C-and-C++/C2/Tokens/English
Title of script: Tokens in C
Author: Ashwini R. Patil
Keywords: Tokens, Data types, Variables, Identifiers, Constant, Video Tutorial
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Slide 1 | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Data Types & Variables |
Slide 2
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In this tutorial we will learn how,
To define and use tokens. We will do this with the help of an example. We will also see some common errors and their solutions. |
What is a token?
Token is a generic word for Data types, Variables, Constants and Identifiers | |
Slide 3
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To record this tutorial, I am using
Ubuntu Operating system version 11.10 gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1 on Ubuntu |
Let us switch to the file variable.c
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Let us start with the program
I have already typed the program on the editor So i will open it |
Let me explain the code now | |
Highlight
int a = 2; |
Here, int is a keyword
The compiler knows the meaning of keywords. |
Highlight
int a |
a is an integer variable |
Highlight
int a = 2; |
We have assigned a value of 2 to it.
This is called as initialization. |
Now, let us swtich back to our slides.
The syntax for initilization is, datatype varname = value; | |
Datatype defines the type of the variable.
varname is the name of the variable. We can assign it a value here. | |
Slide 4 | Keywords have fixed meanings that cannot be changed
Keywords cannot be used as variable names There are 32 keywords available in C To name some, auto, break, case, char, const, default, enum extern, etc. |
Come back to our program. | |
Highlight
double const b = 4; |
Here, b is a constant.
We have initialized b, by assigning a value of 4 to it. |
Highlight
double const b = 4; |
const keyword is used to create read only variable |
Highlight
float c |
Here, float is a data type of c |
Highlight
float c = 1.5; |
We have assigned it a value, 1.5
Data type is a finite set of values along with a set of rules |
Highlight
char d = 'A'; |
Here, d is a variable
Char and single quotes suggest that we are dealing with a character As a result, d is a character variable storing the value 'A' |
Highlight
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It is easy to see that int, double float and char are datatypes.
a, c and d are variables Let us now switch back to the slides and know more about constants, datatypes and variables |
Slide 5 | Let us switch to the slides to know more about constants
Constants are fixed values They do not change during the execution of a program There are two types of constants Numeric constants Character constants |
Slide 6 | Let us begin with integer data type
It is declared as int If we want to print an integer, we will use %d as the format specifier Similarly, we will use float and %f for floating point numbers For character data type, we use char and %c For double data type, we use double and %lf. |
Slide 7 | Now we will see the range of data types
(We CANNOT store a value in the variable above or below the range of its data type) The value stored in the variable must not be greater or less than the range Integer value has a range of -32,768 to 32,767 Floating point has a range of 3.4E +/-38 Character has a range of -128 to 127 Double has a range of 1.7E +/-308 |
Slide 8 | Variable is a data name
It may be used to store a data value The values can change when a program runs It must be declared before using a variable We should try to give meaningful names to variables example john, marks, sum etc. |
On the editor | Now come back to our program. |
Highlight
printf("The Value of a is %d\n", a);
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Here, printf is the identifier name for this function
These cannot be used as keywords. |
Let us go back to our slides to know more about our identifiers. | |
Slide 9 | Identifiers are user defined names
An identifier consists of letters and digits Both uppercase and lowercase letters are permitted First character must be an alphabet. |
Come back to our program
Click on Save to save the program | |
Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously | Let us execute the program
Let us open the terminal by pressing Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously. |
To compile the program | |
Type
gcc variable.c -o var |
Type gcc tokens.c -o tok
and press Enter |
Type
./var |
To execute this file, let us type
./tok |
The output is displayed.
We can see that here we have six values after the decimal point. And here we have only two values after the decimal point. | |
Now let us find out how this happened. | |
Highlight
printf("The Value of c is %.2f", c); |
This is because we have %.2f here.
It denotes that we can print only two values after the decimal point.
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Type
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Suppose I want an output with three decimal places.
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Let us replace %.2f with %.3f | |
Click on Save
Come back to the terminal | |
On the terminal | Now let us compile using the same command we used before
execute the program Come back to the terminal |
Highlight
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We see the output as 1.500
We can see here three values after the decimal point. Let us go back to the program. |
NOW LET US SEE HOW TO EXECUTE THE SAME PROGRAM IN C++
Come back to our program | |
Let me change a few things here | |
Type
<iostream> |
First we will change the header file
<iostream> |
Type
using namespace std; |
We will include the using statement here |
Type
cout<< |
Now replace the printf statement with cout statement
Since we use cout<< function to print a line in C++ |
%d | We don't need the format specifier here
So let us delete it |
Now type two opening angle brackets here <<a
let us type \n here so again type two opening brackets Within the double quotes type \n Now delete this bracket. Same way here also. | |
Now go to File
click on Save as Save the file with .cpp extension | |
Let us compile
Come back to the terminal | |
Type
g++ variable.cpp -o var press Enter To execute Type ./var | |
Here the output is displayed | |
Errors
%d
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Now we will see the common errors which we can come across
Suppose here we type the %d in the place of %f I will retain rest of the code as it is |
Click on save | save the program |
On the terminal | Let us go to the terminal
Let us compile the program |
Highlight
format specifier ‘%d’ expects type ‘int’, but argument 2 has type ‘double’ |
we see a warning
format specifier ‘%d’ expects type ‘int’, but argument 2 has type ‘double’ |
Error 2
Highlight a |
Let us see another common error which we can come across.
Here we have declared a as integer |
Type
8 |
I will assign a new value to a. |
Click on save | save the program. |
On the terminal | let us compile it
Switch to the terminal |
Highlight
a = 8; |
We see that the output is displayed as the value of a is 8.
The new value is printed. |
On the editor | Let us switch back to the program |
b = 9; | Now suppose here i will change the value of b |
Click on save | click on save switch back to the terminal |
On the terminal | Let us compile |
Highlight
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We see that there is an error
As b is an integer constant variable It is a read only variable We cannot change the value of b. |
Let us go back to our program | |
Delete
' ' |
Suppose here we forget the single quotes, let us see what happens |
On the terminal | Switch to the terminal Let us compile and run |
Highlight
Z is undeclared |
we see an error that Z is undeclared
As anything within single quotes is considered as a character value |
Slide 10
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As an assignment
Write a C program to calculate the simple interest. Hint: Simple Interest = principal * rate * time / 100 |
Slide 11
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Watch the video available at
http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it. |
Slide 12
Spoken Tutorial Workshops |
The Spoken Tutorial Project Team
Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials Gives certificates to those who pass an online test For more details, contact us at the following id contact@spoken-tutorial.org |
Slide 13
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Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India More information on this Mission is available at: http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro |
Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay
Thank You for joining |