LaTeX/C2/Mathematical-Typesetting/English-timed

Time	Narration
00:01	Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Mathematical Typesetting in LaTeX.
00:06	My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
00:08	A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex.
00:15	In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in LaTeX.
00:20	In particular, how to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of spaces and creating them,
00:29	Mathematical symbols.
00:31	Finally, A M S math package and its use in creating matrices.
00:37	I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop.
00:43	I am using Ubuntu, TeXworks and LaTeX.
00:47	The prerequisites are the following- basic spoken tutorials on LaTeX,
00:53	exposure to the side-by-side tutorial.
00:56	All are available from our website.
01:00	I shall use the file 'maths.tex'.
01:04	It is available as a code file in our web page where you found this tutorial.
01:11	In the same location, you will find this 'pdf' file from the TeX user group, India.
01:17	We shall use it when we do assignments
01:20	Let me go to the ‘TeXworks’ window.
01:24	I have already opened the file 'maths.tex'.
01:27	Please download this file and practise along with me.
01:32	We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file.
01:36	This command removes the paragraph indent.
01:42	We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment.
01:47	Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics.
01:52	We use dollar sign to get into mathematical mode in LaTeX.
01:57	Let us begin with alpha. We write dollar back slash alpha dollar.
02:06	Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter alpha in the 'pdf'.
02:15	The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode.
02:20	The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode.
02:24	From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash.
02:30	But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen.
02:34	Similarly we write beta, gamma and delta. Let us compile.
02:50	I did not save the 'tex' file, as TeXworks does it automatically.
02:56	Let us delete these.
03:00	We will next take up the concept of spaces in mathematical expressions.
03:05	How do we generate alpha a, that is, the product of alpha and 'a'?
03:12	Let us try 'alpha a'.
03:17	Let me compile.
03:21	'LaTeX' complains that 'alpha a' is an undefined control sequence.
03:27	It says that it does not understand this command. Let me close this.
03:34	LaTeX handles this through a space after every command.
03:39	Let us leave a space after 'alpha'.
03:44	Let us abort the compilation. Let's recompile; this has solved the problem.
03:52	As it is used to terminate a command, the space does not appear in 'pdf'.
03:57	What do we do if we WANT to introduce spaces in the output?
04:03	We have to explicitly tell LaTeX, as we do now.
04:07	Let us ask LaTeX to start a new line.
04:11	Let us write alpha backslash space a.
04:17	Compile it.
04:20	This has created a space.
04:23	If you want more space, use 'quad', as we do now.
04:31	Compile it.
04:34	You can see that 'quad' has left a large space.
04:40	We will now move to another topic.
04:43	Let us delete the last two lines. Let’s compile.
04:50	What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode?
04:56	To understand this, let us write “Product of $\alpha and a is”.
05:04	Compile.
05:07	You can see that the font of these two 'a' s are different.
05:14	This is solved by writing this 'a' also inside dollar signs.
05:25	Let me compile.
05:27	Now the fonts of these two 'a' s are identical.
05:32	Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake.
05:37	Let’s get rid of these.
05:40	Let’s compile.
05:43	Let us now discuss a rule for creating minus signs.
05:48	Suppose that we want to create minus alpha and compile.
05:58	Let’s compile.
06:01	Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here.
06:07	Let us also copy with the minus sign, inside the dollar sign.
06:15	Let us compile again.
06:18	See the difference in the minus sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used.
06:27	Not putting the minus sign within dollars is a common mistake made by beginners.
06:33	Let us delete all of these.
06:36	Next we would like to explain the 'frac' command that is used to create fractions.
06:43	'frac a b'. Let's compile.
06:50	It generates 'a' by 'b'. The command 'frac' is terminated by a space. It looks for two arguments.
07:00	The first character 'a' is taken as the first argument. It becomes the numerator.
07:07	The second character 'b' is taken as the second argument; it becomes the denominator.
07:13	Notice that the size of 'a' and 'b' gets reduced automatically.
07:20	What do we do if we have longer characters?
07:24	What if we want to create 'ab' by 'cd'? I want you to try this.
07:31	In LaTeX, the arguments longer than one character are enclosed by braces.
07:37	For example, let us put braces here.
07:41	When we compile this, we get the desired output.
07:47	All the entries within the braces are taken as a single argument.
07:52	As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces. Let us delete all of these.
08:01	Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts.
08:05	x underscore a creates x sub a.
08:14	The size of 'a' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level.
08:19	What if we want to put 'ab' as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself.
08:28	Superscripts are created by the caret or the up arrow symbol.
08:33	For example, if you want to create 'x' to the power 3, you will write: x up arrow 3.
08:43	We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously.
08:48	Let us put x sub a superscript b; let’s compile.
08:58	Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts. Let me delete this.
09:08	Alright.. next we will move onto Matrices.
09:12	The package a m s math has some matrix definitions that I like.
09:19	Let us include it through the 'usepackage' command.
09:26	The ampersand, that is, the 'and' symbol is used to separate the columns.
09:31	Let us create a matrix now.
09:34	We write 'begin matrix' 'a' and 'b', 'end matrix'. Don’t forget the dollar signs.
09:44	Compile and see the matrix, as expected.
09:49	Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this, we put two back slashes, meaning, go to the next line.
09:59	Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, 'c, d, e'. Compile it and see the second row also included now.
10:11	Supposing we change matrix to 'pmatrix', at 'begin' and 'end'.
10:17	Compile and get this.
10:21	It is now time for you to start exploring. Let us go to the slides now.
10:28	Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial-
10:31	Entering and leaving the mathematical mode Using spaces and creating them
10:37	Fractions, subscripts and superscripts Defining an argument with in braces
10:44	'amsmath' package to create matrices.
10:48	Let me give some assignments.
10:51	This assignment is on spaces - large and small, please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment.
11:01	This assignment is on fractions using braces.
11:06	This assignment is on subscripts and superscripts.
11:11	Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices.
11:17	This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols.
11:21	This is based on the TUG India LaTeX guide. Let us see that document now.
11:29	I already asked you to download this document from our web page.
11:34	You will reproduce some symbols given in this document.
11:39	You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment.
11:43	This assignment is also based on the TUG India document.
11:48	You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment.
11:53	This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
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Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14