09:14 | 2. How variation in temperature or pressure changes the behavior of particles. |
| 09:21 | The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project. Please download and watch it. |
| 09:30 | The Spoken Tutorial Project team conducts workshops using spoken tutorials and gives certificates on passing online tests.
For more details, please write to us. |
| 09:45 | Please post your timed queries in this forum. |
| 09:51 | This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching. |
| 10:00 | Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.
More information on this mission is available at this link. |
| 10:14 | This tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan and Meenal Ghoderao. Thank you for joining. |
