Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed

Time	Narration
00:00	Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
00:05	The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown.
00:18	Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also
00:25	A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.
00:33	File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc.
00:45	c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
01:00	The syntax of chown command is chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname
01:13	We may give following options with chown command.
01:18	-R : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.
01:28	-c : Change the permission for each file.
01:33	-f : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages.
01:37	Now we will look at some examples
01:40	So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter
01:56	Now type the command $ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
02:11	Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid
02:18	To change the owner of the file, type the command $ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n press Enter
02:36	Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter
02:44	Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
03:03	Now we will see how to change owner of the directory
03:07	Type the command $ ls -l and press Enter Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid
03:21	To change the owner of the directory, type the command
03:26	$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name and press Enter
03:44	Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.
03:49	I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l press Enter Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.
04:06	chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.
04:13	Syntax of the chmod command is chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename We may give the following options with chmod command.
04:29	-c : Print information about files that are changed.
04:34	-f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.
04:41	There are following types of access or permissions
04:44	r : Read w : Write x : Execute s : Set user (or group) ID
04:54	Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number.
05:00	The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission.
05:09	Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values: 4 that is Read 2 that is Write 1 that is Execute
05:20	Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1.
05:30	Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l.
05:36	Now lets type $ chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter
05:49	Now type $ ls space -l space example1 press Enter to see the changes
06:01	here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1
06:15	Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1 press Enter
06:26	Now type $ ls space -l space example1 and press Enter
06:35	Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
06:52	To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space =r space example1 and press Enter
07:08	Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1 press Enter
07:19	Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone
07:30	To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command
7:44	$ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 press Enter
08:00	Now type $ ls space -l press Enter to see the changes
08:09	To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command $ chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter
08:27	Now type the command $ ls space -l space example2 and press Enter
08:40	Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2
08:50	To add the write permissions to the group for file example3 type the command $ chmod space g+w space example3 press Enter
09:10	and now type $ ls space -l space example3 press Enter
09:23	Here we can see the write permission has been added to group
09:30	To remove the write permissions for all type the command $ chmod space a-w space example3 press Enter
09:45	Now type $ ls space -l space example3 press Enter
09:55	Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed
10:02	chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup.
10:10	Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group.
10:20	Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group.
10:26	The syntax for the chgrp command is chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.
10:36	Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command. type the command $ ls space -l space example4 press Enter
10:57	Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid
11:03	To change the group permission , type the command $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4
11:20	press Enter Enter the sudo password if required.
11:27	Now type the command $ ls space -l space example4 press Enter
11:38	Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.
11:46	The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device.
11:51	Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory.
11:57	All the files are hard links to inodes.
12:00	Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode.
12:12	We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file.
12:19	type the command $ ls space -i space example5 press Enter
12:29	Number written before the file is the inode number of the file.
12:35	Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time.
12:41	Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode. ln is the command to make link
12:52	The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is
12:57	ln space source space link Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create.
13:06	Now we will look at some examples of hard links
13:10	Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command $ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter
13:25	To display the inode number of both the files, type the command $ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter
13:41	Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1
13:54	Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path.
14:07	The syntax of ln command to create soft links is
14:12	ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}
14:19	Now we will look at some examples of soft link
14:25	To create the soft link, type the command $ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft
14:40	press Enter
14:43	Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command $ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft
15:01	press Enter
15:03	Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.
15:16	So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.
15:26	We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file.
15:31	This brings me to the end of this tutorial.
15:35	Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.
15:44	More information on the same is available at the following link.
15:50	This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Minal, PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Ravikala, Sandhya.np14