Difference between revisions of "Prevention-of-Corporal-Punishment/C2/Consequences-of-Corporal-Punishment/English"

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|<center>'''Narration'''</center>
 
|<center>'''Narration'''</center>
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide No 1<
+
|| '''Slide Number 1'''
 
+
 
'''Title Slide'''
 
'''Title Slide'''
  
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''“Consequences of Corporal Punishment”'''
+
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''“Consequences of Corporal Punishment”'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide Number 2
+
|| '''Slide Number 2'''
  
 
'''Learning objectives slide'''
 
'''Learning objectives slide'''
 
|| In this tutorial we will discuss,
 
|| In this tutorial we will discuss,
  
Some case studies involving corporal punishment.
+
* Some case studies involving corporal punishment.
  
Consequences of corporal punishment  
+
* Consequences of corporal punishment  
  
Impact of corporal punishment on learning abilities.
+
* Impact of corporal punishment on learning abilities.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 1
+
|| Image 1  
 
Teacher is  beating the student.
 
Teacher is  beating the student.
 +
 +
Image 2 (Collage) CP incidents.
  
 
|| Very often, incidents of corporal punishment are being reported in the media.
 
|| Very often, incidents of corporal punishment are being reported in the media.
  
 
|-
 
|-
||  
+
|| '''Slide Number 3'''
 
+
Image 2
+
 
+
(Similar to Image 1)
+
  
 +
'''Consequences of CP'''
 
|| Let us go through some case studies.
 
|| Let us go through some case studies.
  
Line 39: Line 37:
  
 
|-
 
|-
||  
+
|| Image 3
  
 
Teacher and Nithya are standing in front of the blackboard.
 
Teacher and Nithya are standing in front of the blackboard.
Line 47: Line 45:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 3
+
|| Image 4
  
 
Depressed girl standing in front of the class
 
Depressed girl standing in front of the class
Line 53: Line 51:
 
|| Nithya was unable to solve it.  
 
|| Nithya was unable to solve it.  
  
As a punishment, teacher made her stand facing the class for the entire period.
+
As a punishment, the teacher made her stand facing the class for the entire period.
  
 
The teacher humiliated her in front of the whole class.
 
The teacher humiliated her in front of the whole class.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 4
+
|| Image 5
  
 
All other students laughing at Nithya.
 
All other students laughing at Nithya.
|| All the other students made fun of her.She felt ashamed.
+
|| All the other students made fun of her. She felt ashamed.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 5
+
|| Image 6
  
 
Nithya is sitting very gloomy.
 
Nithya is sitting very gloomy.
Line 75: Line 73:
 
She did not go to play with the other children.
 
She did not go to play with the other children.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 6
+
|| Image 7
  
 
Nithya is sitting alone in a corner of the room.
 
Nithya is sitting alone in a corner of the room.
Line 84: Line 82:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 7
+
|| Image 8
 +
 
 +
Nithya and parents
  
 
|| She was always sad and did not show much interest in other activities.
 
|| She was always sad and did not show much interest in other activities.
  
  
Her parents noticed the change in he<span style="background-color:transparent;">r behaviour.
+
Her parents noticed the change in her behaviour.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 8
+
|| Image 9
  
 
Nithya is talking with her parents.
 
Nithya is talking with her parents.
Line 101: Line 101:
 
Her parents were worried.
 
Her parents were worried.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image9
+
|| Image 10
  
 
|| Nitya’s parents met the class teacher the next day.
 
|| Nitya’s parents met the class teacher the next day.
Line 109: Line 109:
 
The class teacher also expressed her concern about Nitya.
 
The class teacher also expressed her concern about Nitya.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 10
+
|| Image 11
 
|| The class teacher also noticed a change in Nitya.
 
|| The class teacher also noticed a change in Nitya.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 8
+
|| Image 12
  
 
Image of Nithya in the morning assembly( Singing prayer in the assembly)  
 
Image of Nithya in the morning assembly( Singing prayer in the assembly)  
Line 122: Line 122:
  
 
|-
 
|-
||  
+
|| Image 13
 +
Nithya is sitting alone.
 +
 
 
|| She has also stopped interacting with her classmates.
 
|| She has also stopped interacting with her classmates.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 10
+
|| Image 14
  
 
Nithya and Class teacher are sitting together.
 
Nithya and Class teacher are sitting together.
Line 136: Line 138:
 
The teacher then decides to encourage Nithya to come out of depression.
 
The teacher then decides to encourage Nithya to come out of depression.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 11
+
|| Image 15
  
 
Teacher is standing in the class.
 
Teacher is standing in the class.
Line 145: Line 147:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 12
+
|| Image 16
  
 
Nithya sits in the last bench  
 
Nithya sits in the last bench  
Line 157: Line 159:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 13
+
|| Image 17
  
 
Nithya is singing  
 
Nithya is singing  
||  
+
|| Nitya’s performance was appreciated by all.
 
+
Nitya’s performance was appreciated by all.
+
  
 
All students and teachers clapped for her.
 
All students and teachers clapped for her.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 14
+
|| Image 18
  
Nithya with happy face
+
Nithya with happy face.
  
  
Line 175: Line 175:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 15
+
|| Image 19
  
Class teacher and Maths teacher
+
Class teacher and Maths teacher are talking.
  
 
|| Later in the day the class teacher discussed Nithya’s case with Mathematics teacher.
 
|| Later in the day the class teacher discussed Nithya’s case with Mathematics teacher.
  
  
Class teacher says “Children are sensitive, such punishment can lead to social withdrawal”
+
Class teacher says "Children are sensitive, such punishment can lead to social withdrawal".
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 16
+
|| Image 20
  
 
|| Maths teacher says,
 
|| Maths teacher says,
  
“I did it because I thought it would make her focus on her studies’’.
+
"I did it because I thought it would make her focus on her studies".
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 16
+
|| Image 21
 
+
Class teacher and Maths teacher
+
  
 +
Class teacher and Maths teacher are talking.
  
 
||  
 
||  
  
Class teacher says,
+
"This form of punishment should never be given to students".
  
“This form of punishment should never be given to students.
+
"Students can be made to improve by motivation and rewards".
 
+
“Students can be made to improve by motivation and rewards”.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 17
+
|| Image 22
  
 
Image of the Maths teacher.
 
Image of the Maths teacher.
 
|| The teacher then provides positive some methods for the situation.
 
|| The teacher then provides positive some methods for the situation.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 18
+
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
 +
 
 +
'''Positive Methods'''
 
|| The teacher could have asked other students to help Nitya solve the problem.
 
|| The teacher could have asked other students to help Nitya solve the problem.
  
 
As a team they would have helped each other to find a solution.
 
As a team they would have helped each other to find a solution.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide number 3
+
|| '''Slide number 5'''
  
 
'''Consequences of CP'''
 
'''Consequences of CP'''
||  
+
|| Listed here are some of the consequences of corporal punishment.
 
+
Listed here are some of the consequences of CP.
+
  
 
* These punishments can have a lifelong negative impact on a child.
 
* These punishments can have a lifelong negative impact on a child.
  
* The experience can lower their self-esteem.
+
* The experiences can lower their self-esteem.
  
 
* Social withdrawal of the child from the surroundings.
 
* Social withdrawal of the child from the surroundings.
Line 230: Line 227:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide Number 4
+
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
  
 
'''Consequences of CP'''
 
'''Consequences of CP'''
Line 238: Line 235:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 18
+
|| Image 23
 
+
 
Krishna is writing an exam.
 
Krishna is writing an exam.
  
Line 251: Line 247:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 19
+
|| Image 24
 
+
 
Teacher pointing Krishna.
 
Teacher pointing Krishna.
  
 
|| The teacher invigilator came up to him and suspected him of cheating.
 
|| The teacher invigilator came up to him and suspected him of cheating.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 20
+
|| Image 25
  
Krishna stand up and talking to teacher
+
Krishna stand up and talking to teacher.
  
 
|| Krishna politely stood up and refuted the  
 
|| Krishna politely stood up and refuted the  
  
teacher's allegations.  
+
teacher's allegations. But the teacher was adamant.
 
+
But the teacher was adamant.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 21
+
|| Image 26
 
+
a)Teacher put his hand in Krishna’s shirt pocket,
+
  
b)Humiliated Krishna<
+
a)Teacher and humiliated Krishna
 
||  
 
||  
  
The teacher searched Krishna’s pockets.
+
The teacher searched Krishna’s pockets. Krishna felt embarrassed.
 
+
Krishna felt embarrassed.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 22
+
|| Image 27
  
 
Teacher takes krishna to Principal’s room.( Humiliated Krishna standing in Principal’s room)
 
Teacher takes krishna to Principal’s room.( Humiliated Krishna standing in Principal’s room)
  
|| He did not allow Krishna to finish&nbsp;the exam.
+
|| The teacher did not allow Krishna to finish the exam.
  
  
Line 290: Line 279:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 23
+
|| Image 28
  
 
Krishna is discussing with his close friends.
 
Krishna is discussing with his close friends.
Line 297: Line 286:
 
|| Krishna discussed the issue with his friends.
 
|| Krishna discussed the issue with his friends.
  
They planned and decided to damage school property.
+
As a revenge they planned and decided to damage school property.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 24
+
|| Image 29
  
 
Image of Krishna and his friends.
 
Image of Krishna and his friends.
  
 +
|| After school hours, Krishna and his friends stayed back in the school.
  
||
+
They tore up all the charts and posters kept in the class.
 
+
After school hours, Krishna and his friends stayed back in the school.
+
 
+
 
+
They began to tear all the charts and posters kept in the class.
+
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 25
+
|| Image 30
 
+
 
+
 
|| They also damaged the furniture in the class.
 
|| They also damaged the furniture in the class.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 26
+
|| Image 31
  
  
 
|| School authorities came to know about the incident.
 
|| School authorities came to know about the incident.
  
Krishna was to meet the school counsellor.
+
Krishna was asked to meet the school counsellor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 25
+
|| Image 32
  
Krishna and class teacher.
+
Krishna and counsellor.
 
||  
 
||  
Krishna told about the incident that happened in the exam hall.
+
Krishna told about the incident that happened in the examination hall.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 26
+
|| Image 33
  
Krishna and (Counselor .(Krishna talking)
+
Krishna and (Counsellor .(Krishna talking)
  
|| He says “Teacher did not believe me. I have not done anything wrong”
+
|| He says “Teacher did not believe me. I have not done anything wrong”.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
Line 345: Line 328:
 
|| Counsellor says
 
|| Counsellor says
  
“You could have approached any teacher who supports you”.
+
"You could have approached any teacher who supports you".
  
  
Destroying school property is not an acceptable thing.
+
"Destroying school property is not an acceptable thing".
  
  
“Don’t run away from the challenge. Instead, you should find a solution”.
+
"Don’t run away from the challenge. Instead, you should find a solution".
  
Krishna realises his mistakes.  
+
Krishna realizes his mistakes.  
  
He promised that he will not repeat the bad behaviour.
+
He promised that he will not repeat the bad behaviour again.
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 27
+
|| Image 34
  
Collage
+
Krishana and his friends.
  
  
|| Here Krishna destroyed theproperty as a way of coping with the situation.
+
|| Here Krishna destroyed the property as a way of coping with the situation.
  
 
He was unable to manage his frustrations and extreme feelings.
 
He was unable to manage his frustrations and extreme feelings.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide
+
|| Image 35
  
Facts about CP incidents
+
|| Some noticeable facts in above incident of corporal punishment.
  
 +
|-
 +
||'''Slide Number 7'''
  
|| Some noticeable facts in above incident of corporal punishment.
+
'''Facts about CP Incidents'''
  
The student exhibited violence because of the aggressive behavior of a teacher.
+
|| The student exhibited violence because of the aggressive behavior of a teacher.
  
 
Other students, witness to this incident can also develop negative emotions.
 
Other students, witness to this incident can also develop negative emotions.
Line 382: Line 367:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Image 27
+
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
  
Collage
+
'''Facts about CP Incidents'''
 
||  
 
||  
 
 
In Krihna’s case, the teacher should have believed him.  
 
In Krihna’s case, the teacher should have believed him.  
  
He could have given him the benefit of doubt.
 
  
 
Teacher could have accepted that she was mistaken.  
 
Teacher could have accepted that she was mistaken.  
 +
  
 
Teacher could have asked other teachers to deal with the situation.
 
Teacher could have asked other teachers to deal with the situation.
 +
|-
 +
|| Image 35
 +
Krishan is standing very gloomy
  
This small step would have saved Krishna from embarrassment.
+
|| This small step would have saved Krishna from embarrassment.
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
||  
+
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
 +
 
 +
Impact of CP on Learning
 
|| Apart from psychological issues, punishment affects learning ability.
 
|| Apart from psychological issues, punishment affects learning ability.
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide 6
+
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
  
 
'''Impact of CP on Learning'''
 
'''Impact of CP on Learning'''
||
 
  
Corporal punishment leads to, * Poor academic performance.
+
|| '''Impact of CP on Learning'''
 +
 
 +
Corporal punishment leads to,
 +
 
 +
* Poor academic performance.
 
* Negative attitude towards learning.
 
* Negative attitude towards learning.
 
* Hatred towards a subject.
 
* Hatred towards a subject.
 +
|-
 +
||  '''Slide Number 10'''
 +
 +
'''Impact of CP on Learning'''
 +
||
 +
 
* Poor attention span.
 
* Poor attention span.
 
* Increased drop-out rate.
 
* Increased drop-out rate.
* School avoidance and school phobia.
+
* Social avoidance and social phobia.
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| |  
+
||  
 
|| Let us summarise,
 
|| Let us summarise,
 
|-
 
|-
||  
+
|| '''Slide Number 11'''
 
+
Slide Number 7
+
  
 
'''Summary slide'''
 
'''Summary slide'''
|| In this tutorial we have discussed about,
+
|| In this tutorial we have discussed ,
  
Some case studies involving corporal punishment.
+
* Some case studies involving corporal punishment.
  
Consequences corporal punishment .
+
* Consequences corporal punishment .
  
Impact of corporal punishment on learning abilities.
+
* Impact of corporal punishment on learning abilities.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide Number 8
+
|| '''Slide Number 12'''
  
 
'''Spoken Tutorial Project'''
 
'''Spoken Tutorial Project'''
Line 443: Line 439:
  
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide Number 9
+
|| '''Slide Number 13'''
 +
 
 +
'''Forum slide'''
  
'''Forum slide'''* '''Questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?
+
'''Questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?
  
 
* Visit[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/  ][https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]
 
* Visit[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/  ][https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]
Line 460: Line 458:
 
|| Please post your queries on this forum.
 
|| Please post your queries on this forum.
 
|-
 
|-
|| Slide Number 10
+
|| '''Slide Number 14'''
  
 
'''Acknowledgement'''
 
'''Acknowledgement'''
  
Spoken Tutorial Project is supported by* National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT)
+
Spoken Tutorial Project is supported by National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT)
  
 
* Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT)
 
* Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT)
Line 473: Line 471:
 
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
 
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
 
|-
 
|-
| | About the contributors  
+
|| About the contributors  
 
|| This is Snehalatha Kaliappan,Viji Nair, Saurabg Gadgil from IIT Bombay Signing off.
 
|| This is Snehalatha Kaliappan,Viji Nair, Saurabg Gadgil from IIT Bombay Signing off.
  

Latest revision as of 12:03, 3 June 2020

Visual Cue
Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to this tutorial on “Consequences of Corporal Punishment”.
Slide Number 2

Learning objectives slide

In this tutorial we will discuss,
  • Some case studies involving corporal punishment.
  • Consequences of corporal punishment
  • Impact of corporal punishment on learning abilities.
Image 1

Teacher is beating the student.

Image 2 (Collage) CP incidents.

Very often, incidents of corporal punishment are being reported in the media.
Slide Number 3

Consequences of CP

Let us go through some case studies.

These cases highlight the consequences of corporal punishment.

Image 3

Teacher and Nithya are standing in front of the blackboard.

Nithya is a class 8th student in a secondary school.

One day her Mathematics teacher asked her to solve a problem on the board.

Image 4

Depressed girl standing in front of the class

Nithya was unable to solve it.

As a punishment, the teacher made her stand facing the class for the entire period.

The teacher humiliated her in front of the whole class.

Image 5

All other students laughing at Nithya.

All the other students made fun of her. She felt ashamed.
Image 6

Nithya is sitting very gloomy.

Show other children playing outside the home.

In the evening, after school hours she reached home.


She did not go to play with the other children.

Image 7

Nithya is sitting alone in a corner of the room.

She did not interact much with other family members.

She did not want to play with her friends and wanted to be left alone.

Image 8

Nithya and parents

She was always sad and did not show much interest in other activities.


Her parents noticed the change in her behaviour.

Image 9

Nithya is talking with her parents.

They asked the reason behind her silence.

But Nithya was not ready to speak out.

Her parents were worried.

Image 10 Nitya’s parents met the class teacher the next day.

They spoke about Nitya’s social withdrawal and depression.

The class teacher also expressed her concern about Nitya.

Image 11 The class teacher also noticed a change in Nitya.
Image 12

Image of Nithya in the morning assembly( Singing prayer in the assembly)

Nithya was very good at singing .

She used to participate in singing in the morning assembly.

But since the incident she had not participated in the morning assembly.

Image 13

Nithya is sitting alone.

She has also stopped interacting with her classmates.
Image 14

Nithya and Class teacher are sitting together.

The class teacher called Nithya after school hours.

Nitya confides to the teacher about the incident in the mathematics period.

She talks to the teacher about the fear of judgemental behavior of her friends.

The teacher then decides to encourage Nithya to come out of depression.

Image 15

Teacher is standing in the class.

Next day the class teacher conducts a small cultural event in the class.

Teacher asks Nithya to come in front and sing a song.

Image 16

Nithya sits in the last bench

Nithya was hesitant, she was not ready to face the class again.

The teacher asked her friends to encourage her.

She was hesitant in the beginning.

Later encouraged by the teacher she was willing to sing in the class.

Image 17

Nithya is singing

Nitya’s performance was appreciated by all.

All students and teachers clapped for her.

Image 18

Nithya with happy face.


She felt happy and this gave her confidence to interact with her classmates again.
Image 19

Class teacher and Maths teacher are talking.

Later in the day the class teacher discussed Nithya’s case with Mathematics teacher.


Class teacher says "Children are sensitive, such punishment can lead to social withdrawal".

Image 20 Maths teacher says,

"I did it because I thought it would make her focus on her studies".

Image 21

Class teacher and Maths teacher are talking.

"This form of punishment should never be given to students".

"Students can be made to improve by motivation and rewards".

Image 22

Image of the Maths teacher.

The teacher then provides positive some methods for the situation.
Slide Number 4

Positive Methods

The teacher could have asked other students to help Nitya solve the problem.

As a team they would have helped each other to find a solution.

Slide number 5

Consequences of CP

Listed here are some of the consequences of corporal punishment.
  • These punishments can have a lifelong negative impact on a child.
  • The experiences can lower their self-esteem.
  • Social withdrawal of the child from the surroundings.


Slide Number 6

Consequences of CP

* It encourages violence and aggressive behaviour.
  • It creates a strain in the relationship between the teacher and the student.
  • Increases anxiety, depression and suicidal tendencies.
Image 23

Krishna is writing an exam.

Let us discuss another case study.

Krishna was an obedient student in the class.

He came well prepared for his examination.

He was writing the exam attentively.

Image 24

Teacher pointing Krishna.

The teacher invigilator came up to him and suspected him of cheating.
Image 25

Krishna stand up and talking to teacher.

Krishna politely stood up and refuted the

teacher's allegations. But the teacher was adamant.

Image 26

a)Teacher and humiliated Krishna

The teacher searched Krishna’s pockets. Krishna felt embarrassed.

Image 27

Teacher takes krishna to Principal’s room.( Humiliated Krishna standing in Principal’s room)

The teacher did not allow Krishna to finish the exam.


The teacher complained of misconduct and cheating against him.

Image 28

Krishna is discussing with his close friends.


Krishna discussed the issue with his friends.

As a revenge they planned and decided to damage school property.

Image 29

Image of Krishna and his friends.

After school hours, Krishna and his friends stayed back in the school.

They tore up all the charts and posters kept in the class.

Image 30 They also damaged the furniture in the class.
Image 31


School authorities came to know about the incident.

Krishna was asked to meet the school counsellor.

Image 32

Krishna and counsellor.

Krishna told about the incident that happened in the examination hall.

Image 33

Krishna and (Counsellor .(Krishna talking)

He says “Teacher did not believe me. I have not done anything wrong”.

Krishna and counsellor.

(Counselor talking)


Counsellor says

"You could have approached any teacher who supports you".


"Destroying school property is not an acceptable thing".


"Don’t run away from the challenge. Instead, you should find a solution".

Krishna realizes his mistakes.

He promised that he will not repeat the bad behaviour again.


Image 34

Krishana and his friends.


Here Krishna destroyed the property as a way of coping with the situation.

He was unable to manage his frustrations and extreme feelings.

Image 35 Some noticeable facts in above incident of corporal punishment.
Slide Number 7

Facts about CP Incidents

The student exhibited violence because of the aggressive behavior of a teacher.

Other students, witness to this incident can also develop negative emotions.


Slide Number 8

Facts about CP Incidents

In Krihna’s case, the teacher should have believed him.


Teacher could have accepted that she was mistaken.


Teacher could have asked other teachers to deal with the situation.

Image 35

Krishan is standing very gloomy

This small step would have saved Krishna from embarrassment.


Slide Number 9

Impact of CP on Learning

Apart from psychological issues, punishment affects learning ability.


Slide Number 9

Impact of CP on Learning

Impact of CP on Learning

Corporal punishment leads to,

  • Poor academic performance.
  • Negative attitude towards learning.
  • Hatred towards a subject.
Slide Number 10

Impact of CP on Learning

  • Poor attention span.
  • Increased drop-out rate.
  • Social avoidance and social phobia.


Let us summarise,
Slide Number 11

Summary slide

In this tutorial we have discussed ,
  • Some case studies involving corporal punishment.
  • Consequences corporal punishment .
  • Impact of corporal punishment on learning abilities.
Slide Number 12

Spoken Tutorial Project

The video given in the link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

Slide Number 13

Forum slide

Questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

  • Choose the minute and second where you have the question<
  • Explain your question briefly<
  • The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer<

You will have to register to ask questions


Please post your queries on this forum.
Slide Number 14

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is supported by National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT)

  • Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching (PMMMNMTT)

MHRD, Government of India


Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
About the contributors This is Snehalatha Kaliappan,Viji Nair, Saurabg Gadgil from IIT Bombay Signing off.

This tutorial is reviewed by Dr. Bindhulakshmi Pattadath from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

Thank you for joining.


Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig, Snehalathak, Vijinair