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{| border = 1
 
{| border = 1
 
 
|'''Time'''
 
|'''Time'''
 
 
|'''Narration'''
 
|'''Narration'''
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.01
+
| 00:01
|Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Loops in C and C++  
+
|Welcome to the spoken-tutorial on '''Structures''' in '''C and C++'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.06
+
| 00:06
 
|In this tutorial we will learn,   
 
|In this tutorial we will learn,   
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.09
+
| 00:08
|for loop,
+
|What is a '''Structure. '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.10
+
| 00:10
|while loop and
+
|Declaration of a '''structure'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.12
+
| 00:13
|do…while loop.  
+
|We will do this through an example.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.13
+
| 00:15
| We will do this with the help of some examples.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 00.17
+
|We will also see some common errors and their solutions.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 00.21
+
 
| To record this tutorial, I am using  
 
| To record this tutorial, I am using  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.24
+
| 00:18
|Ubuntu Operating System version 11.04
+
|'''Ubuntu Operating System ''' version '''11.10''',
  
 
|-
 
|-
|00.28
+
| 00:22
| gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1 on Ubuntu.  
+
| '''gcc '''and '''g++ Compiler''' version 4.6.1.  
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
|00.34
+
| 00:28
|Let us start with the introduction to loops.  
+
|Let us start with an introduction to '''Structure '''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|00.38
+
|00:31
|Loops are used to execute a group of instructions repeatedly.  
+
|When one or more variables are grouped under one name, it is known as '''structure.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.44
+
|00:37
|Depending on the purpose they are divided into three types:
+
|Structure is used to group different data into one object.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.48
+
|00:42
|while loop
+
|It is called as '''compound data-type.'''
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.49
+
| 00:45
|do…..while loop and
+
|It is used to group related information together.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.51
+
| 00:49
|for loop
+
| Now we will see the syntax to declare a '''structure'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.52
+
| 00:52
|Let us start with the while loop first
+
|Here, the keyword '''struct''' tells the compiler that a structure is declared.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.56
+
| 00:59
|A while loop tests the condition in the beginning
+
|'''strcut_name''' is the name of the '''structure.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 00.59
+
| 01:02
|The structure is
+
|eg. '''struct employee; '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.01
+
| 01:04
|while ( condition )
+
|You can give any name. 
  
 
|-
 
|-
|01.03
+
| 01:07
|within the bracket statement block
+
|Now we will see how to declare a '''structure''' variable.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.07
+
|01:10
|Now move on to  do….while loop
+
|The syntax for this is:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.09
+
| 01:13
|A do..while loop is executed at least once before the condition could be validated.
+
|'''struct struct_name and  struct_var; '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.15
+
| 01:17
|The structure is
+
|'''struct_var''' is the variable of type '''struc_name'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.17
+
| 01:21
|do (within the brackets) statement block
+
|example, '''struct employee addr; '''
 
+
 
+
|-
+
|01.20
+
|after the bracket the while ( condition )
+
 
+
|-
+
|01.23
+
|You can see that the condition is checked at the end.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.27
+
| 01:26
|Now,let us see an example on while loop and do...while loop
+
|'''addr''' is the '''variable''' of type '''employee. '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.32
+
|01:30
|I have already typed the code on the editor.  
+
|Let us move on to our example.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.35
+
|01:33
|Let me open it.  
+
|I have already typed the program on the editor. So, let me open it.
  
 
|-
 
|-
|01.37
+
|01:37
|Note that our file name is while.c.
+
|Note that our file name is '''structure.c.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
|01.41
+
|01:41
|Today we are going to learn addition of first 10 numbers using while loop.
+
|In this program we will calculate the total marks of three subjects using structure.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
|01.47
+
|01:48
|Let me explain the code now.
+
|Let me explain the code now.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
|01.49
+
|01:51
 
|This is our header file.
 
|This is our header file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.51
+
| 01:53
|Inside the main function we have declared two integer variables x and y and initialized to 0.
+
|Here we have declared a '''structure''' as '''student.''' 
 
+
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 01.59
+
| 01:57
| This is our while loop.  
+
| Then we have declared three integer variables as '''English, maths''' and '''science. '''
  
|
 
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.02
+
| 02:03
| The condition of the while loop is x is less than or equal to 10.  
+
|Variables defined under the structure are called as members of the structure.  
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
|02.06
+
|02:09
|Here the value of x is added to the value of y.
+
|This is our main() function.
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.10
+
| 02:11
| The value obtained after the addition is stored in y.  
+
| Here we have declared an '''integer''' variable 'total'.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.15
+
| 02:16
| Then we print the value of y
+
| Now we have declared a structure variable '''stud, stud''' is the variable of type student, it is used to access and modify the structure members.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.18
+
| 02:28
| Here  x is incremented.
+
| Here we have modified the members  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.20
+
| 02:31
| That means the variable x is increased by one.
+
|by assigning them values as 75, 70 and 65.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.25
+
| 02:37
|And this is our return statement.
+
|Here we calculate the total of three subjects.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.27
+
| 02:41
|Now,let us execute the program.  
+
|Then we print the result.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.30
+
| 02:44
| Please open the terminal window by pressing Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
+
|This is our '''return''' statement.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.39
+
| 02:46
|Type gcc space while dot c space hypen o space while
+
|Now click on '''Save '''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.45
+
| 02:48
|Press Enter
+
|Let us execute the program.
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.47
+
| 02:50
|Type ./ (dot slash) while .Press Enter
+
|Please open the terminal window by pressing
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.52
+
| 02:54
| The output is displayed.
+
| '''Ctrl, Alt''' and '''T''' keys simultaneously on your keyboard.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.54
+
| 02:59
| Now lets us see the working of while loop.
+
| To compile, type '''gcc space structure.c space hyphen o space struct''' and press''' Enter'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 02.57
+
| 03:12
|Let me resize the window.
+
|To execute, type (dot slash)'''./struct.''' Press Enter.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 03.00
+
| 03:17
|Here, first the  value of x and y is 0
+
|The output is displayed as:
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 03.04
+
| 03:20
|This is our while condition.Here we check whether x is less than or equal to 10 which means the values of x will be from 0 to 10
+
|'''Total is 210'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 03.15
+
| 03:22
|Then we add y plus x (i.e)  0 plus 0 we get 0. We print the value of y, here we get 0. Then x is incremented which means now the value of x will be 1
+
|Now we will execute the same program in C++ .
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 03.33
+
| 03:26
|Then we  will check the condition again, 1 is less than or equal to 10, if the condition is true then we will add the values, y (i.e ) 0 plus x that is 1. 0 plus 1 is 1
+
|Come back to our program.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 03.50
+
| 03:28
|We print the value as 1.Again x is incremented.
+
|I will edit the same code.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 03.55
+
| 03:30
|Now the value of x is 2.We check the condition again. 2 is less than or equal to 10, if the condition is true then we will add the values,(i.e ) 1 plus 2 which will give 3.
+
|First press '''Shift, Ctrl''' and  '''S''' keys simultaneously on the keyboard.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.11
+
| 03:37
|We print the value as 3. Like this it will go on upto x is less than or equal to 10
+
|Now save the file with an extension '''.cpp '''
|-
+
| 04.20
+
| Now, we will see the same program using do….while loop
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.24
+
| 03:41
| Here is our program
+
| and click on save.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.26
+
| 03:43
|Note that our file name is do hypen while.c
+
| Let's change the header file as '''iostream'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.31
+
| 03:47
|This part is already explained in the previous program.So lets us move on to a do...while loop
+
|Now include the '''using''' statement
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.38
+
| 03:53
|Here first the body of the loop will be executed  and then the condition is checked.The value of x is added to the value of y and the value obtained after the addition is totalled y
+
|and click on '''save'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.52
+
| 03:56
|The logic is same as in while program
+
|Structure declaration in '''C++''' is same as in '''C'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.55
+
| 04:01
|Now lets us execute the program
+
|So, no need to change anything here.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 04.58
+
| 04:05
|Come back to our terminal
+
|At the end we will replace the '''printf''' statement with the '''cout'''  statement.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.00
+
| 04:12
|Type gcc space do hypen while dot c space hypen o space do.Press Enter
+
|Delete the format specifier and (backslash n) \n.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.08
+
| 04:15
|Type dot slash do. Press Enter
+
|Now delete the comma.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.12
+
| 04:17
|We can see that the output is similiar  to our while program
+
|Type two opening angle brackets.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.16
+
| 04:20
|Now, lets us see the working of do...while loop
+
|Here, delete the closing bracket
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.20
+
| 04:22
|Let me resize the window
+
|and type two opening angle brackets.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.22
+
| 04:25
|Here the value x and y is 0
+
|And within the double quotes, type \n (backslash n).
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.25
+
| 04:29
|We add those values then we will get 0
+
|Now click on '''Save'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.29
+
| 04:31
|Now the value of y is 0. We print the value as 0
+
|Let us execute the program.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.33
+
| 04:33
|Then x is incremented by 1 which means now the value of x is 1, then the condition will be checked.
+
|Come back to our terminal.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.40
+
| 04:35
| You can see that the body of loop is executed first. Anyhow if the condition is false then also we will get the values that is 0.
+
|To compile, type '''g++ space structure.cpp space hyphen o space struct1 '''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.52
+
| 04:46
|Now, here we will check whether 1 is less than or equal to 10
+
| Here we have struct1 because we don't want to overwrite the output parameters '''struct''' for the file '''structure.c '''.
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 05.56
+
| 04:55
|The condition is true again we will add the values. Now 0 plus 1. Then we will print the value of y as 1
+
|Now press Enter.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.05
+
| 04:57
|Again x will be incremented.Now the value of x is 2. Then we check 2 is  less than or equal to 10
+
|To execute, type (dot slash) '''./struct1'''. Press '''Enter'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.15
+
| 05:03
|We will go back here
+
|The output is displayed as:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.17
+
| 05:05
|Then we will add the values 1 plus 2 is 3
+
|'''Total is 210'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.20
+
| 05:08
| We print the value of y as 3
+
|You can see that the output is same as our C code.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.23
+
| 05:12
|Like this the conditions will be checked till the value of x will be less than or equal to 10
+
|Now let us go back to our slides.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.30
+
| 05:14
|And this is our return statement.
+
|We will summarize now. In this tutorial we learned,
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.33
+
| 05:18
|Note that here the while condition ends with the semicolon
+
|Structure, Syntax of a structure
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.38
+
| 05:20
|In while loop the condition does not end with the semicolon.
+
|eg. '''struct struct_name; '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.43
+
| 05:23
|Now lets us see how to execute these programs in C++
+
|To access members of a structure.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.48
+
| 05:25
|This is our while program in C++
+
|Eg: stud.maths = 75;
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.52
+
| 05:30
|The logic and implementation are same as in our C program
+
|And to add the structure variables.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 06.56
+
| 05:33
|There are a few changes like the header file as iostream in place of stdio.h
+
|Eg: total = stud.eng + stud.maths + stud.science;
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 07.04
+
| 05:40
|We have included the using statement here using namespace std and here we have use the cout function in place of printf function
+
|As an assignment, write a program to display  records of an employee.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 07.16
+
| 05:44
|The structure of while loop is same as in our C program.
+
|Like name, address, designation, and salary.  
 
+
|-
+
| 07.21
+
|Lets us execute the program
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.23
+
|Come back to a terminal
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.25
+
|Let me clear the prompt
+
 
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.28
+
|To execute type g++ space do , g++ space while dot cpp space hypen o space while1. Press Enter
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.41
+
|Type dot slash while1.Press Enter
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.46
+
|You can see that the output is similiar to our while program in C.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.51
+
|Now let us see the do... while program in C++
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.55
+
|Come back to the Text editor
+
 
+
|-
+
| 07.57
+
|Here also there are similiar changes like the header file,the using statement and the cout function
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.06
+
|Rest of the things are similiar
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.09
+
|Lets us execute the program.Come back to our terminal
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.13
+
|Type g++ space do hypen while dot cpp space hypen o space do1. Press Enter
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.23
+
|Type dot slash do1.Press Enter
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.26
+
|We can see that the output is similiar to our do...while program in C.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.32
+
|Now we will see some common errors and their solutions
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.35
+
|Come back to our text editor
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.38
+
|Suppose here I will not increment the value of x.Click on Save. Let us see what happens
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.46
+
|Come back to the terminal. Let me clear the prompt
+
 
+
|-
+
| 08.50
+
|Lets us execute the program. Press the uparrow key twice. Again press the uparrow key
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.00
+
|The output is displayed. We can see number of zeros, this is because the loop does not have the terminating condition . It is known as infinite loop
+
 
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.13
+
|Infinite loop can cause the system to become unresponsive. It causes the program to consume all the prossess time but it can be terminated
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.25
+
|Come back to our program let us fix the error. Type x++ and a semicolon.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.31
+
|Click on Save. Lte us execute again. Come back to terminal.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.36
+
|Press the uparrow key
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.41
+
|Yes, it is working
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.43
+
|This bring us to the end of the tutorial. We will move back to our slides.
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.49
+
|Let us summarize
+
 
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.50
+
|In this tutorial we learned,
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.52
+
|while loop
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.53
+
|example. while(x is less than or equal to10)
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.57
+
|do….while loop
+
 
+
|-
+
| 09.58
+
|example. do statement block and
+
 
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.02
+
|while condition at the end
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.04
+
|As an assignment
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.06
+
|Write a program to print the following using for loops
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.10
+
|0 to 9
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.12
+
|The syntax of the for loop is
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.15
+
|for (variable initialization; variable condition;and variable increment or decrement)
+
 
+
|-
+
| 10.24
+
|And here will be the body of the loop
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.27
+
| 05:49
|Watch the video available at the link shown below
+
|Watch the video available at the link shown below.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.30
+
| 05:52
|It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project  
+
|It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.32
+
| 05:54
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it  
+
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.36
+
| 05:59
|The Spoken Tutorial Project Team  
+
|The Spoken Tutorial Project Team:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.38
+
| 06:01
|Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials  
+
|Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.41
+
|06:04
|Gives certificates to those who pass an online test  
+
|Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.45
+
| 06:08
|For more details, please write to, contact@spoken-tutorial.org  
+
|For more details, please write to, contact@spoken-tutorial.org.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.50
+
| 06:15
|Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of Talk to a Teacher project  
+
|Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of Talk to a Teacher project.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 10.55
+
| 06:18
|It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
+
|It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 11.01
+
| 06:25
|More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below
+
|More information on this mission is available at the link shown below.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 11.05
+
| 06:29
|This script as been contributed by Dhawal Goyal. This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay signing off  
+
| This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay, signing off.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| 11.12
+
| 06:33
|Thank You for joining.
+
|Thank You for watching.

Latest revision as of 14:47, 24 March 2017

Time Narration
00:01 Welcome to the spoken-tutorial on Structures in C and C++.
00:06 In this tutorial we will learn,
00:08 What is a Structure.
00:10 Declaration of a structure.
00:13 We will do this through an example.
00:15 To record this tutorial, I am using
00:18 Ubuntu Operating System version 11.10,
00:22 gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1.
00:28 Let us start with an introduction to Structure .
00:31 When one or more variables are grouped under one name, it is known as structure.
00:37 Structure is used to group different data into one object.
00:42 It is called as compound data-type.
00:45 It is used to group related information together.
00:49 Now we will see the syntax to declare a structure.
00:52 Here, the keyword struct tells the compiler that a structure is declared.
00:59 strcut_name is the name of the structure.
01:02 eg. struct employee;
01:04 You can give any name.
01:07 Now we will see how to declare a structure variable.
01:10 The syntax for this is:
01:13 struct struct_name and struct_var;
01:17 struct_var is the variable of type struc_name.
01:21 example, struct employee addr;
01:26 addr is the variable of type employee.
01:30 Let us move on to our example.
01:33 I have already typed the program on the editor. So, let me open it.
01:37 Note that our file name is structure.c.
01:41 In this program we will calculate the total marks of three subjects using structure.
01:48 Let me explain the code now.
01:51 This is our header file.
01:53 Here we have declared a structure as student.
01:57 Then we have declared three integer variables as English, maths and science.
02:03 Variables defined under the structure are called as members of the structure.
02:09 This is our main() function.
02:11 Here we have declared an integer variable 'total'.
02:16 Now we have declared a structure variable stud, stud is the variable of type student, it is used to access and modify the structure members.
02:28 Here we have modified the members
02:31 by assigning them values as 75, 70 and 65.
02:37 Here we calculate the total of three subjects.
02:41 Then we print the result.
02:44 This is our return statement.
02:46 Now click on Save .
02:48 Let us execute the program.
02:50 Please open the terminal window by pressing
02:54 Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
02:59 To compile, type gcc space structure.c space hyphen o space struct and press Enter.
03:12 To execute, type (dot slash)./struct. Press Enter.
03:17 The output is displayed as:
03:20 Total is 210
03:22 Now we will execute the same program in C++ .
03:26 Come back to our program.
03:28 I will edit the same code.
03:30 First press Shift, Ctrl and S keys simultaneously on the keyboard.
03:37 Now save the file with an extension .cpp
03:41 and click on save.
03:43 Let's change the header file as iostream.
03:47 Now include the using statement
03:53 and click on save.
03:56 Structure declaration in C++ is same as in C.
04:01 So, no need to change anything here.
04:05 At the end we will replace the printf statement with the cout statement.
04:12 Delete the format specifier and (backslash n) \n.
04:15 Now delete the comma.
04:17 Type two opening angle brackets.
04:20 Here, delete the closing bracket
04:22 and type two opening angle brackets.
04:25 And within the double quotes, type \n (backslash n).
04:29 Now click on Save.
04:31 Let us execute the program.
04:33 Come back to our terminal.
04:35 To compile, type g++ space structure.cpp space hyphen o space struct1 .
04:46 Here we have struct1 because we don't want to overwrite the output parameters struct for the file structure.c .
04:55 Now press Enter.
04:57 To execute, type (dot slash) ./struct1. Press Enter.
05:03 The output is displayed as:
05:05 Total is 210
05:08 You can see that the output is same as our C code.
05:12 Now let us go back to our slides.
05:14 We will summarize now. In this tutorial we learned,
05:18 Structure, Syntax of a structure
05:20 eg. struct struct_name;
05:23 To access members of a structure.
05:25 Eg: stud.maths = 75;
05:30 And to add the structure variables.
05:33 Eg: total = stud.eng + stud.maths + stud.science;
05:40 As an assignment, write a program to display records of an employee.
05:44 Like name, address, designation, and salary.
05:49 Watch the video available at the link shown below.
05:52 It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
05:54 If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
05:59 The Spoken Tutorial Project Team:
06:01 Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
06:04 Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
06:08 For more details, please write to, contact@spoken-tutorial.org.
06:15 Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of Talk to a Teacher project.
06:18 It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
06:25 More information on this mission is available at the link shown below.
06:29 This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay, signing off.
06:33 Thank You for watching.

Contributors and Content Editors

Kavita salve, Krupali, PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14, Sneha