C-and-Cpp/C4/Function-Call/Manipuri
From Script | Spoken-Tutorial
| Time | Narration | ||
| 00:01 | 'Function calls in C and C++ꯀꯤ spoken-tutorialꯗ ꯇꯔꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯛꯆꯔꯤ꯫ | ||
| 00:07 | Tutorial ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅfunction callꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯗꯥꯡꯗ ꯗꯝꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯜꯂꯕꯗ - | ||
| 00:13 | call by value call by reference. | ||
| 00:16 | ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯝꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯫ | 00:19 | tutorial ꯑꯁꯤ record ꯇꯧꯅꯕ,ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ Ubuntu Operating system version 11.10, |
| 00:26 | gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1. | ||
| 00:31 | function call by value ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯍꯧꯔꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 00:35 | ꯃꯁꯤ functionꯗ argumentꯁꯤꯡ pass ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯋꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 00:40 | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ variable ꯑꯃ valueꯅ pass ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ variableꯒꯤ copy ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 00:45 | functionꯗ pass ꯇꯧꯗꯔ꯭ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ | ||
| 00:48 | functionꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ, argumentꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯛꯏ, functionꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 00:54 | ꯃꯁꯤꯅ functionꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏ ꯫ | ||
| 00:58 | 'function call by valueꯗ program ꯑꯃ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 01:02 | ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅ editorꯗ program type ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯒꯦ ꯫ | 01:08 | callbyval.c ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ file ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ ꯫ |
| 01:13 | program ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ number ꯑꯃꯒꯤ cube calculate ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ code ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯒꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 01:19 | ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ header fileꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 01:21 | int x. ꯑꯁꯤ argument ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ function cube ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 01:27 | ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ function ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ xꯀꯤ cube calculate ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ x ꯀꯤ value ꯑꯗꯨ return ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 01:33 | ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ main() functionꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 01:36 | ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ nꯒꯤ value ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯗ 8 ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, 'n' ꯑꯁꯤ integer variable ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 01:43 | ꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ function cube ꯀꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 01:45 | ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 'n'ꯒꯤ value ꯑꯃꯗꯤ 'n'ꯒꯤ cube ꯑꯗꯨ print ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 01:49 | ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ return statementꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 01:52 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ program ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 01:54 | ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ keyboardꯇ Ctrl, Alt ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ T keyꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯟꯅ ꯅꯝꯗꯨꯅ terminal window ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯣ ꯫ | ||
| 02:02 | ꯇꯥꯁꯤꯟ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ,gcc space callbyval.c space hyphen o space val type ꯇꯧꯔꯁꯤ ꯫ Enter ꯅꯝꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:12 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ, ./val (dot slash val) type ꯇꯧꯔꯁꯤ ꯫ Enter ꯅꯝꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:16 | output ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ : Cube of 8 is 512 | ||
| 02:23 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ 'function call by reference' ꯎꯔꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:26 | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ slideꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯜꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:29 | ꯃꯁꯤ functionꯗ argumentꯁꯤꯡ pass ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:33 | ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ argumentꯀꯤ valueꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇ address copy ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:39 | Argumentꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯏ, function ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:45 | ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ argumentꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ pointer type ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫ | ||
| 02:50 | function call by referenceꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 02:54 | callbyref.c ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ fileꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯜꯂꯨ ꯫ | ||
| 02:59 | stdio.hꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ header fileꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 03:03 | ꯃꯊꯪꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ function swap ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:06 | Function ꯑꯁꯤꯅ variableꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ valueꯁꯤꯡ exchange ꯇꯧꯔꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 03:10 | 'a'ꯒꯤ Value ꯑꯁꯤ 'b'ꯒꯤ Valueꯗ store ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 'b'ꯒꯤ Valueꯅ 'a'ꯒꯤ Valueꯗ ꯫ | ||
| 03:15 | functionꯗ pass ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ argumentꯁꯤꯡ pointer type ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:21 | ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ integer variable t ꯑꯃ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:25 | ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ, 'a'ꯒꯤ value ꯑꯁꯤ 't'ꯗ store ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:28 | ꯃꯊꯪꯗ 'b'ꯒꯤ value ꯑꯁꯤ 'a'ꯗ store ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:32 | ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯊꯪꯗ't'ꯒꯤ value ꯑꯁꯤ 'b'ꯗ store ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:37 | ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ, valueꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯥꯛ ꯑꯩꯟꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:40 | ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ main() functionꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 03:42 | ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ i ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ j ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ integer variableꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:49 | ꯃꯊꯪꯗ i ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ jꯒꯤ valueꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ user inputꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 03:53 | Ampersand i (&i) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Ampersand j (&j)ꯅ i ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ jꯒꯤ memory address ꯄꯤꯔꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 03:59 | ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ, swap ꯇꯧꯗꯔ꯭ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ valueꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ print ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 04:04 | ꯃꯊꯪꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ function swap call ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 04:06 | ꯇꯨꯡꯗ swap ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ valueꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ print ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 04:10 | ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ return statementꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:13 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ program ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:16 | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ terminalꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯜꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:19 | ꯇꯥꯁꯤꯟ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ gcc space callbyref dot c space hyphen o space ref type ꯇꯧꯔꯁꯤ ꯫ Enter ꯅꯝꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:29 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ dot slash ref type ꯇꯧꯔꯁꯤ ꯫ Enter ꯅꯝꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:33 | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ, 'Enter the values' ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯫ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ 6 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 4 enter ꯇꯧꯔꯒꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 04:40 | output ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯔꯦ : Before swapping 6 and 4 | ||
| 04:44 | After swapping 4 and 6. | ||
| 04:48 | ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ program ꯑꯗꯨ C++ꯇ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:53 | code ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯜꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯆꯠꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 04:57 | function call by reference, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ programꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 05:01 | callbyref.cpp ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ fileꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯜꯂꯨ ꯫ | ||
| 05:06 | codeꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯊꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯆꯠꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 05:08 | iostream ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ header fileꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯫ | ||
| 05:12 | ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ std namespace ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 05:16 | C++ꯇ function declaration ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯫ | ||
| 05:19 | ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ ampersand x ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ampersand y ꯑꯁꯤ argumentꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ pass ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 05:25 | ꯃꯁꯤꯅ x ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ yꯒꯤ memory address ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 05:29 | ꯃꯊꯪꯗ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯅ valueꯁꯤꯡ swap ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 05:32 | ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯕ code ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ C codeꯀ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯔꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 05:36 | printf statement ꯑꯁꯤ coutꯅ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯜꯂꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ scanf statement ꯑꯁꯤ cinꯅ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯜꯂꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 05:44 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ program ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯏ terminalꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯜꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 05:48 | ꯇꯥꯁꯤꯟ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ, g++ space callbyref.cpp space hyphen o space ref1 type ꯇꯧꯔꯁꯤ, Enter ꯅꯝꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 06:00 | ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ,dot slash ref1 type ꯇꯧꯔꯁꯤ, Enter ꯅꯝꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 06:05 | ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯛꯂꯦ : | ||
| 06:07 | Enter values of a and b | ||
| 06:10 | ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛ 4 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 3 enter ꯇꯧꯔꯒꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 06:13 | output ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 06:15 | Before swapping a and b 4 and 3 | ||
| 06:19 | After swapping a and b 3 and 4 | ||
| 06:23 | ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ tutorial ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯨꯔꯛꯂꯦ ꯫ | ||
| 06:26 | ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ slideꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯜꯂꯁꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 06:30 | ꯁꯝꯂꯞꯅ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅ tutorial ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯇꯝꯂꯦ: | ||
| 06:32 | Function call by value. | ||
| 06:34 | ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Function call by reference. | ||
| 06:37 | assignment ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, number ꯑꯃꯒꯤ cube ꯑꯗꯨ calculate ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ program ꯑꯃ ꯏꯌꯨ ꯫ | ||
| 06:42 | C++ꯇ call by value ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ ꯫ | ||
| 06:46 | ꯃꯀꯥꯒꯤ link ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯐꯪꯕ video ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯎ ꯫ | ||
| 06:49 | ꯃꯁꯤꯗ Spoken Tutorial projectꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗ ꯁꯝꯂꯞꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 06:52 | ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ bandwidth ꯂꯩꯇꯔ꯭ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤdownload ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 06:56 | Spoken Tutorial project teamꯅ: | ||
| 06:58 | spoken tutorialꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅ workshopꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ | ||
| 07:01 | online testꯇ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯂꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ certificateꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 07:05 | ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯆꯥꯟꯕꯤꯗꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯏꯕꯤꯔꯛꯎ @ spoken-tutorial.org | ||
| 07:11 | Spoken Tutorial project ꯑꯁꯤ Talk to a Teacher projectꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 07:15 | ꯃꯁꯤ Government of Indiaꯒꯤ ICT, MHRD, ꯒꯤ ꯊꯣꯡꯗ National Mission on Educationꯅ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 07:23 | mission ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯃꯈꯥꯒꯤ link ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯪꯕꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 07:27 | Tutorial ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯔ꯭ꯝ ꯔꯥꯃꯦꯁꯆꯟꯗꯔ꯭ꯅ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤꯗ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯒ IIT Mumbaiꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯅꯥꯎꯔꯣꯏꯕꯝ ꯗꯤꯟꯃꯅꯤꯅ ꯈꯨꯗꯣꯜ ꯇꯝꯖꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ | ||
| 07:31 | ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯥꯒꯠꯆꯔꯤ ꯫ |
