Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Salts-and-Solubility/English"

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'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan'''
 
'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan'''
  
−
'''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial
+
'''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial.
  
  
Line 21: Line 21:
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,
 
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,
−
*Solubility of different salts.
+
* Solubility of different salts.
−
*Create a neutral compound from anions and cations.  
+
* Create a neutral compound from anions and cations.  
−
*Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.
+
* Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 30: Line 30:
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
||  
 
||  
−
*Calculate the '''Molarity''' of solutions.
+
* Calculate the '''Molarity''' of solutions.
−
*Calculate '''Solubility Product''' of the salts.
+
* Calculate '''Solubility Product''' of the salts.
−
*Application of '''Le Chaterlier’s principle''' to the dissolution of salts
+
* Application of '''Le Chaterlier’s principle''' to the dissolution of salts.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 39: Line 39:
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
||  
 
||  
−
*Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.
+
* Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.
−
*Use '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility.
+
* Use '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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'''System Requirement'''
 
'''System Requirement'''
−
|| Here I am using
+
|| Here I am using,
  
 
*'''Windows 11 (64 bit).'''
 
*'''Windows 11 (64 bit).'''
Line 57: Line 57:
  
 
'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]'''
 
'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]'''
−
|| To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in High School science.
+
|| To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
  
 
   
 
   
Line 70: Line 70:
  
 
|| Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''.
 
|| Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Point to the file in '''Downloads folder.'''
 
|| Point to the file in '''Downloads folder.'''
−
|| I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility '''simulation to my '''Downloads''' folder.
+
|| I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility ''' simulation to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
 
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
Line 81: Line 79:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
 
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
−
|| This is the interface of '''Salt and solubility simulation'''.
+
|| This is the interface of '''Salt and Solubility simulation'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor moves across the tabs.
 
|| Cursor moves across the tabs.
Line 89: Line 87:
  
  
−
|| '''Table Salt '''tab opens first by default.
+
|| '''Table Salt ''' opens first by default.
  
  
Line 105: Line 103:
  
 
The markings show from 1x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters to 8x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters.
 
The markings show from 1x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters to 8x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap.
 
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap.
Line 120: Line 119:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
−
|| On the right panel you will see the '''Salt''' and '''Water '''sections.
+
|| On the right panel you will see the '''Salt''' and '''Water ''' sections.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
Line 126: Line 125:
  
  
−
It shows the number of dissolved, bound and total number of ions in the container.
+
It shows the number of '''Dissolved''', '''Bound''' and '''Total''' number of ions in the container.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
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|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
 
||  
 
||  
−
*Table salt is scientifically called '''Sodium Chloride'''.
+
* Table salt is scientifically called '''Sodium Chloride'''.
−
*It ionizes in water as sodium and chloride ions.
+
* It ionizes in water as Sodium and Chloride ions.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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<sup>K</sup><sub>sp</sub><sup> = [Na+] [Cl-]</sup>
 
<sup>K</sup><sub>sp</sub><sup> = [Na+] [Cl-]</sup>
  
−
||Here is the '''Solubility Product''' expression of NaCl
+
||Here is the '''Solubility Product''' expression of '''Sodium Chloride'''.
−
 
+
−
 
+
  
  
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They are equal in number.  
 
They are equal in number.  
  
−
The sodium chloride is neutral molecule  
+
The sodium chloride is neutral molecule.
  
 
It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion.
 
It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion.
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|| Shake the salt dispenser.
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser.
  
−
 
+
87 ions in solution, no bound ions.
−
180 ions in solution, no bound ions.
+
 
|| Add more salt to the container.  
 
|| Add more salt to the container.  
  
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the water container.
 
|| Cursor on the water container.
−
 
−
 
 
|| Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.
 
|| Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.
  
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|-
 
|-
 
||Cursor on the right panel.
 
||Cursor on the right panel.
 +
 +
180 dissolved ions.
 
||Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed.
 
||Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed.
  
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on Simulation interface.
 
|| Cursor on Simulation interface.
−
 
−
 
−
 
 
|| Back to the simulation.
 
|| Back to the simulation.
  
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Drag the slider on the inlet tap.
 
|| Drag the slider on the inlet tap.
−
|| Add more water until all the bound ions completely dissolve.  
+
|| Add more water until all the bound ions are completely dissolved.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the simulation.
 
|| Cursor on the simulation.
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|| 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here.
 
|| 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Cursor on the screen.
 
|| The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen.
 
|| The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen.
 
|-
 
|-
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Therefore the '''Strontium Phosphate''' molecule consists of:
 
Therefore the '''Strontium Phosphate''' molecule consists of:
  
−
3 atoms of '''Strontium''' and 2 units of '''Phosphate.'''
+
3 atoms of '''Strontium''' and 2 units of '''Phosphate'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser.
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser.
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.
  
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'''Table Calculations: Molar solubility '''
 
'''Table Calculations: Molar solubility '''
 
|| This slide shows how to calculate '''Molar Solubility''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''.
 
|| This slide shows how to calculate '''Molar Solubility''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
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'''Table Calculations: Solubility Product'''
 
'''Table Calculations: Solubility Product'''
−
 
  
  
 
|| I have calculated the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''.
 
|| I have calculated the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''.
−
 
  
  
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|| You can pause the video and do the following:
 
|| You can pause the video and do the following:
  
−
#Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water.
+
# Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water.
−
#Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel.
+
# Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel.
−
#Note the ratio of ions in each salt.
+
# Note the ratio of ions in each salt.
−
#Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt.
+
# Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt.
 
This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Select '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-7</sup>.
−
 
+
|| Now increase the '''Solubility Product''' of the salt to 1x10<sup>-7</sup>.
−
Select '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-7</sup>.
+
−
||  
+
  
−
Now increase the '''Solubility Product''' of the salt to 1x10<sup>-7</sup>.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
Line 468: Line 446:
  
 
In this tutorial we have learnt about,
 
In this tutorial we have learnt about,
−
*Solubility of different salts
+
* Solubility of different salts
−
*Created a neutral compound from anions and cations  
+
* Created a neutral compound from anions and cations  
−
*Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.
+
* Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 477: Line 455:
 
'''Summary'''
 
'''Summary'''
 
||  
 
||  
−
*Calculated the '''Molarity''' of solutions
+
* Calculated the '''molarity''' of solutions
−
*Calculated '''Solubility Product''' of salts
+
* Calculated '''Solubility Product''' of salts
−
*Application of '''Le Chatelier's principle''' to the dissolution of salts
+
* Application of '''Le Chatelier's principle''' to the dissolution of salts
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 15'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 15'''
Line 485: Line 463:
 
'''Summary'''
 
'''Summary'''
 
||  
 
||  
−
*Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''.
+
* Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''.
−
*Used '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility.
+
* Used '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 16'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 16'''
Line 497: Line 475:
  
 
As an assignment,
 
As an assignment,
−
#Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''.
+
# Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''.
−
#Calculate the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for the salts.
+
# Calculate the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for the salts.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 505: Line 483:
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
 
||
 
||
−
*The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
+
* The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
  
−
*Please download and watch it.  
+
* Please download and watch it.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
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'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 
'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 
||
 
||
−
*We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.  
+
* We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.  
−
*For more details, please contact us.  
+
* For more details, please contact us.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India  
 
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| |  
+
||  
 
|| The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.
 
|| The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.
  
  
−
This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay  
+
This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay, signing off.
−
signing off.
+
  
 
Thank you for joining.  
 
Thank you for joining.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 11:23, 9 January 2023

Salts and Solubility


Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan

Keywords: Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial.


Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to this tutorial on Salts and Solubility
Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn about,
  • Solubility of different salts.
  • Create a neutral compound from anions and cations.
  • Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.
Slide Number 3

Learning Objectives

  • Calculate the Molarity of solutions.
  • Calculate Solubility Product of the salts.
  • Application of Le Chaterlier’s principle to the dissolution of salts.
Slide Number 3

Learning Objectives

  • Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.
  • Use Solubility Product values to predict solubility.
Slide Number 4

System Requirement

Here I am using,
  • Windows 11 (64 bit).
  • Java version 1.8
Slide Number 5

Pre-requisites


https://spoken-tutorial.org

To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.


Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.

Slide Number 5

Link for PhET simulation

Point to https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts

Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.
Point to the file in Downloads folder. I have downloaded the Salts & Solubility simulation to my Downloads folder.
Double click the file to open To open the simulation double-click on the file.
Cursor on the interface. This is the interface of Salt and Solubility simulation.
Cursor moves across the tabs. It has 3 tabs.
Cursor on Table Salt interface.


Table Salt opens first by default.


The main panel shows a container with inlet and outlet water taps.

Show the location of inlet and outlet taps. Inlet water tap is placed at the top-left of the container.


Outlet water tap is placed at the bottom-left of the container.

Cursor on container. The container is graduated and is filled with water.


The markings show from 1x 10-23 Liters to 8x 10-23 Liters.

Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container.
Drag the slider on the outlet water tap. To drain the water from the container, drag the slider on the outlet water tap.
Show salt shaker. A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.


Shake the salt dispenser to add salt to the container.

Cursor on right panel. On the right panel you will see the Salt and Water sections.
Cursor on right panel. Salt section gives information about the ions present in the container.


It shows the number of Dissolved, Bound and Total number of ions in the container.

Cursor on right panel. The Water section shows the volume of water in the container.
Cursor on Reset All button. Click on the Reset All button on the right panel.


To reset the simulation to the default parameters.

Cursor on the water container. Let us see how table salt dissolves in water.


Let the water level in the container be at the default level, 5x10-23 liters mark.

Shake the salt shaker. Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.
Slide Number 6
  • Table salt is scientifically called Sodium Chloride.
  • It ionizes in water as Sodium and Chloride ions.
Slide Number 7

Solubility Product expression of NaCl

NaCl(s) ⇄ Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Ksp = [Na+] [Cl-]

Here is the Solubility Product expression of Sodium Chloride.


The smaller the Solubility Product, the lower the solubility.

Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres.
Shake the salt dispenser. Add more salt to the container and observe the solution.
Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. As soon as the salt touches the water it dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions.
Cursor on right panel. Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the Salt panel on the right.


They are equal in number.

The sodium chloride is neutral molecule.

It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion.

Shake the salt dispenser.

87 ions in solution, no bound ions.

Add more salt to the container.

Observe the right panel.

Wait for a few seconds for the solution to reach equilibrium.

Cursor on the water container. Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.


The bound ions will be zero until it reaches the saturation level.

Shake the salt dispenser. Add more salt until you see some bound ions in the Salt panel.
Cursor on the right panel. The salt solution has now reached saturation level.


The bound or undissolved ions are in equilibrium with the dissolved ions in solution.

Cursor on the right panel.

180 dissolved ions.

Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed.


Notice the continuous adjustment of dissolved and bound ions on the panel.

Cursor on the water container. Observe the ions in the container.


The ions continuously go back and forth from dissolved to bound state to maintain the equilibrium.

Cursor on the right panel. Molar solubility for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel.


Solubility Product can be calculated from the Molar Solubility value for each salt.

Cursor on the right panel. Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for Sodium Chloride.


It is 180 in 5 x 10-23 liters for Sodium Chloride.

Slide Number 8

Calculations: Molar Solubility

This slide shows how to calculate Molar Solubility for Sodium Chloride.
Slide Number 9

Calculations: Solubility Product


We can also calculate Solubility Product for sodium chloride using Molar solubility values.


Please refer to the Additional reading material for details of calculations.

Cursor on Simulation interface. Back to the simulation.


Add more salt.

The number of bound ions increases in the solution.

Drag the slider on the inlet tap. Add some water to the container.

Observe the ions in the panel as well as in the container.

Cursor on the simulation. The number of dissolved ions increases with dilution.

This is because the bound ions now dissolve in the extra added water.


This is in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle.

Drag the slider on the inlet tap. Add more water until all the bound ions are completely dissolved.
Cursor on the simulation. Please refer to the Additional material link for more information on Le Chatelier's principle.
Click the Reset All button. Click the Reset All button.
Narration only Practice with a different volume of water in the container.


Observe the results.

Click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab. Next click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab.


The right panel on the screen shows a drop-down in the Salt section.

Cursor on the right panel. 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here.
Cursor on the screen. The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the Table Salt screen.
Point to the first salt in the list


Shake the salt dispenser.

The first salt in the list is Strontium Phosphate.

Shake the salt dispenser.

A little amount of salt is added to the container with water.

Cursor on the right panel. Notice the ratio of Strontium to Phosphate ions in the right panel.
Slide Number 10

Solubility Product expression for Strontium Phosphate.

This slide shows the Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate.

The stoichiometry is 3 is to 2 (3:2).

Therefore the Strontium Phosphate molecule consists of:

3 atoms of Strontium and 2 units of Phosphate.

Shake the salt dispenser. Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.


You will now notice some bound Strontium and Phosphate ions in the container.

Observe the right panel. Observe the right panel.
Shake the salt dispenser. Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution.
Observe the right panel. The solution is now saturated. The equilibrium is established.


At this stage, 45 Strontium and 30 Phosphate ions are in dissolved state.


The ratio is 3: 2

Observe the right panel. Molar solubility for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel.


Solubility Product can be calculated from the Molar Solubility value for each salt.

Slide Number 11

Table Calculations: Molar solubility

This slide shows how to calculate Molar Solubility for Strontium Phosphate.
Slide Number 12

Table Calculations: Solubility Product


I have calculated the Molar Solubility and Solubility Product for Strontium Phosphate.


Make a data table as shown here in your notebook and fill the columns.

Cursor on the simulation interface. Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results.
Slide Number 13

Assignment

You can pause the video and do the following:
  1. Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water.
  2. Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel.
  3. Note the ratio of ions in each salt.
  4. Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt.
Click on Design a Salt tab. Now click on Design a Salt tab at the top of the simulation.
Cursor on the simulation interface. Here we can creatively design a salt using the different charges for cation and anion.
Cursor on the right panel. On the right panel using the drop-down buttons select the charges of your choice.
Select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1.
Select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19 I will select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19.
Shake the salt dispenser. Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
Cursor on right panel Observe the ratio of dissolved cations and anions.


We see two anions for every one cation.


The number of anions is double the number of cations.


This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt.

Select Solubility Product as 1 x 10-7. Now increase the Solubility Product of the salt to 1x10-7.
Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.

Observe the number of dissolved ions in the right panel.

Cursor on the right panel. Notice the solubility of the salt.


The number of dissolved ions is more this time.

Hence, solubility is more when Solubility Product value is more.

Slide Number 14

Summary

Let us summarize.


In this tutorial we have learnt about,

  • Solubility of different salts
  • Created a neutral compound from anions and cations
  • Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.
Slide Number 15

Summary

  • Calculated the molarity of solutions
  • Calculated Solubility Product of salts
  • Application of Le Chatelier's principle to the dissolution of salts
Slide Number 15

Summary

  • Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.
  • Used Solubility Product values to predict solubility.
Slide Number 16

Assignment


Show table here.

As an assignment,

  1. Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.
  2. Calculate the Molar Solubility and Solubility Product for the salts.
Slide Number 17

About Spoken Tutorial Project

  • The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
  • Please download and watch it.
Slide Number 18

Spoken tutorial workshops

  • We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
  • For more details, please contact us.
Slide Number 19

Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial

Please post your timed queries in this forum.


Slide Number 20

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.


This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay, signing off.

Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig, Nancyvarkey, Vidhithakur

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