Difference between revisions of "C-and-C++/C3/Strings/English"

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{| style="border-spacing:0;"
+
{| border=1
! <center>Visual Cue</center>
+
! '''Visual Cue'''
! <center>Narration</center>
+
! '''Narration'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 1
+
|Slide 1
 
+
|Welcome to the spoken-tutorial on '''Strings''' in '''C '''and''' C++'''
 
+
 
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Welcome to the spoken-tutorial on '''Strings''' in '''C '''and''' C++'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 2  
+
|Slide 2  
  
 
Learning Objectives
 
Learning Objectives
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn,  
+
|In this tutorial, we will learn,  
  
What is a string.  
+
*What is a '''string'''.
 +
*Declaration of a '''string'''.
 +
*Initialization of a '''string'''.
 +
*Few examples on '''string'''.
  
Declaration of a string.
+
We will also see some common errors and their solutions.
 
+
Initialization of a string.
+
 
+
Few examples on string.
+
 
+
We will also see some common errors and their solutions  
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 3  
+
|Slide 3  
  
 
System Requirements
 
System Requirements
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using
+
|To record this tutorial, I am using
  
'''Ubuntu Operating System''' version 11.04  
+
*'''Ubuntu Operating System''' version 11.04  
 
+
*'''gcc''' and '''g++''' '''Compiler''' version 4.6.1
'''gcc''' and '''g++''' '''Compiler''' version 4.6.1
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 4
+
|Slide 4
  
 
Introduction to strings
 
Introduction to strings
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us start with the Introduction to the '''Strings'''
+
|Let us start with the introduction to '''strings'''.
  
'''String''' is a sequence of characters that is treated as a single data item
+
'''String''' is a sequence of characters, that is treated as a single data item.
  
size of '''string''' = length of '''string''' + 1
+
Size of '''string''' = length of '''string''' + 1
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 5
+
|Slide 5
  
 
Declaration of the String
 
Declaration of the String
Line 62: Line 55:
  
 
<nowiki>char val[10];</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>char val[10];</nowiki>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me tell you how to declare a '''string'''
+
|Let me tell you how to declare a '''string'''.
  
 
The syntax for this is
 
The syntax for this is
Line 68: Line 61:
 
'''<nowiki>char name_of_string[size]; </nowiki>'''
 
'''<nowiki>char name_of_string[size]; </nowiki>'''
  
char, name of string and size
+
'''char''', name of '''string''' and size
  
char is the data type, name of the string is the string name, and we can give the size here.  
+
'''char''' is the data type, name of the '''string''' is the string-name, and we can give the size here.  
  
'''Eg: here we have declared a character string names with size 30 '''
+
'''Eg: here we have declared a character string names with size 10 '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Please open the Terminal
+
|Please open the Terminal
 
+
|Now we will see an example.
 
+
 
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will see an example  
+
 
+
I have already typed the program
+
  
I will open it
+
I have already typed the program, so I will open it.
  
 
Note that our file name is '''string.c'''
 
Note that our file name is '''string.c'''
  
'''In this program we will take a string as an input from the user and print it'''
+
In this program, we will take a '''string''' as an input from the user and print it.
  
Let me explain the code now
+
Let me explain the code now.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight
+
|Highlight
  
 
'''<nowiki>#include<string.h></nowiki>'''  
 
'''<nowiki>#include<string.h></nowiki>'''  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| These are out header files  
+
|These are our header files.
  
here '''string.h''' includes the declarations, functions, constants of '''string''' handling utilities
+
Here '''string.h''' includes the declarations, functions, constants of '''string''' handling utilities.
  
Whenever we work on '''string '''functions, we should include this header file
+
Whenever we work on '''string functions''', we should include this header file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight  
+
|Highlight  
  
 
'''<nowiki>char strname[30]</nowiki>'''<nowiki>; </nowiki>
 
'''<nowiki>char strname[30]</nowiki>'''<nowiki>; </nowiki>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This is our main function  
+
|This is our '''main function'''.
  
Here we are declaring the '''string''' ''''strname'''' with size ''''30''''
+
Here we are declaring the '''string strname'''' with size ''''30''''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight
+
|Highlight
  
 
'''printf("Enter the string\n"); '''
 
'''printf("Enter the string\n"); '''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here we are accepting a '''string''' from the user
+
|Here we are accepting a '''string''' from the user.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight
+
|Highlight
  
 
'''<nowiki>scanf("%[^\n]s",strname);</nowiki>'''
 
'''<nowiki>scanf("%[^\n]s",strname);</nowiki>'''
 +
|To read a '''string''', we can use '''scanf() function''' with format specifier '''%s'''
  
 
+
We are using the '''caret''' sign and''' \n''' to include the spaces with the '''string'''.
 
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To read a '''string''', we can use '''scanf()''' function with format specifier '''%s'''
+
 
+
We are using the '''caret''' sign and''' \n''' to include the spaces with the '''string'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type:  
+
|Type:  
  
 
'''printf("The string is %s\n", strname);'''  
 
'''printf("The string is %s\n", strname);'''  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Then we print the '''string'''
+
|Then we print the '''string'''.
  
And this is our return statement
+
And this is our '''return statement'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Save the program
+
|Save the program
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now click on '''Save'''  
+
|Now click on '''Save'''  
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Execution of the program
+
|Execution of the program
  
 
On the terminal
 
On the terminal
 +
|Let us execute the program.
  
 
+
Please open the '''terminal window''' by pressing '''Ctrl, Alt and T '''keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
 
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us execute the program
+
 
+
Please open the terminal window by pressing '''Ctrl, Alt and T '''keys simultaneously on your keyboard
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type  
+
|Type  
  
 
'''gcc strdeclare.c str'''
 
'''gcc strdeclare.c str'''
  
 
>> press '''Enter'''
 
>> press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To compile
+
|To compile, type
 
+
Type
+
  
 
'''gcc '''space''' string.c '''space''' -o '''space '''str'''
 
'''gcc '''space''' string.c '''space''' -o '''space '''str'''
Line 164: Line 144:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type  
+
|Type  
  
 
'''./str '''
 
'''./str '''
  
 
>> press '''Enter'''
 
>> press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To execute,  
+
|To execute, type  
 
+
type  
+
  
 
'''./str '''
 
'''./str '''
Line 178: Line 156:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here it is displayed as '''Enter the string '''
+
|Here it is displayed as '''Enter the string '''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type  
+
|Type  
  
 
'''Talk To A Teacher >>''' press '''Enter'''
 
'''Talk To A Teacher >>''' press '''Enter'''
 +
|I will type '''Talk To A Teacher'''.
  
 
+
now press '''Enter'''.
 
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will type
+
 
+
'''Talk To A Teacher'''
+
 
+
now press '''Enter'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight
+
|Highlight
  
 
Output
 
Output
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed as  
+
|The output is displayed as '''The string is Talk To A Teacher'''
 
+
'''The string is Talk To A Teacher'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 6
+
|Slide 6
  
  
Line 212: Line 183:
  
  
<nowiki>char strinitialize[20] = “star”;</nowiki>
+
<nowiki>char strinitialize[30] = “star”;</nowiki>
  
  
Line 219: Line 190:
  
 
<nowiki>char strinitialize[] = {'S', 't', 'r'};</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>char strinitialize[] = {'S', 't', 'r'};</nowiki>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now let us switch back to our slides
+
|Now let us switch back to our slides
  
  
Until now we discussed about the declaration of a '''string'''
+
Until now we discussed about the declaration of a '''string'''.
  
Now we are going to discuss how to initialize the '''string'''
+
Now we are going to discuss how to initialize the '''string'''.
  
 
The syntax for this is
 
The syntax for this is
Line 230: Line 201:
 
'''<nowiki>char var_name[size] = “string”;</nowiki>'''
 
'''<nowiki>char var_name[size] = “string”;</nowiki>'''
  
eg: here we have declared a character string names with size 30 and the string is Priya
+
Eg: Here we have declared a '''character string "names"''' with size '''10''' and the '''string''' is '''"Priya"'''
  
 
Another syntax is  
 
Another syntax is  
Line 237: Line 208:
  
 
'''<nowiki>eg: char names[10] = {'P', 'r', 'i', 'y', 'a'}; </nowiki>'''in single quotes
 
'''<nowiki>eg: char names[10] = {'P', 'r', 'i', 'y', 'a'}; </nowiki>'''in single quotes
 
 
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Please switch to the Text editor
+
|Please switch to the Text editor
 
+
|Let me show you how to use the first syntax with an example.
 
+
 
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me show you how to use the first syntax with an example
+
 
+
Switch back to our Editor
+
 
+
We will use the same example
+
 
+
 
+
  
 +
Switch back to our Editor. We will use the same example.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on  
+
|Click on File >> Save as option
 
+
File >> Save as option
+
  
 
Type  
 
Type  
  
 
strinitialize.c
 
strinitialize.c
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| First press shift, cntrl and s key simultaneously on your keyboard  
+
|First, press '''shift, ctrl''' and '''s''' keys simultaneously on your keyboard  
  
now save the file with the name '''strinitialize.c '''
+
Now save the file with the name '''strinitialize.c '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on save
+
|Click on save
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now click '''Save'''
+
|Now click on '''Save'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
  
Line 279: Line 237:
  
  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We are going to intialize this string  
+
|We are going to intialize this '''string'''.
  
Hence at the 5th line type  
+
Hence, on the 5th line, type  
  
 
'''<nowiki>= and within </nowiki>double quotes “Spoken- Tutorial”;'''
 
'''<nowiki>= and within </nowiki>double quotes “Spoken- Tutorial”;'''
  
now click on save
+
Now, click on '''Save'''
 
+
 
+
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Delete  
+
|Delete  
  
 
'''printf("Enter the string\n"); '''
 
'''printf("Enter the string\n"); '''
  
 
'''<nowiki>scanf("%[^\n]s",strname);</nowiki>'''
 
'''<nowiki>scanf("%[^\n]s",strname);</nowiki>'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now remove these two lines
+
|Now remove these two lines, as we are only going to print the '''string'''.
  
as we are only going to print the '''string'''
+
|-
 +
|Save the program
 +
|Click on '''Save'''.
  
'''click on save'''
+
Let us execute.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Save the program
+
|On the terminal, type
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| let us execute
+
 
+
|-
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the terminal
+
 
+
Type
+
  
 
'''gcc strinitialize.c -o str1'''
 
'''gcc strinitialize.c -o str1'''
  
 +
|Come back to our '''terminal'''.
  
 +
To compile, type
  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Come back to our terminal
+
'''gcc space stringintialize.c space -o space str2'''
 
+
To compile
+
 
+
Type
+
 
+
'''gcc space stringintialize.c '''space '''-o '''space''' str2'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| To execute
+
|To execute
  
 
Type
 
Type
  
 
'''./str1'''
 
'''./str1'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here we have str2 because we dont want to overwrite the output parameter '''str''' for the file '''string.c'''
+
|Here we have '''str2''' because we don't want to overwrite the output parameter '''str''' for the file '''string.c'''
  
now press '''Enter '''
+
Now press '''Enter. '''
  
'''To execute type ./str2 '''
+
To execute, type '''./str2 '''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight
+
|Highlight
  
 
'''Output'''
 
'''Output'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed as  
+
|The output is displayed as '''"The string is Spoken-Tutorial".'''
 
+
'''The string is Spoken-Tutorial'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Error1
+
|Error1
  
 
Type
 
Type
  
 
'''sting.h'''
 
'''sting.h'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will see some common errors which we can come across
+
|Now we will see some common errors which we can come across
  
 
Come back to our program
 
Come back to our program
Line 358: Line 303:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save'''
+
|Click on '''Save'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now click on '''Save'''
+
|Now click on '''Save.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the terminal
+
|On the terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us execute, come back to the terminal
+
|Let us execute; come back to our '''terminal'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Compile and execute as before
+
|Compile and execute as before
  
  
Line 373: Line 318:
  
 
'''./str1'''
 
'''./str1'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now compile as before  
+
|Now compile as before.
  
We see a fatal error  
+
We see an fatal error.
  
 
'''sting.h no such file or directory'''
 
'''sting.h no such file or directory'''
  
compilation terminated  
+
'''compilation terminated'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor, correct the spelling
+
|On the editor, correct the spelling
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Come back to the program
+
|Come back to the program.
  
This is because the compiler is not able to find the header file with the name sting.h
+
This is because the compiler is not able to find the header file with the name '''sting.h'''
  
Hence it is giving an error
+
Hence it is giving an error.
  
Let us fix the error
+
Let us fix the error.
  
Type '''r''' here
+
Type '''r''' here.
  
now click on save
+
Now click on '''Save'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the terminal
+
|On the terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us execute again  
+
|Let us execute again.
  
Come back to our terminal
+
Come back to our '''terminal'''.
  
Compile as before, execute as before  
+
Compile as before, execute as before.
  
Yes it is working!
+
Yes, it is working!
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Error2
+
|Error2
  
 
Type
 
Type
  
 
'''int'''  
 
'''int'''  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now let us see another common error
+
|Now, let us see another common error.
  
come back to our program  
+
Come back to our program.
  
Suppose here I will type '''int''' in place of''' char'''
+
Suppose, here, I will type '''int''' in place of''' char'''.
  
'''now click on save '''
+
Now, click on '''Save '''.
  
Let us see what happens
+
Let us see what happens.
  
Come back to our terminal
+
Come back to our '''terminal'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the terminal
+
|On the terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me clear the prompt
+
|Let me clear the '''prompt'''.
  
Compile as before  
+
Compile as before.
  
We see an error  
+
We see an error.
  
Wide charactr array initialized from non-wide string
+
'''Wide character array initialized from non-wide string
  
 
format %s expects argument of type 'char'
 
format %s expects argument of type 'char'
  
But argument 2 has type 'int'
+
But argument 2 has type 'int''''
  
come back to our program
 
 
this is because we used %s as the '''format specifier for string '''
 
 
And we are initializing it with an integer data type '''int'''
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us fix the error
+
|Come back to our program.
  
Type 'char' here
+
This is because we used''' %s''' as the '''format specifier''' for '''string.'''
  
click on save
+
And we are initializing it with an '''integer''' data type '''int'''.
  
let us execute
+
|-
 +
|On the editor
 +
|Let us fix the error.
  
 +
Type '''char''' here.
  
 +
Click on '''Save'''.
  
 +
Let us execute.
  
|-
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on save
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save'''
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the terminal
+
|On the terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Come back to our terminal
+
|Come back to our '''terminal.'''
  
Compile as before, execute as before
+
Compile as before, execute as before.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Yes it is working!
+
|Yes it is working!
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor
+
|On the editor
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| NOW WE WILL SEE HOW TO EXECUTE THE SAME PROGRAM IN C++
+
|NOW WE WILL SEE HOW TO EXECUTE THE SAME PROGRAM IN '''C++'''
  
Come back to our program
+
Come back to our program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on File
+
|Click on File >> Save as
  
 +
Type  '''.cpp'''
 +
|Let me open our file '''string.c'''
  
Save as
+
We will edit the code here.
  
Type
+
First, press '''shift, ctrl''' and '''S''' key simultaneously on your keyboard.
 
+
'''.cpp'''
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me open our file '''string.c'''
+
 
+
We will edit the code here
+
 
+
First press shift, cntrl and S key simultaneously on your keyboard
+
  
  
 
Now save the file with an extension '''.cpp'''
 
Now save the file with an extension '''.cpp'''
  
and click on save
+
and click on '''Save'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
 
iostream
 
iostream
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will change the header file as
+
|Now we will change the header file as '''iostream'''.
 
+
'''iostream'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
  
 
'''<nowiki>#include <string></nowiki>'''
 
'''<nowiki>#include <string></nowiki>'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Include the using statement
+
|Include the '''using statement'''.
  
now click on save
+
Now click on '''Save'''.
  
now we will delete this declaration
+
Now we will delete this declaration.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type  
+
|Type  
  
 
string strname;
 
string strname;
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| and declare a string variable, type string space strname and a semicolon
+
|And will declare a '''string variable.'''
  
Click on save
+
Type '''string space strname''' and a '''semicolon'''
 +
 
 +
Click on '''Save'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
 
<nowiki>cout <<</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>cout <<</nowiki>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Replace the '''printf '''statement with '''cout''' statement
+
|Replace the '''printf '''statement with the '''cout''' statement.
 
+
delete the closing bracket here
+
 
+
 
+
  
 +
Delete the closing bracket here.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Delete scanf
+
|Delete scanf statement.
  
Type
+
And type
  
'''getline(cin, strname);'''
+
'''getline opening bracket closing bracket. Within the brackets type(cin, strname);'''
  
 +
|Delete the '''scanf''' statement and type '''getline opening bracket closing bracket. Within the brackets type(cin, strname) '''
  
 
+
At the end, type a''' semicolon'''.
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Delete the '''scanf''' statement and
+
 
+
Type
+
 
+
'''getline(cin, strname) '''at the end type a''' ;'''
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
 
<nowiki>cout <<"The string is " <<strname <<"\n";</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>cout <<"The string is " <<strname <<"\n";</nowiki>
Line 558: Line 488:
  
 
printf("The string is %s\n",strname);
 
printf("The string is %s\n",strname);
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Again replace the '''printf''' statement with '''cout''' statement
+
|Now again, replace the '''printf''' statement with the '''cout''' statement.
  
Delete the format specifier and '''\n'''  
+
Delete the '''format specifier''' and '''\n'''  
  
Now delete the ''', '''
+
Now delete the '''comma '''
  
Type two opening angle brackets, delete the bracket here
+
Type two opening angle brackets, delete the bracket here.
  
type two opening angle brackets and within the double quotes type '''\n'''
+
Type two opening angle brackets and within the double quotes type '''\n'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on save
+
|Click on save
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| And click on '''Save'''
+
|And click on '''Save'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| we have declared a string variable ''''strname''''
+
|We have declared a '''string variable 'strname''''
  
since we do not use the format specifier in C++
+
Since we do not use the '''format specifier''' in '''C++''', the compiler should know that '''strname''' is a '''string variable'''.
  
the compiler should know that strname is a string variable
+
Here we use '''getline''' to extract the characters from the input sequence.
  
Here we use getline to extract the characters from the input sequence, it stores them as a string
+
It stores them as a '''string'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the terminal
+
|On the terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now let us execute the program, Come back to our terminal
+
|Now let us execute the programCome back to our '''terminal'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me clear the prompt
+
|Let me clear the '''prompt'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
 
'''g++ string.cpp -o str1'''
 
'''g++ string.cpp -o str1'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To compile type
+
|To compile, type
  
'''g++''' space '''string.cpp '''space''' -o '''space''' str3'''
+
'''g++ space string.cpp space -o space str3'''
  
'''and press Enter'''
+
and press '''Enter'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type
+
|Type
  
 
'''./str1'''
 
'''./str1'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To execute type
+
|To execute, type
  
 
'''./str3'''
 
'''./str3'''
  
'''Press enter'''
+
Press '''Enter'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight >> type '''Talk To A Teacher'''
+
|Highlight >> type '''Talk To A Teacher'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| '''It is '''displayed as '''Enter the string'''
+
|It is displayed as '''Enter the string'''
  
 
I will enter as '''Talk To A Teacher'''
 
I will enter as '''Talk To A Teacher'''
Line 619: Line 549:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed as
+
|The output is displayed as
  
'''The string is Talk To A Teacher'''
+
'''"The string is Talk To A Teacher"'''
  
We can see that the output is similar to our C code
+
We can see that the output is similar to our '''C''' code.
  
Now come back to our slides
+
Now come back to our slides.
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 7
+
|Slide 7
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us summarize
+
|Let us summarize
  
 
In this tutorial we learnt  
 
In this tutorial we learnt  
  
Strings
+
*'''Strings'''
 
+
* Declaration of a string
+
 
+
<nowiki>eg: char strname[30]</nowiki>
+
 
+
* Initialization of a string
+
 
+
<nowiki>eg: char strname[30] = “Talk To A </nowiki>Teacher”
+
 
+
  
 +
* Declaration of a '''string'''
  
 +
* '''<nowiki>eg: char strname[30]</nowiki>
 +
'''
 +
* Initialization of a '''string'''
  
 +
*'''<nowiki>eg: char strname[30] = “Talk To A </nowiki>Teacher”
 +
'''
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 8
+
|Slide 8
  
 
Assignment
 
Assignment
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| As an assignment
+
|As an assignment
  
Write a program to print a string using the 2<sup>nd</sup> syntax
+
Write a program to print a '''string''' using the 2<sup>nd</sup> syntax
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 9
+
|Slide 9
  
  
 
About the Spoken Tutorial Project
 
About the Spoken Tutorial Project
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Watch the video available at the link shown  
+
|Watch the video available at the link shown  
  
 
http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial
 
http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial
Line 669: Line 596:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 10
+
|Slide 10
  
 
Spoken Tutorial Workshops
 
Spoken Tutorial Workshops
Line 675: Line 602:
  
  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team  
+
|The Spoken Tutorial Project Team  
  
 
Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials  
 
Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials  
Line 686: Line 613:
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 11
+
|Slide 11
  
  
 
Acknowledgement
 
Acknowledgement
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project
+
|Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project
  
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
  
More information on this Mission is available at: http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro
+
More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below: http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro
  
 
|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
+
|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay
+
|This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay signing off.
  
Thank You for joining
+
Thank You for joining.
  
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 12:32, 31 January 2014

Title of script: Strings

Author: Ashwini R Patil

Keywords: Strings in C, getline, Video Tutorial


Visual Cue Narration
Slide 1 Welcome to the spoken-tutorial on Strings in C and C++
Slide 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn,
  • What is a string.
  • Declaration of a string.
  • Initialization of a string.
  • Few examples on string.

We will also see some common errors and their solutions.

Slide 3

System Requirements

To record this tutorial, I am using
  • Ubuntu Operating System version 11.04
  • gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1
Slide 4

Introduction to strings

Let us start with the introduction to strings.

String is a sequence of characters, that is treated as a single data item.

Size of string = length of string + 1

Slide 5

Declaration of the String

Syntax:

char val[10];

Let me tell you how to declare a string.

The syntax for this is

char name_of_string[size];

char, name of string and size

char is the data type, name of the string is the string-name, and we can give the size here.

Eg: here we have declared a character string names with size 10

Please open the Terminal Now we will see an example.

I have already typed the program, so I will open it.

Note that our file name is string.c

In this program, we will take a string as an input from the user and print it.

Let me explain the code now.

Highlight

#include<string.h>

These are our header files.

Here string.h includes the declarations, functions, constants of string handling utilities.

Whenever we work on string functions, we should include this header file.

Highlight

char strname[30];

This is our main function.

Here we are declaring the string strname' with size '30'.

Highlight

printf("Enter the string\n");

Here we are accepting a string from the user.
Highlight

scanf("%[^\n]s",strname);

To read a string, we can use scanf() function with format specifier %s

We are using the caret sign and \n to include the spaces with the string.

Type:

printf("The string is %s\n", strname);

Then we print the string.

And this is our return statement.

Save the program Now click on Save
Execution of the program

On the terminal

Let us execute the program.

Please open the terminal window by pressing Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard.

Type

gcc strdeclare.c str

>> press Enter

To compile, type

gcc space string.c space -o space str

And press Enter

Type

./str

>> press Enter

To execute, type

./str

now press Enter

Here it is displayed as Enter the string .
Type

Talk To A Teacher >> press Enter

I will type Talk To A Teacher.

now press Enter.

Highlight

Output

The output is displayed as The string is Talk To A Teacher
Slide 6


Initialization of the string


Syntax:


char strinitialize[30] = “star”;


(or)


char strinitialize[] = {'S', 't', 'r'};

Now let us switch back to our slides


Until now we discussed about the declaration of a string.

Now we are going to discuss how to initialize the string.

The syntax for this is

char var_name[size] = “string”;

Eg: Here we have declared a character string "names" with size 10 and the string is "Priya"

Another syntax is

char var_name[ ] = {'S', 't', 'r', 'i', 'n', 'g'}; within single quotes

eg: char names[10] = {'P', 'r', 'i', 'y', 'a'}; in single quotes

Please switch to the Text editor Let me show you how to use the first syntax with an example.

Switch back to our Editor. We will use the same example.

Click on File >> Save as option

Type

strinitialize.c

First, press shift, ctrl and s keys simultaneously on your keyboard

Now save the file with the name strinitialize.c

Click on save Now click on Save
Type


char name[30] = "Talk To A Teacher";


We are going to intialize this string.

Hence, on the 5th line, type

= and within double quotes “Spoken- Tutorial”;

Now, click on Save

Delete

printf("Enter the string\n");

scanf("%[^\n]s",strname);

Now remove these two lines, as we are only going to print the string.
Save the program Click on Save.

Let us execute.

On the terminal, type

gcc strinitialize.c -o str1

Come back to our terminal.

To compile, type

gcc space stringintialize.c space -o space str2

To execute

Type

./str1

Here we have str2 because we don't want to overwrite the output parameter str for the file string.c

Now press Enter.

To execute, type ./str2

Highlight

Output

The output is displayed as "The string is Spoken-Tutorial".
Error1

Type

sting.h

Now we will see some common errors which we can come across

Come back to our program

Suppose here we type the spelling of string as

sting

Click on Save Now click on Save.
On the terminal Let us execute; come back to our terminal.
Compile and execute as before


gcc strinitialize.c -o str1


./str1

Now compile as before.

We see an fatal error.

sting.h no such file or directory

compilation terminated

On the editor, correct the spelling Come back to the program.

This is because the compiler is not able to find the header file with the name sting.h

Hence it is giving an error.

Let us fix the error.

Type r here.

Now click on Save.

On the terminal Let us execute again.

Come back to our terminal.

Compile as before, execute as before.

Yes, it is working!

Error2

Type

int

Now, let us see another common error.

Come back to our program.

Suppose, here, I will type int in place of char.

Now, click on Save .

Let us see what happens.

Come back to our terminal.

On the terminal Let me clear the prompt.

Compile as before.

We see an error.

Wide character array initialized from non-wide string

format %s expects argument of type 'char'

But argument 2 has type 'int'


Come back to our program.

This is because we used %s as the format specifier for string.

And we are initializing it with an integer data type int.

On the editor Let us fix the error.

Type char here.

Click on Save.

Let us execute.


On the terminal Come back to our terminal.

Compile as before, execute as before.

Yes it is working!
On the editor NOW WE WILL SEE HOW TO EXECUTE THE SAME PROGRAM IN C++

Come back to our program.

Click on File >> Save as

Type .cpp

Let me open our file string.c

We will edit the code here.

First, press shift, ctrl and S key simultaneously on your keyboard.


Now save the file with an extension .cpp

and click on Save.

Type

iostream

Now we will change the header file as iostream.
Type


#include <string>

Include the using statement.

Now click on Save.

Now we will delete this declaration.

Type

string strname;

And will declare a string variable.

Type string space strname and a semicolon

Click on Save.

Type

cout <<

Replace the printf statement with the cout statement.

Delete the closing bracket here.

Delete scanf statement.

And type

getline opening bracket closing bracket. Within the brackets type(cin, strname);

Delete the scanf statement and type getline opening bracket closing bracket. Within the brackets type(cin, strname)

At the end, type a semicolon.

Type

cout <<"The string is " <<strname <<"\n";


In place of

printf("The string is %s\n",strname);

Now again, replace the printf statement with the cout statement.

Delete the format specifier and \n

Now delete the comma

Type two opening angle brackets, delete the bracket here.

Type two opening angle brackets and within the double quotes type \n

Click on save And click on Save
We have declared a string variable 'strname'

Since we do not use the format specifier in C++, the compiler should know that strname is a string variable.

Here we use getline to extract the characters from the input sequence.

It stores them as a string.

On the terminal Now let us execute the program. Come back to our terminal.
Let me clear the prompt.
Type

g++ string.cpp -o str1

To compile, type

g++ space string.cpp space -o space str3

and press Enter.

Type

./str1

To execute, type

./str3

Press Enter.

Highlight >> type Talk To A Teacher It is displayed as Enter the string

I will enter as Talk To A Teacher

Now press Enter

The output is displayed as

"The string is Talk To A Teacher"

We can see that the output is similar to our C code.

Now come back to our slides.

Slide 7 Let us summarize

In this tutorial we learnt

  • Strings
  • Declaration of a string
  • eg: char strname[30]

  • Initialization of a string
  • eg: char strname[30] = “Talk To A Teacher”

Slide 8

Assignment

As an assignment

Write a program to print a string using the 2nd syntax

Slide 9


About the Spoken Tutorial Project

Watch the video available at the link shown

http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial

It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project

If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

Slide 10

Spoken Tutorial Workshops


The Spoken Tutorial Project Team

Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials

Gives certificates to those who pass an online test

For more details, Please write to

contact@spoken-tutorial.org

Slide 11


Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project

It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India

More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below: http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro

This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thank You for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Ashwini, Nancyvarkey