| Time
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Narration
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| 0:00
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jls{Ë ljb lngS;\ k|f];];x?sf] o; :kf]sg l6p6f]l/ondf :jfut 5 .
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| 0:05
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d pa'G6' =)$ k|of]u ub}{5" .
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| 0:09
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xfdLnfO[ nfU5 ls tkfO{nfO{ lngS;\ ck/]l6Ë l;:6dsf] af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L 5 / sdfG8x?sf] af/]df klg yfxf 5 .
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| 0:16
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olb tkfO{nfO{ OR5f ePdf http://spoken-tutorial.org/ j]a;fO6df ePsf] csf{] :kf]sg l6p6f]l/onaf6 l;Sg ;Sg'x'G5 .
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| 0:28
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of] ofb /fVg'xf];\ ls lngS;\ s]; ;]G;]l6j x'G5 . o; l6p6f]l/ondf k|of]u ul/Psf ;a} sdfG8x? eg]sf] a]nf afx]s ;w} nf]j/ s];df /x]sf 5g\ .
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| 0:38
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k|f];]; s] xf] eg]/ a'emg\sf nflu d 5f]6f] JofVof u5'{ .
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| 0:42
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lngS;\df rln/x]sf] ;a}s'/f k|f];]; x'g\ .
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| 0:46
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;]n h'g rln/x]sf] / sdfG8x? lnO/x]sf] x'G5, lt klg k|f];]; x'g\ .
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| 0:51
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xfdLn] 6ld{gndf 6fOk u/]sf] sdfG8x?klg rln/x]sf] a]nf k|f];];x? dlgG5g\ .
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| 0:56
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tkfO{n] x]l//fv]sf] lel8of] hxf+ of] l6p6f]l/on klg k|f];]; xf] .
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| 1:00
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tkfO{n] :kf]sg l6p6f]l/on j]a;fO6 rnfpg k|of]u ug'{ePsf] a|fph/ klg Pp6f k|f];]; xf] .
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| 1:05
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rln/x]sf] ;]n l:qmK6x? klg k|f];]; x'g\ / cflb .
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| 1:11
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k|f];];nfO{ Pp6f rln/x]sf] k|f]u|fdsf] ?kdf JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 .
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| 1:17
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k|f];];x? xfdL h:t} x'G5g\ . logLx?sf] hGd x'G5 , d[To' x'G5 . logLx?sf] afa' cfdf / 5f]/f5f]/L klg x'G5g\ .
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| 1:28
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ca ;]n k|f];];sf] af/]df s]xL l;sf} .
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| 1:31
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xfdL l;:6d leq hfg] lalts} lngS;\ sg{nn] ;]n k|f];]; z'? ub{5 .
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| 1:36
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clxn] xfdLn] olt hfg] x'G5 ls lngS;\ sg{n lngS; ck/]l6Ë l;:6dsf] d'Vo u'lb xf] .
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| 1:43
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o;df lngS;\ rnfpgsf] nflu rlxg] ;a} tTjx? x'G5g\ . ;]nn] g} cGo ;a} o'h/ sdfG8 k\|f];];x?nfO{ agfp5 jf hGd lbG5 .
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| 1:53
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Pp6f 6ld{gn vf]Ng'xf];\ .
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| 1:57
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6ld{gndf 8n/ ;fOgsf] ?kdf sdfG8 k|f]dK6nfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 .
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| 2:03
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of] ;]n k|f];];n] ubf{ ePsf] xf] .
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| 2:07
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ca xfdL s'g}klg Pp6f sdfG8 6fOk u/f}+ h:t] “date” / OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 2:13
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of] ugf{ ;fy ;]n k|f];];n] Pp6f 8]6 gfd u/]sf] 5'6} k|f];]; agfp5 .
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| 2:18
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;]n k|f];];n] 8]6 k|f];];nfO{ hGd lbg] x'gfn] xfdL ;]n k|f];];nfO{ 8]6 k|f];];sf] Kof/]G6 / 8]6 k|f];];nfO{ ;]n k|f];];sf] rfON8 eGg ;S5f} .
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| 2:30
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8]6 k|f];];n] l;:6dsf] tl/v / ;do b]vfPkl5 , of] d/]/ hfG5 .
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| 2:40
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Pp6f ;]nn] c? ;]n k|f];];nfO{ klg बर्थ lbG5 . of] k|f];];nfO{ hGd lbg] jf agfpg] प्रोसेस :kclgË klg elgG5 .
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| 2:50
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c? ;]n k|f];]; hGdfpgsf nflu 6ld{gndf uP/ “sh” 6fOk u/]/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 3:00
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xfdLn] gof+ k|DK6 6ld{gndf b]Vg ;S5f} . ca xfd|f] jf:tljs ;]nn] rfON8 ;]n jf ;a ;]nnfO{ hGd lbPsf] dfGg ;Sg' x'G5 .
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| 3:13
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ca xfdL gof+ sdfG8 k|f]DK6df km]l/ sdfG8 n]Vg ;S5f} . gof+ sdfG8 k|f]DK6df xfdL ls sdfG8 rnfcf}5f} .
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| 3:20
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ca sdfG8 k|f]DK6df “ls” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];' . xfdL kmfOnx?sf] ;'lr / l8/]S6l/x? b]Vg ;S5f} .
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| 3:32
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ca ls eGg] gof+ k|f];];sf] hGd eof] .
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| 3:35
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यहाँ, सेल ls को पेरेन्ट हो भने सेल ls को ग्रन्दपेरेन्ट हो। ls सेलको बच्चा हो भने, सेल आफ्नै बच्चाको सेल हो।
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| 3:56
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;]nnfO{ dfg{sf]nflu gof+ k|f]DK6df “exit” 6fOk ug'{xf];\ / OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 4:04
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o;n] ;]nnfO{ dfl/ lbG5 / xfdL cfkm\gf] jfl:tja sdfG8 k\|f]DK6df lkmtf{[ hfG5f} .
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| 4:12
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xfdL / प्रोसेसेजको] lardf bfhf]+ ub} hfbf+ xFdLnfO{ lrgfpg] 5'6\f5'6} k|s[lt h:t} xfd|f] gfd, afa' cfdfsf] gfd , hGd ldlt , Kofg sf8{ g+ cflb
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| 4:26
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ePh:t} k|f];]';x?sf] PID(प्रोसेस ID), PPID(Parent प्रेसेस ID), शुरुको समय cflb k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ .
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| 4:38
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oL dWo] w]/} k|s[ltx?nfO{ sg{nn] Pp6f k|f];]; 6]andf ldnfP/ /fv]sf] x'G5 .
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| 4:43
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x/]s k|f];];nfO{ o"lgs OlG6h/ PID. PID n] o"lgsnL cfP8]lG6kmfO ub{5 . k|f];];sf] hGd x'bf sg{nn] PID. PID /flvlbPsf] x'G5 .
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| 4:51
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Kof/]G6 k|f];]; h;n] gof+ k|f];];{ h:t} P1 nfO hGd lbG5 , To;sf] PPID nfO{ P1 k|f];]; sf] PID elgG5 .
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| 5:00
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xfnsf] ;]nsf] PID x]g{sf nflu k|f]DK6df “echo space dollar dollar” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 5:11
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Pp6f ;+Vof l:qmgdf b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ xfnsf] ;]nsf] PID elgG5 .
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| 5:23
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k|f];];sf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ xfdLn] w]/} k|of]u ug]{ Pp6f sdfG8 ps sdfG8 xf] .
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| 5:29
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ps jf k|f];]; अवस्था sdfG8n] l:;6ddf rln/x]sf] k|f];];nfO{ b]vfp5 .
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| 5:34
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of] sdfG8nfO{ s'g} ljsNk g/flv rnfpbf s] x'G5 x]/f} .
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| 5:40
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ca sdfG8 k|f]DK6df “ps” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 5:47
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of] tl/sfaf6 xfdLn] k|f]u|fd rnfO/fv]sf] k|of]ustf{sf] k|f];];x?sf] ;'lr b]Vg ;S5f} .
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| 5:54
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xfdL CMD lzif{sdf rln/x]sf] k|f];];sf] gfd x]g{ ;S5f} .
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| 5:58
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of] afx]s xfdL PID, TTY jf k|f];]; rln/x]sf] sG;f]n, TIME b]Vg ;S5f} .
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| 6:06
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Tof] eg]sf] k|f];]; z'? ePaf6sf] k|of]udf cfPsf] ;a} k|f];];/ ;do a'lemG5 .
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| 6:12
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d]/f] d]l;gdf b'O{j6f k|f];];x? b]vfp5 .
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| 6:16
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Pp6f bash xf], h'g xfdL k|[of]u ul//x]sf 5f} . csf]{ rflx+ ps k|f];]; xf] .
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| 6:25
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csf]{ ofb ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] PID ;]n k|f];];sf] echo :k]; 8n/ 8n/ sdfG8n] b]vfpg] ;+u ldNg] vfnsf] x'G5 .
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| 6:35
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xfdLn] Pp6f ;a;]n agfof} eg] s] x"G5 x]/f} . 6ld{gndf “sh” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 6:42
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ca gof+ nfOgdf ePsf] gof+ k|fDK6df “ps” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 6:51
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ca xfdL ;'lrdf k|f];];x? b]Vg ;S5f} . sh k|f];]; ylkPsf] 5 .
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| 6:57
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oxf+ ofb ug"{xf];\ ls PID k|f];];sf] bash klxnfs} x'G5 .
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| 7:05
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csf]{ xfdL x]5f} ls ps df w]/} s'/f x'G5g\ . klxnf] cK;g s] xf] eg] ;'lr ul/Psf] k|f];];x?sf] c? k|s[lt xfdL x]g{ ;S5f} .
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| 7:13
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ca k|f]DK6df “ps space minus f” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ . o;n] km]/L klxnf h:t} tLgj6f k|f];];x? b]vfp5 .
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| 7:28
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बास्, sh / ps -f.
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| 7:31
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km/s olt x'G5 ls ca w]/} k|s[ltx? b]lvG5 .
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| 7:36
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UID n] k|f];]; z'? ug]{ o'h/sf] gfd b]vfp5 . ;fy} o;n] PPID b]vfp5 h'g k|f];]; z'? ug]{ Kof/]G6 k|f];];sf] PID xf] .
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| 7:47
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pbxf/0fsf] nflu af; k|f];]; sh k|f];];sf] Kof/]G6 xf], To;}n] af;sf] PID / sh k|f];];sf] PPID Pp6} x'G5 .
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| 8:00
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To;}ul/ sh k|f];]; lkP; k|f];];sf] Kof/]G6 ePsf] x'gfn] sh k|f];];sf] PID / PPID k|f];];sf] ps -f Pp6} x'G5 .
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| 8:17
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C eg]sf] k|f];]; jf k|of]ufTdstfnfO{ a'emfp5 . xfndf of] k|f];];/ k|of]u ePsf] ;dosf] k|fltzt dfly k|f];];sf] hLjg cjlwsf] OlG6h/ Eofn' xf] .
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| 8:26
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of] b]lvg] x'G5 lsgls of] s];df k|of]u ;do yf]/} dfq 5 .
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| 8:32
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k|f];]; slt a]nf z'? eof] elg STIME lkmN8n] b]vfp5 . afsL+ xfdLn] ps rnfpbf ;a} x]/L ;Sof} .
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| 8:42
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k|f];];x? b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . klxnf] o'h/ k|f];];x? x'g\ . logLx? o'h/x?n] z'? u/]sf x'G5g\ .
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| 8:49
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h:t} 'ps' jf xfdLn] 6ld{gndf rnfpg] w]/} h;f] sdfG8x? .
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| 8:54
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bf];|f] l;:6d k|f];];x? x'g\ . oL k|f];];x? l;:6dn] l;:6d v'Nbf jf o"h/ nu\Og ubf{ z'? u/]sf] x'G5 .
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| 9:05
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af; l;:6d k|f];];sf] pbxf/0f xf] .
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| 9:09
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slxn]sfxL xfdLnfO प्रोसेसहरुमा b'j} l;:6d k|f];];x? / o'h/ k|f];];x? Ps} kN6 x]g{ dg nfUg ;S5 .
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| 9:17
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o:tf] a]nfdf xfdL dfOg; e jf dfOg; Soflk6n A /fVg ;S5f} .
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| 9:23
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6ld{gndf uP/ k|f]DK6df “ps space minus e” 6fOk ul/ OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 9:32
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xfdLn] k|f];];x?sf] 7"nf] ;'lr x]g{ ;S5f} .
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| 9:35
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w]/} k]h Ps}kN6 x]g{sf nflu k|f]DK6df 6fOk ug'{xf];\
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| 9:40
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“ps space minus e space vertical bar space more” / OG6/ lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 9:52
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ca xfdL b]Vg ;S5f} ls Pp6f ljG8f]df c6fpg] ;a} k|f];];x? ;'lrs[t eP/ cfpg]5 .
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| 9:58
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xfdLn] OG6/ lyRb} hfbf+ k|f];];x?sf] ;'lrsf] tn klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .
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| 10:03
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;'lrsf] z'?df ePsf] k|f];]; /dfOnf] 5 . o;nfO init k|f];]; elgG5 .
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| 10:09
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of] Tof;tf] k|f];]; xf] h;af6 c? k|f];];x?sf] hGd x'G5 .
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| 10:12
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o;df Pp6f PID 5 .
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| 10:16
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k|f]DK6df lkmtf{ hfgsfnflu q lyRg'xf];\ .
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| 10:24
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o;/L o; l6p6f]l/ondf xfdLn] k|f];];, ;]n k|f];];, k|f];]; hGdg] tl/sf, k|f];];sf] k|s[lt, / ljleGg k|sf/sf k|f];];x?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt u/\of} .
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| 10:37
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xfdLn] ps sdfG8 k|of]u ug{klg l;Sof} . o;/L o; tutorial ;dflKt x'G5 .
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| 10:45
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g]zgn ld;g cg Ph's];g y'| cfOl;l6, PdPrcf/l8 , ef/t ;/sf/ 4f/f ;xof]u ul/Psf] :kf]sg l6p6f]l/on, 6s 6" P l6r/ k|f]h]S6sf] efu xf] .
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;f]xL ljifodf yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu lbOPsf lnGsdf hfg'xf];\ .
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http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.
|
| 11:07
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of] l:qmK6 lbk]z hf]zL 4f/f of]ubfg ul/Psf] xf] / ======================= 4f/f ===================== 7fp+df l/s8{ ul/Psf] xf] .
wGojfb .
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