OpenPLC-with-LDmicro/C2/Implementing-NOT-and-AND-logic-gates/English

Visual Cue	Narration
Slide 1:	Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Implementing NOT and AND logic gates.
Slide 2: Learning Objectives How to implement logic gates NOT AND	In this tutorial, we will implement NOT and AND logic gates in LDmicro.
Slide 3: System Requirements Ubuntu 18.04 OS LDmicro OpenPLC Mainboard 24V, 2A SMPS USBasp programmer Traffic Light module Switchboard module	To record this tutorial I am using: Ubuntu Linux 18.04 operating system LDmicro OpenPLC Mainboard 24V, 2A SMPS USBasp programmer Traffic Light module Switchboard module
Slide 4: Pre-requisites Normal Contact and Coil Negated Contact and Coil If not, please refer to the relevant tutorials from Home | spoken-tutorial.org	To follow this tutorial, you should know the working of Normal Contact and Coil Negated Contact and Coil If not, please refer to the relevant tutorials in this series on this website.
Slide 5: Prerequisites - Hardware setup hardware-prerequisite.jpg	Connect SMPS and USBasp to the Mainboard as shown in the picture. Keep these connections throughout this tutorial.
	First we will implement a NOT gate.
Slide 5: NOT gate For a NOT gate the output boolean is inverse of the input	We know that for a NOT gate the output boolean is inverse of the input.
Open LDmicro	Let us open LDmicro.
Click Instructions -> Insert Contact >> Place the cursor to the right of the contact >> Click ‘Instructions -> Insert Coil’	Insert a Contact as shown. Place the cursor to the right of the Contact and insert a Coil.
Double-click on contact >> Type switch in name box >> Click OK button	Rename the Contact as ‘switch’ as shown.
Double-click on coil >> Select ‘Negated’ option >> Type LED in name box >>Click OK button	Next configure the Coil as Negated and rename it as LED.
	Now we will check the working of this logic.
Click Simulate -> Simulation mode >> Click Simulate -> Real-time simulation	Let us turn on the simulation mode. For that, click Simulate and then on Simulation mode. Next, start real-time simulation as shown.
Highlight the state of Xswitch and YLED	Initially the state of Xswitch is 0 and YLED is 1.
Double-click on Xswitch in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED’	Change the state of Xswitch to 1. We can observe the state of YLED changes to 0.
	That is resembling the truth table of a NOT gate.
Click Simulate -> Halt Simulation >> Click Simulate -> Simulation Mode	Now, turn off the simulation mode. For that, click Simulate and then on Halt Simulation. Then click Simulate and Simulation Mode.
Double-click on Xswitch >> Check the Negated box >> Click the OK button Double-click on coil >> Select ‘Normal’ option >> Click OK button	Configure the Contact as Negated and Coil as Normal.
Click Simulate -> Simulation mode >> Click Simulate -> Real-time simulation	Now again start real-time simulation.
Highlight the state of Xswitch and YLED	Initially the state of Xswitch is 0 and YLED is 1.
Double-click on Xswitch in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED	Change the state of Xswitch to 1. We can observe the state of YLED is 0.
	Thus either input or output being negated, works as a NOT gate. Note: Both input and output shouldn’t be negated at the same time for NOT gate.
Click Simulate -> Halt Simulation >> Click Simulate -> Simulation Mode	Turn off the simulation mode as shown.
	Now let us compile the logic. The detailed steps on how to compile and save the logic are explained in the earlier tutorials.
Click on Settings >> Click on Microcontroller >> Select AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP Click on Settings >> Click on MCU parameters >> Change Crystal frequency to 16	Click on Settings and select the microcontroller AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP. Adjust its parameters as shown here.
Double-click on Xswitch in I/O list >> Select PC0 >> Click OK button Double-click on YLED in I/O list >> Select PA0 >> Click OK button	Assign pin PC0 to Xswitch and PA0 to YLED.
Click on Compile >> Click on Compile >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘notgate.hex’ >> Click on Save. Click OK button	Compile the logic as notgate.hex.
Click on File >> Click on Save >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘notgate.ld’ >> Click on Save	Then save the ladder diagram as ‘notgate.ld’ as shown.
	Now we will see the working of this logic on hardware.
Connect Mainboard to PC using USBasp laptop-usbasp.jpg	Connect the Mainboard to your laptop using USBasp. Turn on the power supply.
Open terminal >> Type cd Desktop/LDmicro >> Press ENTER >> type ‘avrdude -c usbasp -p m16 -U flash:w:notgate.hex’ >> Press ENTER	Open the Terminal by pressing CTRL+ALT+T keys simultaneously. Go to the folder where you have saved the hex file. Type the command as shown to upload the hex file to the Mainboard.
Remove the USBasp connection from the laptop.	Turn off the power supply. Remove the USBasp connection from the laptop. This will prevent any hardware damage.
notgate.png	Let us see the connection details now.
notgate.png	Connect GND pin of the red LED of Traffic Light module to GND pin of the Mainboard. Then connect +5V pin of the red LED to PA0 pin of the Mainboard.
notgate.png	Connect GND and 5V of Switchboard to GND and 5V of the Mainboard respectively. Connect NO1 to PC0 of the Mainboard. Make the connections as shown in the picture.
Turn on the power supply.	After making all the connections properly, turn on the power supply.
Red LED glows	We can see that the red LED is glowing initially.
NO1 pressed >> Red LED stops glowing	It will go off whenever the NO1 is pressed.
	This shows the working of a NOT gate.
Show image of power supply off	Turn off the power supply. Remove the connections made for this example.
	Next we will now see how to implement an AND gate in LDmicro.
Slide 6: AND gate AND gate output state is 1 only when all of its input states are 1	We know that AND gate output state is 1 only when all of its input states are 1.
Switch back to LDmicro	Switch back to LDmicro.
Click File -> New	Open a new file.
Click Instructions -> Insert Contact Place the cursor to the right of Xnew >> Click Instructions -> Insert Contact	Here we will implement a two-input AND gate. Insert two Contacts as shown here.
Double-click on Xnew >> Type switch1 in the name box >> Click the OK button Double-click on Xnew >> Type switch2 in the name box >> Click the OK button	Rename the first Contact as ‘switch1’ and second Contact as ‘switch2’.
Place the cursor to the right of Xswitch2 >> Click Instructions -> Insert Coil	Place the cursor to the right of Xswitch2 and insert a Coil.
Double-click on Ynew >> Type LED in the name box >> Click the OK button	Rename the Coil as ‘LED’.
	We will now check the working of this logic.
Click Simulate -> Simulation mode >> Click Simulate -> Real-time simulation	Start real-time simulation as shown.
Highlight the state of Xswitch and YLED	Initially the state of both the Contacts and Coil are 0.
Double-click on Xswitch1 in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED' >> Double-click on Xswitch1 in the IO list	Change the state of Xswitch1 to 1. We can observe the state of YLED is still 0. Change the state of Xswitch1 back to 0.
Double-click on Xswitch2 in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED'	Now, change the state of Xswitch2 to 1. We can observe the state of YLED is still 0.
Double-click on Xswitch1 in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED'	Now again change the state of Xswitch1 to 1. We can observe that the state of YLED is 1.
	That is, output state is 1 only when both the input states are 1. Thus, resembling the truth table of a AND gate.
Click Simulate -> Halt Simulation >> Click Simulate -> Simulation Mode	Turn off the simulation mode as shown.
	Now let us compile the logic.
Click on Settings >> Click on Microcontroller >> Select AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP Click on Settings >> Click on MCU parameters >> Change Crystal frequency to 16	Click on Settings and select the microcontroller AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP. Adjust its parameters as shown here.
Double-click on Xswitch1 in I/O list >> Select PC0 >> Click OK button Double-click on Xswitch2 in I/O list >> Select PC1 >> Click OK button	Assign pin PC0 to Xswitch1 and PC1 to Xswitch2.
Click on Compile >> Click on Compile >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘andgate.hex’ >> Click on Save. Click OK button	Compile the logic as andgate.hex.
Click on File >> Click on Save >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘andgate.ld’ >> Click on Save	Then save the ladder diagram as ‘andgate.ld’ as shown.
	Now we will see the working of this logic on hardware.
Connect Mainboard to PC using USBasp laptop-usbasp.jpg	Connect the Mainboard to your laptop using USBasp. Turn on the power supply.
Open terminal >> Type cd Desktop/LDmicro >> Press ENTER >> type ‘avrdude -c usbasp -p m16 -U flash:w:andgate.hex’ >> Press ENTER	Open the terminal. Type the command as shown to upload the hex file to the Mainboard.
Remove the USBasp connection from the laptop.	Turn off the power supply. Remove the USBasp connection from the laptop. This will prevent any hardware damage.
andgate.png	Let us see the connection details now.
andgate.png	Connect GND pin of the red LED of Traffic Light module to GND pin of the Mainboard. Then connect the +5V pin of the red LED to PA0 pin of the Mainboard.
andgate.png	Connect GND and 5V of Switchboard to GND and 5V of the Mainboard respectively. Connect NO1 to PC0 of the Mainboard. And connect NO2 to PC1 of the Mainboard. Make the connections as shown in the picture.
Turn on the power supply.	Turn on the power supply.
Red LED not glowing	We can see that the red LED is off initially.
NO1 & NO2 pressed simultaneously >> Red LED glows	It will glow only when both NO1 and NO2 are pressed simultaneously.
	Thus, for AND gate both the inputs i.e. Contacts should be in series. The output i.e. Coil should also be in series with the inputs.
Turn off the power supply.	Turn off the power supply.
	This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
Slide 7: Summary We learnt to implement logic gates NOT AND	In this tutorial we learnt to implement logic gates NOT and AND
Slide 8: Assignment Implement 2 input NAND logic gate	As an assignment, try to implement 2 input NAND logic gates. Truth table of the NAND gate is shown here.
Slide 9: About Spoken Tutorial project	The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. Please download and watch it
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Slide 13: Acknowledgement	Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
Slide 14: Thank you slide	This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay. And this is Harsha Priyanka from FOSSEE team, signing off. Thanks for watching.

Contributors and Content Editors

Nirmala Venkat