BASH/C3/Basics-of-Redirection-(error-handling)/English

­Title of script: Basics of redirection

Author: Lavitha Pereira

Keywords: Video tutorial, redirection, file descriptors, standard input, standard output, standard error

Visual Cue	Narration
Display Slide 1	Dear friends, welcome to the spoken tutorial on Basics of redirection
Display Slide 2	In this tutorial, we will learn Input and output in Bash Redirection and file descriptors Standard input Standard output Standard error With the help of some examples
Display Slide 3Prerequisites	To follow this tutorial you should have knowledge of Shell Scripting in BASH. If not, for relevant tutorials please visit our website which is as shown,(http://www.spoken-tutorial.org)
Display Slide 4 System requirements	For this tutorial I am using Ubuntu Linux 12.04 Operating System and GNU BASH version 4.2 Please note, GNU Bash version 4 or above is recommended for practice.
Display Slide 5 Input and Output	In GNU/Linux we can send output to a file or read input from a file. Each Shell command has its own inputs and outputs Input and output is redirected using a special notation interpreted by the Shell
Display Slide 6 Redirection and file descriptors	Changing the default path of input or output is called as redirection In GNU/Linux everything is a file, including the hardware Common return values are: 0 for Input i.e. Keyboard 1 for Output i.e. Screen 2 for Error i.e. Screen
Display Slide 7 Redirection and file descriptors	0, 1, 2 are POSIX numbers and also known as file descriptors (FD). A redirector uses POSIX numbers to talk with a user or other program.
Display slide 8 Standard Input	Standard input is the default input method It is used by all commands to read input. It is denoted by zero (0). Also known as stdinb(Standard input).
Display slide 9 Input Redirection command < filename	The default standard input is the keyboard. (<) Less than symbol is input redirection symbol The syntax is Command space lesser symbol space filename
	Let me open a file named redirection.sh
Highlight #!/usr/bin/env bash	I have typed some code in this file. This is the shebang line.
sort < file.txt	Type sort space less than symbol space file.txt This is an example of input redirection. The input is taken from file file.txt sort command does the sorting of numbers present in file.txt
Switch to terminal	Let us run the file redirection.sh. Open the terminal using Ctrl, Alt and T simultaneously on your keyboard.
Visual cue is missing	Before that, let us see the content of file.txt Type cat space file.txt. You can see that the file contains series of numbers.
Type chmod +x redirection.sh>>Press Enter dot slash redirection.sh	Now type:chmod space plus x space redirection dot sh Press Enter. Type dot slash redirection.sh Press Enter.
Output: 0 2 3 7 8 9	We can see the output on the terminal after sorting. The numbers are sorted in asscending order. <<PAUSE>>
Display Slide 10 Standard Output	Come back to our slides. Standard output is used by all commands to display output. The default output is displayed on the screen. It is denoted by number one(1). Also known as stdout (Standard output).
Display slide 11 Output Redirection command > filename	( > )Greater than symbol is the output redirection symbol Syntax is Command space greater symbol space filename
	Let me go back to the file redirection.sh
# sort < file.txt	Comment the previous line ie. sort
ls > ls_file.txt	Below it, type ls space greater than space ls_file.txt This is an example of output redirection.
Continue previous highlight	The output of 'ls' will be stored in ls_file.txt file'. ls command lists the information about files in that particular directory.
	Save the file and switch to the terminal
ls	Let me clear the prompt. First let us type 'ls' and see the output.
dot slash redirection.sh	Now press the uparrow key thrice. Recall the previous command dot slash redirection.sh. Press Enter.
	Now let us check whether the output is redirected correctly.
To open the file, type gedit ls_file.txt	Type gedit ls_file.txt and press Enter. We can now see the output in this file. So our redirect was successful. <<PAUSE>>
Display Slide 12 Standard Error	Come back to our slides. Standard error is the default output error It is used to write all system errors It is denoted by number two (2). It is also known as stderr (Standard error).
Display slide 13 Error Redirection command 2> errors.txt	The default standard error output is visible on the screen or monitor. Two greater than symbol (2>) is error redirection symbol Syntax is command space 2 greater than space error.txt
	Let me go back to the file redirection.sh
# ls > ls_files.txt	We will comment the previous line. i.e.ls
rm /tmp/4815.txt 2> error.txt	Below it type rm space backslash tmp backslash 4815.txt space 2 greater than symbol space error.txt. The error output is redirected to error.txt file. Click on Save and switch to the terminal.
Type- rm /tmp/4815.txt	We will type a command to see the error. Type rm /tmp/4815.txt Press Enter.
	The error displayed is rm: cannot remove `/tmp/4815.txt': No such file or directory
	Now we will execute our file.
dot slash redirection.sh	So, press the uparrow key. Recall the previous command dot slash redirection.sh Press Enter.
	Now let us check whether the error is redirected.
To open the file, type gedit error.txt	Type gedit error.txt and press Enter.
	We can now see the error redirected to file error.txt.
	This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
Display Slide 14 Summary	Summary Let us summarise. In this tutorial we learnt Input and output in Bash Redirection and file descriptors Standard input using <(less than) symbol Standard output >(greater than) symbol Standard error using 2> (2 greater than symbol)
Assignment	As an assignment, Write a program in any language like C, C++, Java. And redirect the output or error to a new file. OR Create a text file with some content like your name, address. Redirect the content to a new file.
Display Slide 15 http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial About the Spoken Tutorial Project	Watch the video available at the link shown below. It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
Display Slide 16 Spoken Tutorial Workshops	The Spoken Tutorial Project Team Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials Gives certificates to those who pass an online test For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org
Display Slide 17 Acknowledgement	Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project. It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India. More information on this Mission is available at: http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro
Display Slide 18	The script has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken-Tutorial teams. This is Ashwini from IIT Bombay. Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Ashwini, Nancyvarkey