PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Salts-and-Solubility/English
Salts and Solubility
Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan
Keywords: Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial
Visual Cue | Narration |
Slide Number 1
Title Slide |
Welcome to this tutorial on Salts and Solubility |
Slide Number 2
Learning Objectives |
In this tutorial, we will learn about,
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Slide Number 3
Learning Objectives |
Application of Le Chaterlier’s principle to the dissolution of salts
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Slide Number 3
System Requirement |
Here I am using
Windows 11 (64 bit). Java version 1.8 |
Slide Number 4
Pre-requisites
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To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with,
topics in high school science.
Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.
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Slide Number 5
Link for PhET simulation point to |
Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.
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Point to the file in Downloads folder. | I have downloaded the Salts & Solubility simulation, to my Downloads folder. |
Double click the file to open | To open the simulation double click on the file. |
Cursor on the interface. | This is the interface of salt and solubility simulation. |
Cursor moves across the tabs. |
It has 3 tabs. |
Cursor on Table Salt interface.
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Table Salt tab opens first by default.
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Show the location of inlet and outlet taps. | Inlet water tap is placed at the top-left of the container.
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Cursor on container. | The container is graduated and is filled with water.
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Drag the slider on the inlet water tap.
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Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container.
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Show salt shaker. | A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.
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Cursor on right panel. | On the right panel you will see the Salt and Water sections. |
Cursor on right panel. | Salt section gives information about the ions present in the container.
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Cursor on right panel. | The water section shows the volume of water in the container.
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Cursor on Reset All button. | Click on the Reset All button on the right panel.
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Cursor on the water container. | Let us see how table salt dissolves in water.
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Shake the salt shaker. | Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.
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Slide Number 6
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Table salt is scientifically called Sodium Chloride.
It ionizes in water as sodium and chloride ions.
Ksp = [Na+] [Cl-]
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Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres.
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Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | As soon as the salt touches the water it dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions. |
Cursor on right panel. | Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the Salt panel on the right.
The sodium chloride is neutral molecule It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. |
Shake the salt dispenser.
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Add more salt to the container.
Observe the right panel. Wait for a few seconds for the solution to reach equilibrium. |
Cursor on the water container.
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Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.
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Cursor on the right panel. | The salt solution has now reached saturation level.
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Cursor on the water container. | Observe the ions in the container.
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Cursor on the right panel. | Molar solubility for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel.
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Cursor on the right panel. | Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for sodium chloride.
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Slide Number 7
Calculations: Molar Solubility
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This slide shows how to calculate molar solubility for sodium chloride.
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Slide Number 8
Calculations: Solubility Product
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We can also calculate Solubility Product for sodium chloride using molar solubility values.
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Cursor on Simulation interface.
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Back to the simulation.
The number of bound ions increases in the solution. |
Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | Add some water to the container.
Observe the ions in the panel as well as in the container. |
Cursor on the simulation. | The number of dissolved ions increases with dilution.
This is because the bound ions now dissolve in the extra added water.
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Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | Add more water until all the bound ions completely dissolve. |
Cursor on the simulation. | Please refer to the additional material link for more information on Le Chatelier's principle. |
Click the Reset All button. | Click the Reset All button.
Practice with a different volume of water in the container.
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Click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab. | Next click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab.
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Cursor on the right panel. | 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. |
The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the Table Salt screen. | |
Shake the salt dispenser. | The first salt in the list is Strontium Phosphate.
Shake the salt dispenser. A little amount of salt is added to the container with water.
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Cursor on the right panel. | Notice the ratio of Strontium to Phosphate ions in the right panel. |
Slide Number 9
Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate. |
This slide shows the Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate.
The stoichiometry is 3 is to 2 (3:2). Therefore the strontium phosphate molecule consists of: 3 atoms of strontium and 2 units of phosphate. |
Shake the salt dispenser.
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Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.
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Shake the salt dispenser.
Observe the right panel. |
Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution.
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Observe the right panel. | Molar solubility for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel.
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Slide Number 10
Table Calculations: Molar solubility
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This slide shows how to calculate molar solubility for strontium phosphate.
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Slide Number 11
Table Calculations: Solubility Product |
I have calculated the molar solubility and Solubility Product for strontium phosphate
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Cursor on the simulation interface. | Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results. |
Slide Number 12
Assignment |
You can pause the video and do the following:
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Click on Design a Salt tab. | Now click on Design a Salt tab at the top of the simulation. |
Cursor on the simulation interface. | Here we can creatively design a salt using the different charges for cation and anion. |
Cursor on the right panel. | On the right panel using the drop-down buttons select the charges of your choice. |
Select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. | I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. |
Select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19 | I will select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19. |
Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
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Select Solubility Product as 1 x 10-7. |
Now increase the Solubility Product of the salt to 1x10-7. |
Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
Observe the number of dissolved ions in the right panel. |
Cursor on the right panel. | Notice the solubility of the salt.
Hence, solubility is more when Solubility Product value is more. |
Slide Number 13
Summary |
Let us summarize.
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Slide Number 14
Summary |
Application of Le Chatelier's principle to the dissolution of salts
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Slide Number 15
Assignment
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As an assignment,
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Slide: 14
About Spoken Tutorial Project |
The video at the following link
Summarises the Spoken Tutorial project
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Slide: 15
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We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
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Slide: 16
Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? Please visit this site Choose the minute and second where you have the question. Explain your question briefly The spoken tutorial project will ensure answer. You will have to register on this website to ask questions. |
* Please post your timed queries in this forum.
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Slide: 18
Acknowledgement |
Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India |
The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.
summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off Thank you for joining. |