Arduino/C2/Electronic-components-and-connections/English

Visual Cue	Narration
Slide 1:	Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Electronic components and connections.
Slide 2: Learning objectives	In this tutorial, we will learn how to use the: Breadboard and its internal connections LED on the breadboard PushButton and Seven Segment Display on the breadboard
Slide 3: Pre-requisites	To follow this series, you should have basic knowledge of Electronic components such as resistors, push-button, LED, etc. Open circuit Closed circuit Serial and parallel connections Batteries Positive and Negative voltage
Slide 4: Components Required	This tutorial is recorded using the following components: Breadboard LED or Tri Colour LED Push Button Resistor Seven Segment Display
Show the image: Breadboard	This is what the breadboard looks like.
Slide:5 Breadboard	A breadboard is a device for holding the components of a circuit, and connecting them together. We can build an electronic circuit on a breadboard without doing any soldering.
Slide: 6 Show the image (Breadboard2.jpg) : Point to the image according to narration. Breadboard with internal wiring	The top two rails and bottom two rails are called power rails. The top row of holes are all connected together, and are marked here with red dots and blue dots. Note that the connection breaks in the middle of the breadboard. In the middle, the columns of wires are connected together. For example, all the green holes marked are connected together. But they are not connected to the yellow holes.
Slide:7 LED Show the image of LED :	LED stands for light emitting diode. It emits a coloured light when there is a current flowing through it.
Show the image of LED internal (LED2.png):	An LED has two leads, namely anode and cathode. The longer lead is the anode. It should be connected to the positive voltage. The shorter lead is the cathode. It should be connected to the ground.
Slide:8 Tri-color LED Show the image of Tri-color LED:	Tri-color LED is an advanced version of LED which emits three different colours. It has 4 pins. The longest lead is called the common lead. The remaining three pins are for the red, green and blue colour LEDs. There are two types of tri-color LEDs, common anode and common cathode. In common anode version, the common lead should be connected to the positive voltage. In common cathode version, the common lead should be connected to the ground.
	Next we will learn about Resistor
Slide:9 Resistor Show the image of Resistor (Resistor1.png):	A resistor is used to limit the current flowing in the circuit.
	Now, let’s build a simple circuit using an LED, a resistor and a breadboard.
Slide :10 LED Connection (LED_running.png) Point to the image as per narration: Show the image of LED connections:	The image shows the proper connections. Positive of the 9 volt battery is connected to the second rail. Negative of the 9 volt battery is connected to the 1st rail. Anode (i.e Right lead) of the LED, is connected to the 2nd rail of the breadboard through a resistor. Cathode (i.e Left lead) of the LED, is connected to the 1st rail of the breadboard.
	This is the live setup of the LED connections.
	You can see that the LED is glowing, because the connections we used are proper.
	Now, we’ll see the common mistakes people make when using breadboard to make connections.
Slide:11 Mistake 1 (LED_mis1.png) (legs are not connected) Show the image of LED connections:	In this connection, the LED doesn’t glow, because the connections are not proper. The resistor and LED are placed beside each other. The holes in the breadboard except the power rails are connected column-wise. So, there’s no connection between the anode of the LED and the resistor lead. This makes the LED isolated.
SLIDE:12Mistake 2 (LED_mis2.png) (reverse connection) Show the image:	In the next connection, the cathode of the LED is connected to the 2nd rail. The anode of the LED is connected to the 1st rail through the resistor. The connections in this circuit are the reverse of what it should be. That’s why the LED doesn’t glow.
	Next we will learn about the push button.
Slide:13 Push Button (PB1.jpg) Show the image of Pushbutton:
Slide:14 Push Button	A push button is a simple switch mechanism, that connects two points in a circuit when pressed. Push button usually comes with four legs.
Show the image of Push Button Internal: (PB2.jpg)	Irrespective of the position of the switch, legs A and C are always connected. Similarly legs B and D are always connected. When the switch is pressed all the four legs are connected to each other.
	Now let us add a push button to the previous circuit and use it to change the state of the LED.
Slide:15 Push Button (PB_correct.png) Show the image of Push button connection:	The image shows the proper connections. The LED anode is connected to the 2nd power rail i.e., positive voltage through a resistor and a push button.
	Let us see the live setup connection.
	When the push button is pressed, the LED glows as expected.
SLIDE:16 Alternate proper connection Show the image: (PB_correct1.png)	As there are 4 legs in the push button, the circuit can be built in another way, as well. Instead of using the leg B of the push button, we are using the leg D. Since they are internally connected to each other, the LED glows when the push button is pressed.
	Next, we’ll see the common mistakes people make while using push buttons.
Slide:17 - Pushbutton- Mistake 1 (PB_mis1.png) Show the image:	Look at this image. The anode of the LED is connected to the 2nd power rail, through legs A and C of the push button. Recall that the legs A and C of the push button are internally connected. Hence the anode of the LED is always connected to 2nd power rail, irrespective of the push button. The LED always glows in this circuit, even when the push button is OFF.
Show the image: (SSD1.png)	Let’s now move on to the seven-segment display.
SLIDE:18 Seven Segment Display	The seven-segment display has seven LEDs arranged in the shape of number eight. There are two types of seven-segment displays: common anode and common cathode seven segment display.
Show the image: (SSD2.gif)	In a common cathode seven-segment display, pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g and dot must be connected to +5V. The two COM pins must be connected to ground (GND). The common anode display is the exact opposite. Here pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g and dot must be connected to ground. And the two COM pins must be connected to +5V.
	Now, let us see how to connect a seven-segment display on the breadboard and glow all the LEDs.
Show the image: (SSD_correct.png)	The seven-segment display used here in the image is a common anode. So, the common is connected to the 2nd power rail through a resistor. LED pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g, dot are connected to the 1st power rail. If the connection is proper, we will see that all the LEDs are glowing.
	Let us see the live setup connection.
	We can see all the segments in the seven segment display is glowing.
	This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
Slide 19: Summary	In this tutorial, we learnt about Breadboard and its internal connections LED on the breadboard PushButton and Seven Segment Display on the breadboard
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Slide 24: Acknowledgement	Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India. More information on this mission is available at this link.
	This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.   Thanks for watching.

Contributors and Content Editors

Nancyvarkey, Nirmala Venkat