C-and-C++/C2/Tokens/English-timed
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Time | Narration |
00:01 | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Tokens in C and C Plus Plus. |
00:06 | In this tutorial we will learn , |
00:09 | How to define and use tokens. |
00:12 | We will do this with the help of an example. |
00:15 | We will also see some common errors and their solutions. |
00:20 | To record this tutorial, I am using Ubuntu Operating system version 11.10, |
00:26 | gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1. |
00:33 | Let us start with an introduction. |
00:36 | Token is a generic word for data types, variables, constants and identifiers. |
00:46 | Let us start with our program. |
00:49 | I have already typed the code on the editor. |
00:53 | Let me open it. |
00:56 | Note that our file name is 'tokens.c'. |
01:04 | In this program we will initialize the variables and print their values. |
01:09 | Let me explain the code now. |
01:12 | This is our header file. |
01:16 | This is our main function. |
01:20 | Here, int is a keyword. |
01:22 | The compiler knows the meaning of keyword. |
01:26 | a is an integer variable. |
01:28 | We have assigned a value of 2 to it. |
01:32 | This is called as initialization. |
01:35 | If a value is not assigned to a variable then it is called as declaration of the variable. |
01:43 | Here, b is a constant. |
01:46 | We have initialized 'b' by assigning a value of 4 to it. |
01:53 | const keyword is used to create 'read only' variable. |
01:58 | Let us switch back to our slides to know more about keywords and constant. |
02:06 | Keywords have fixed meanings that cannot be changed. |
02:11 | Keywords cannot be used as variable names. |
02:15 | There are 32 keywords in C. |
02:18 | To name some, auto, break, case, char, enum, extern, etc. |
02:28 | Constants: constants are fixed values. |
02:33 | They do not change during the execution of a program. |
02:38 | There are two types of constants, Numeric constants and Character constants. |
02:45 | Now come back to our program. |
02:47 | Here, float is a data type of variable c. |
02:52 | We have assigned it a value of 1.5. |
02:56 | Data type is a finite set of values along with a set of rules. |
03:04 | Here, d is a variable. |
03:07 | char and single quotes suggest that we are dealing with a character. |
03:12 | As a result, d is a character variable storing the value A. |
03:20 | It is easy to see that int, double, float and char are data types. |
03:30 | a, c and d are variables. |
03:35 | Now come back to our slides. |
03:37 | We will know more about data types and variables. |
03:48 | Data types: Let us begin with integer data type. |
03:50 | It is declared as int. |
03:53 | If we want to print an integer data type , we will use %d as the format specifier. |
04:01 | Similarly, we will use float and %f for floating point numbers. |
04:09 | For character data type, we will use char and %c. |
04:15 | And For double data type, we will use double and %lf as the format specifier. |
04:24 | Now we will see the range of data types. |
04:29 | Integer data type has a range of this |
04:34 | Floating point has a range of this |
04:39 | Character has a range of this |
04:42 | And Double has a range of this |
04:47 | The values stored in the variable must not be greater or less than this range. |
04:56 | Now we will move on to variables. |
05:00 | Variable is a data name. |
05:02 | It may be used to store a data value . |
05:06 | The values can change when a program runs. |
05:10 | Before using a variable it must be declared. |
05:14 | We should try to give meaningful names to variables. |
05:18 | example john, marks, sum etc. |
05:24 | Now we will move back to our program. |
05:27 | Here, printf is the identifier name for this function. |
05:32 | Come back to our slides. |
05:35 | Let us know about identifiers. |
05:38 | Identifiers are user defined names. |
05:41 | An identifier consists of letters and digits. |
05:46 | Both uppercase and lowercase letters are permitted. |
05:51 | First character must be an alphabet or underscore. |
05:55 | Now Come back to our program. |
05:58 | Here we have initialized the variables and constants. |
06:02 | Here we print them. |
06:05 | And this is our return statement. |
06:08 | Now click on Save. |
06:10 | Let us execute the program. |
06:12 | Please open the terminal window by pressing Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard. |
06:21 | To compile, type gcc space tokens dot c space hyphen o tok. Press Enter. |
06:30 | To execute, type ./tok (dot slash tok). |
06:35 | The output is displayed. |
06:39 | We can see that here we have six values after the decimal point. |
06:44 | And here we have two values. |
06:48 | Now let us find out how this happened. Come back to our program. |
06:54 | This is because we have % point 2f here. |
06:59 | It denotes that we can print only two values after the decimal point. |
07:04 | Suppose here I want an output with three decimal places. |
07:09 | Let us replace % point 2f with % point 3f. |
07:16 | Now click on Save. |
07:19 | Come back to our terminal. |
07:22 | Compile as before, execute as before. |
07:28 | We see here three values after the decimal point. |
07:33 | Now we will execute the same program in c++. |
07:36 | Come back to our program. |
07:40 | I will change a few things here. |
07:42 | First press Shift+Ctrl+s keys simultaneously on your keyboard. |
07:50 | Now save the file with an extension .cpp and click on Save. |
07:58 | Let us change the header file as iostream |
08:03 | Now include the using statement. |
08:08 | And click on Save. |
08:11 | Now replace the printf statement with the cout statement |
08:15 | since we use cout<< function to print a line in C++. |
08:21 | Click on Search for and replace text option. |
08:27 | Type here printf opening bracket “(” |
08:33 | And here in this column type, cout and two opening angle brackets “<<”. |
08:40 | Now click on Replace All and click on Close. |
08:45 | We don't need the format specifier and '\n' |
08:50 | Let us delete them. |
08:52 | Now delete the comma and type two opening angle brackets. |
09:01 | Click on Save. Now delete the closing bracket. |
09:04 | Type two opening angle brackets again. |
09:09 | And within the double quotes type \n. |
09:16 | Now Click on Save. |
09:20 | Let us execute the program. Come back to our terminal. |
09:24 | To compile, type g++ space tokens dot cpp space hyphen o space tok1. |
09:35 | Here we have tok1 because we don't want to overwrite the output parameter tok for the file tokens.c. |
09:46 | Now press Enter. |
09:48 | To execute, type ./tok1 . Press Enter. |
09:55 | The output is displayed. |
09:59 | Now let us move on to some common errors which we can come across. |
10:03 | Come back to our program. |
10:05 | Suppose here I will reassign a new value to b as 8. |
10:12 | Now click on Save. Let us see what happens. |
10:15 | Come back to our terminal. |
10:17 | Let me clear the prompt. |
10:22 | Now compile as before. |
10:26 | We see an error at line no.7 in our tokens. cpp file. |
10:32 | "Assignment of read only variable 'b' ". |
10:36 | Come back to our program. |
10:39 | This is because 'b' is a constant. Constants are fixed values. |
10:45 | They do not change during the execution of program. |
10:49 | Hence it is giving an error. Let us fix the error. |
10:54 | Delete this. Click on Save. |
10:57 | Let us execute again. Come back to our terminal. |
11:01 | Compile as before. |
11:03 | Execute as before. Yes, it is working. |
11:09 | Now we will see another common error. |
11:12 | Switch back to our program. |
11:15 | Suppose here I will miss the single quotes. Click on Save. |
11:21 | Let us execute. Come back to our terminal. |
11:25 | Compile as before. |
11:28 | We see an error at line no.9 in our tokens dot cpp file. |
11:34 | " 'A' was not declared in the scope". Come back to our program. |
11:40 | This is because anything within the single quotes is considered as a character value. |
11:47 | And here we have declared 'd' as a character variable. |
11:53 | Let us fix the error. Type single quotes at line no.9 here. |
11:59 | Now Click on Save. Let us execute. |
12:02 | Come back to our terminal. |
12:04 | Now Compile as before. |
12:06 | Execute as before. Yes it is working. |
12:13 | Now switch back to our slides. |
12:15 | Let us summarize.In this tutorial we learnt, |
12:18 | Data types eg. int, double, float etc. |
12:24 | Variables eg. int a=2; |
12:29 | Identifiers eg. printf() and |
12:34 | Constant eg. double const b=4; |
12:40 | As an assignment,Write a program to calculate the simple interest. |
12:45 | Hint: principal * rate * time upon 100. |
12:50 | Watch the video available at the link shown below. |
12:54 | It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project. |
12:56 | If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it. |
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13:03 | Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials, |
13:07 | Gives certificates to those who pass an online test. |
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13:19 | Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project. |
13:24 | It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India. |
13:30 | More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below. |
13:35 | Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay signing off .Thank You for joining. |
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Jyotisolanki, Krupali, PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14, Sneha