Linux Ubuntu

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Linux is one of the most popular Operating Systems used in today's world. Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers and video game consoles to mainframes and supercomputers. It is an open source software and the Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License and hence can be freely created, modified and distributed. Linux is actually a kernel. Many people have put together distributions (often called flavors) that contain not just the kernel but also many other programming tools and utilities. Some well-known distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora, Red Hat Linux, SuSE Linux, and Debian GNU/Linux. For this tutorial series we have used Ubuntu 24.04 LTS. The real power of Linux can be tapped by using its wide and powerful storehouse of commands which need to be typed in on the terminal. Thus, Linux provides a wide array of flexible text-mode commands to perform various tasks. In this tutorial we mainly concentrate on how to use the wide variety of commands of Linux to handle files, directories, processes etc. These tutorials are created using Ubuntu version 24.04.

The Domain reviewer for the Linux Ubuntu is Ambika Vanchinathan. The Spoken Tutorial Effort for Ubuntu Linux series has been contributed by Anjali Satdive, Ketki Bhamble, Madhuri Ganpathi, Madhulika Goyal, Vaibhavi Satardekar and Maya Hans. The Novice review is done by Ayush Valiparambil.

Learners: Anyone who wishes to learn the basics of Linux system administration.


Basic Level

1. Installation of VirtualBox on Windows

  • Check that BIOS virtualization is enabled on the system using the Task Manager.
  • Install Oracle VirtualBox 7.2.4 on Windows 11 Pro system
  • Download the Ubuntu ISO image for installation.
  • Create a Virtual Machine and set base memory and CPU.
  • Configure virtual hard disk and other virtual hardware.
  • Use unattended installation to install Ubuntu Desktop.

2. Installing Ubuntu OS in Oracle VirtualBox

  • Creating a new virtual machine
  • Selecting Ubuntu ISO file
  • Configuring unattended installation
  • Setting username and password
  • Allocating memory and CPU
  • Configuring virtual hard disk
  • Starting Ubuntu installation

3. Ubuntu Desktop

  • Desktop Workspace.
  • Panels and menus.
  • Search and open apps.
  • Opening the terminal.
  • Network, sound and power.
  • Trash Bin.

4. Synaptic Package Manager

  • Introduction to Synaptic Package Manager.
  • Synaptic Package Manager Installation using Terminal.
  • Checking Settings and Repositories.
  • Installation of VLC Media Player Using Synaptic Package Manager.
  • Verifying the Installation.

5. Basic Commands in Linux

  • Introduction to Linux commands.
  • Using the terminal.
  • Command interpreter (shell).
  • Default shell in Linux.
  • Internal and external commands.
  • PATH variable.

6. Date and Time Commands

  • Introduction to date command.
  • Displaying date and time.
  • Using date options.
  • Combining date options.
  • Using man command for help.
  • Use cal command to display calendar of a month.
  • Installing ncal package.
  • Viewing calendars.

7. Structure of Linux Commands

  • Structure of Linux commands.
  • Command name and arguments.
  • Options.
  • Using ls with options (-a, --all, -d).
  • Linux help commands:
    • man
    • apropos
    • whatis
    • --help

8. General Purpose Utilities

  • Echo command and escape sequences.
  • Checking kernel version.
  • Identifying users.
  • Changing password.
  • Root user privileges.

9. File System in Linux

  • About files and directories.
  • Create a file and write text in the file.
  • Create directories and sub-directories.
  • Move to different directories.
  • Remove directories.

10. Working with Regular Files in Linux

  • Copying files using the cp command and its important options.
  • Moving and renaming files using the mv command.
  • Deleting files and directories safely using the rm command.
  • Comparing files using cmp and counting content using wc.

11. Redirecting Streams and Pipes

  • Standard input, output, and error streams.
  • Redirecting output and error to files.
  • Input redirection from a file.
  • Output redirection to a file (>, >>).
  • Error redirection (2>, 2>>).
  • Using wc and cat commands with redirection.
  • Combining commands with pipes (|).
  • Counting files and directories using pipelines.
  • Viewing long outputs with more.

12. Working with Linux Processes

  • Introduction to Processes in Linux.
  • Understanding the Shell Process.
  • Parent and Child Processes.
  • Spawning Subshells.
  • Using the ps Command.
  • Understanding CMD, PID, PPID, UID, C, and STIME columns.
  • Parent-Child Process Relationships.
  • User Processes vs System Processes.
  • The init Process (PID 1).

13. The Linux Environment

  • The Linux Environment.
  • Environment variable vs Local variables.
  • set command.
  • env command.
  • SHELL, HOME, PATH, LOGNAME, PS1, PS2.
  • History.
  • Exclamation mark(!), Tilde(~) and alias.

14. Basics of System Administration in Linux

  • Introduction to Linux system management.
  • User account management (adduser, su, usermod, userdel).
  • Viewing user and group information (id).
  • Disk management (df, du).

15. Linux File Ownership and Permissions

  • Linux file ownership and access permissions.
  • Changing file ownership using chown.
  • Modifying file permissions using chmod.
  • Changing group ownership using chgrp.
  • Understanding inodes and viewing inode numbers.
  • Creating and verifying hard links and soft (symbolic) links.

16. Simple Filters in Linux

  • Simple filters.
  • Command line text manipulation.
  • Commands such as head, tail, sort, cut, paste.

Intermediate Level

1. Introduction to grep command

  • Grep Basics.
  • Case Insensitive Search.
  • Inverse Matching.
  • Store Output in Another File.
  • Line Numbers.
  • Multiword Patterns.
  • Count Matches.

2. Mastering grep

  • Match multiple patterns
  • Case-insensitive search
  • Character classes
  • Use of asterisk(*) operator
  • Do (.) operator
  • Anchors: beginning (^) and end ($) of line

3. Introduction to the Stream Editor sed

  • Introduction to sed.
  • Printing lines using sed.
  • Line addressing.
  • Context addressing.
  • Writing output to files.

4. Text Editing using sed

  • Substitution using sed.
  • Global substitution with the g flag.
  • Multiple substitutions using -e.
  • Context-based substitution.
  • Deleting lines using sed.
  • Inserting lines using sed.
  • Saving sed output to a file.

Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig

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