PhET-Simulations-for-Physics/C3/Simple-AC-Circuits/English

Title of the Tutorial: Simple AC Circuits

Author: Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskaandeep Kaur

Keywords: PhET, AC voltage, resistor, capacitor, inductor, capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, video tutorial.

Visual Cue	Narration
Slide Number 1 Title Slide	Welcome to this Spoken tutorial on Simple AC Circuits
Slide Number 2 Learning Objectives	In this tutorial we will learn to, Build simple AC circuits Find the phase relation between voltage and current for different AC circuits Calculate capacitive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuits.
Slide Number 3 System Requirements	This tutorial is recorded using, Windows 11 Google Chrome v 123.0.63
Slide Number 4 Pre-requisites	To follow this tutorial,Learners should be familiar with topics in Basic science Simple AC Components
Slide Number 5 Alternating Current	Now let’s define alternating current, Magnitude of AC current changes continuously with time, and its direction reverses periodically.
Slide Number 6 Alternating Current	Alternating Current can be represented by Sine or Cosine curve. I=Io Sin ωt or I=Io Cos ωt
Slide Number 7 Capacitive Reactance	Capacitive reactance (XC). It is the opposition offered by a capacitor to the change in current. It depends inversely on the frequency of the ac source. XC = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math> Unit of XC is ohm.
Slide Number 8 Inductive Reactance	Inductive reactance (XL) It is the opposition offered by an inductor to the change in current. It varies directly with the frequency of the ac source. XL = 2πνL Unit of XL is ohm.
Slide Number 9 Links for PhET simulations https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab	In this tutorial we will use Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab PhET simulation. Please use the given link to download the simulation. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab
Point to the simulations in the Downloads folder. Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab	I have already downloaded the simulation to my Downloads folder.
Point to Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation.	Let us begin.
Right-click on Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation_en.html file. Select Open with Google Chrome option. Point to the browser address.	To open the simulation, right-click on Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation _en.html file. Select the option Open with Google Chrome. The file opens in the browser.
Point to the simulation interface.	This is the interface of Circuit construction Kit: AC Virtual Lab simulation.
Point to the left side of Circuit elements	On the left side of the interface, we can see a list of circuit elements.
Drag a Resistor. Click on the Resistor Point to the value of resistance.	Let’s add a resistor to the interface. By default, Resistance of the resistor is 10 ohms.
Drag an ammeter	Attach ammeter in series with the resistor by using wire.
Drag a light bulb and wire.	Let’s attach a light bulb in series to the resistor using a connecting wire.
Point on the AC Voltage source and attached it to the resistor	Other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source using a wire. Here resistor is connected to AC Voltage source in parallel connection.
Click on the AC Voltage	By default, AC voltage value is 9 V and its frequency is 0.50 Hz.
Point on the switch and attached with the AC Voltage source.	Let’s drag a switch and attach it in series with the AC Voltage source.
Drag wires and attached in the circuit. Click on the Values check box on the right panel	The circuit is completed by connecting wires in between switch and light bulb. Click on the Values check box on the right, to display value of each component.
Single click on the switch	Now, close the switch by clicking on it.
Observe the intensity of light bulb	We observe that intensity of light bulb is varying due to AC voltage source.
Only Narration	Now we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for a resistor.
Click on the Pause button	Pause the simulation
Drag Voltage Chart	Drag Voltage Chart and attach its terminals (probes) across the ends of the resistor.
Drag Current chart	Drag Current Chart and place its terminal (probe) on the resistor.
Click on Play button	Play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts.	It is observed that current and voltage peak at the same time. This indicates that Voltage and current are in phase.
Click on the Pause button	Pause the simulation
Only Narration	Now, we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for a capacitor.
Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.	Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
Point to the information box.	In the circuit click on resistor component. In the resistance edit box click on the delete icon to delete the resistance.
Drag a capacitor Click on the capacitor	Drag a capacitor from the circuit components. Place the capacitor at the same position as the resistor. By default, capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.
Click on Play button	Now Play the simulation.
Point to the capacitor	Observe the changing red and blue charges on the plates of capacitor. These indicate the charging and discharging of the capacitor.
Point to the light bulb	The intensity of light bulb is changing due to AC voltage source.
Click on the AC Voltage source and Point to the frequency	Click on the AC Voltage source and note the frequency.
Point to the values of capacitance and frequency on the interface.	Let us calculate Capacitive reactance using frequency and capacitance values.
Slide Number 10 Capacitive reactance	The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz. Capacitance of the capacitor is 0.1 F. XC = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}}</math>=<math>\frac{1}{2\times 3.14\times 0.5\times 0.1}</math> XC = 3.18 Ω
Click on the pause button	Pause the simulation.
Point to the voltage and current chart	Now, we will attach the probes of voltage chart and current chart to the capacitor.
Click on the play radio button	Now play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts.	Observe the graphs in the charts, A phase change is noticed. When a capacitor is connected in the circuit current leads voltage.
Click on the pause button	Pause the simulation
	Now, we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for an Inductor.
Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.	Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
Point to the information box.	In the circuit click on capacitor component. In the capacitor edit box click on the delete icon to delete the capacitor.
Click on the inductor and drag in the interface	Now, drag an inductor from the given components. Place the inductor at the same position as the capacitor. By default, inductance of the inductor is 5 H.
Click on Play button	Now Play the simulation.
Point to the values of inductance and frequency on the interface.	Let us calculate inductive reactance using frequency and inductance values.
Slide Number 11 Inductive Reactance	The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz. Inductance of the inductor is 5 H XL = 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 × 5 = 15.7 Ω
Click on the pause button	Pause the simulation.
Point to the voltage and current chart	Now, we will attach the probes of voltage chart and current chart to the inductor.
Click on the play radio button	Now play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts.	Observe the graphs in the charts, a phase change is noticed. When an inductor is connected in the circuit voltage leads current.
Slide Number 12 Series AC Circuits	Series AC Circuits In AC Circuits resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series. The impedance (Z) is the total opposition to the flow of current in the AC circuit. Z = <math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math> For, LC circuit, R = 0 RC circuit, XL= 0 and LR circuit, XC= 0
Click on Refresh button	Clear the interface using refresh button.
Point to the Resistor	Let’s make series RC circuit. Drag a resistor
Point to the Capacitor	Now, drag a capacitor and attach it in series with the resistor.
Point to the ammeter	Drag an ammeter and attach it in series with the capacitor.
Click on the AC Voltage	Other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source in parallel using a wire.
Point on the switch and attached with the AC Voltage source.	Drag a switch and attach it in series with the AC Voltage source.
Point to the wire	Close the circuit by attaching a wire between switch and ammeter
Single click on the switch	Now, close the switch by clicking on it. Current starts flowing through the circuit.
Click on the Pause button	Pause the simulation
Drag Voltage Chart	Drag Voltage Chart and attach its terminals (probes) across the ends of the resistor and capacitor.
Drag Current Chart	Drag Current chart and place its terminal on the ammeter.
Click on the play radio button	Now play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts.	Observe the graphs in the charts. No phase change is observed in the RC series circuit.
Point to the values of Resistance, capacitance and frequency on the interface.	Let us calculate Impedance of RC circuit using frequency, resistance and capacitance values.
Click on the Values check box on the right panel	Click on the Values check box on the right, to display value of each component.
Slide Number 13 Impedance of RC circuit	The resistance of the resistor is 10 Ω. The capacitance is 0.10 F. Capacitive reactance, XC = 3.18 Ω Impedance (Z) =<math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>= 4.48 Ω
Only Narration.	With this, we come to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarise.
Slide Number 14 Summary	Using this simulation we Built simple AC circuits Found the phase relation between voltage and current for different AC circuits Calculated capacitive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuits.
Slide Number 15 Assignment	As an assignment Change the frequency of the AC voltage source to 0.75 hertz and 1.0 hertz, find capacitive reactance and inductive reactance at these frequencies. Find the phase relation between voltage and current for: Series LC circuit Series RL circuit
Slide Number 16 Spoken Tutorial Project	The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial Project. Please download and watch it.
Slide Number 17 Spoken Tutorial workshops	The Spoken Tutorial Project team, conducts workshops and gives certificates. For more details, please write to us.
Slide Number 18 Forum for specific questions:	Please post your timed queries in this forum.
Slide Number 19 Acknowledgement	The Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
Slide Number 20 Thank You.	This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskandeep Kaur from DAV College Amritsar. Thank you for joining.

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