Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Physics/C3/Simple-AC-Circuits/English"

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* X<sub>C</sub> = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math>
 
* X<sub>C</sub> = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math>
  
−
Unit of X<sub>C </sub> is ohm.
+
Unit of Capacitive reactance(X<sub>C </sub>) is ohm.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
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X<sub>L</sub> = 2πνL
 
X<sub>L</sub> = 2πνL
  
−
Unit of X<sub>L </sub> is ohm.
+
Unit of Inductive reactance(X<sub>L </sub>) is ohm.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
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'''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab'''
 
'''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab'''
−
|| I have already downloaded the '''simulation '''to my '''Downloads '''folder.
+
|| I have already downloaded the '''simulation ''' to my '''Downloads '''folder.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Point to&nbsp;Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation.'''
 
|| '''Point to&nbsp;Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation.'''
Line 102: Line 102:
  
 
Point to the browser address.
 
Point to the browser address.
−
|| To open the simulation, click on '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation _en.html ''' file.
+
|| To open the simulation, click on '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab html ''' file.
  
  
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|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Point on the AC Voltage source and attached it to the resistor'''
 
|| '''Point on the AC Voltage source and attached it to the resistor'''
−
||The other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source using wires.  
+
||The other end of the resistor is connected to AC Voltage source using wires.  
  
 
Here resistor is connected to AC Voltage source in parallel connection.
 
Here resistor is connected to AC Voltage source in parallel connection.
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Place the capacitor at the same position as the resistor.
 
Place the capacitor at the same position as the resistor.
  
−
By default, capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.
+
By default, the capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Click on Play button'''
 
|| '''Click on Play button'''
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'''Capacitive reactance'''
 
'''Capacitive reactance'''
 +
 +
X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= </nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}}</math><nowiki>=</nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\times 3.14\times 0.5\times 0.1}</math>
 +
* X<sub>C </sub><nowiki> = 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
 
||
 
||
 
* The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
 
* The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
 
* Capacitance of the capacitor is 0.1 F.
 
* Capacitance of the capacitor is 0.1 F.
−
* X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= </nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}}</math><nowiki>=</nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\times 3.14\times 0.5\times 0.1}</math>
+
* '''Capacitive reactance''' is 3.18 Ω.
−
* X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Click on the pause button'''
 
|| '''Click on the pause button'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.
 
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.
−
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
+
|| Drag the probes of voltage chart and current chart to their default position.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the information box.
 
|| Point to the information box.
Line 264: Line 266:
  
 
'''Inductive Reactance '''
 
'''Inductive Reactance '''
 +
 +
X<sub>L </sub><nowiki>= 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 × 5 = 15.7 Ω</nowiki>
 
||  
 
||  
 
* The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
 
* The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
 
* Inductance of the inductor is 5 H
 
* Inductance of the inductor is 5 H
−
* X<sub>L </sub><nowiki>= 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 × 5 = 15.7 Ω</nowiki>
+
* '''Inductive Reactance ''' is 15.7 Ω
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Click on the pause button'''
 
|| '''Click on the pause button'''
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'''Series AC Circuits'''
 
'''Series AC Circuits'''
 +
 +
Z = <math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>
 +
* For, LC circuit, R = 0
 +
* RC circuit, X<sub>L</sub><nowiki>= 0 and </nowiki>LR circuit, X<sub>C</sub><nowiki>= 0</nowiki>
 
|| '''Series AC Circuits'''
 
|| '''Series AC Circuits'''
 
* In AC Circuits, resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series.
 
* In AC Circuits, resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series.
 
* The '''impedance (Z)''' is the total opposition to the flow of current in the AC circuit.  
 
* The '''impedance (Z)''' is the total opposition to the flow of current in the AC circuit.  
−
* Z = <math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>
+
* For LC circuit R=0.
−
* For, LC circuit, R = 0  
+
* RC circuit Inductive reactance = 0 and
−
* RC circuit, X<sub>L</sub><nowiki>= 0 and </nowiki>LR circuit, X<sub>C</sub><nowiki>= 0</nowiki>
+
* LR circuit Capacitive reactance =0
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Click on Refresh button'''
 
|| '''Click on Refresh button'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Point to the ammeter'''
 
|| '''Point to the ammeter'''
−
|| Drag an ammeter and attach it in series to the capacitor using the connecting wire.
+
|| Drag an ammeter and attach it in series to the capacitor using a connecting wire.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Click on the AC Voltage'''
 
|| '''Click on the AC Voltage'''
Line 317: Line 326:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Single click on the switch'''
 
|| '''Single click on the switch'''
−
|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it. Current starts flowing through the circuit.  
+
|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it. The Current starts flowing through the circuit.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on the Pause button
 
||Click on the Pause button
Line 345: Line 354:
  
 
'''Impedance of RC circuit'''
 
'''Impedance of RC circuit'''
 +
X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
 +
* Impedance (Z) =<math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math><nowiki>= 4.48 Ω</nowiki>
 
||  
 
||  
 
* The resistance of the resistor is 10 Ω.
 
* The resistance of the resistor is 10 Ω.
 
* The capacitance is 0.10 F.
 
* The capacitance is 0.10 F.
−
* Capacitive reactance, X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
+
* Capacitive reactance is 3.18 Ω.
−
* Impedance (Z) =<math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math><nowiki>= 4.48 Ω</nowiki>
+
* Impedance is 4.48 Ω
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Only Narration.
 
|| Only Narration.
Line 384: Line 395:
  
 
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
 
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
−
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team, conducts workshops.
+
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team, conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
−
Gives certificates to those who pass online tests.
+
Gives certificates to those who pass online test.
  
 
For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org.
 
For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org.

Revision as of 16:55, 29 January 2025


Title of the Tutorial: Simple AC Circuits

Author: Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskaandeep Kaur

Keywords: PhET, AC voltage, resistor, capacitor, inductor, capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, video tutorial.


Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to this Spoken tutorial on Simple AC Circuits
Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial we will learn to,
  • Build simple AC circuits
  • Find the phase relation between voltage and current for different AC circuits
  • Calculate capacitive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuits.
Slide Number 3

System Requirements

This tutorial is recorded using,
  • Windows 11
  • Google Chrome version 123.0.63
Slide Number 4

Pre-requisites

To follow this tutorial, Learners should be familiar with topics in
  • Basic science
  • Simple AC Components
Slide Number 5

Alternating Current

Now let’s define alternating current,

Magnitude of AC current changes continuously with time, and its direction reverses periodically.

Slide Number 6

Alternating Current

Alternating Current can be represented by Sine or Cosine curve.
  • I=Io Sin ωt or
  • I=Io Cos ωt
Slide Number 7

Capacitive Reactance

Capacitive reactance (XC).
  • It is the opposition offered by a capacitor to the change in current.
  • It depends inversely on the frequency of the ac source.
  • XC = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math>

Unit of Capacitive reactance(XC ) is ohm.

Slide Number 8

Inductive Reactance

Inductive reactance (XL)

It is the opposition offered by an inductor to the change in current.

It varies directly with the frequency of the ac source.

XL = 2πνL

Unit of Inductive reactance(XL ) is ohm.

Slide Number 9

Links for PhET simulations

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab

In this tutorial we will use Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab PhET simulation.

Please use the given link to download the simulation.

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab

Point to the simulations in the Downloads folder.

Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab

I have already downloaded the simulation to my Downloads folder.
Point to Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation. Let us begin.
Click on Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation_en.html file.


Point to the browser address.

To open the simulation, click on Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab html file.


Point to the simulation interface. This is the interface of Circuit construction Kit: AC Virtual Lab simulation.
Point to the left side of Circuit elements On the left side of the interface, we can see a list of circuit elements.
Drag a Resistor.

Click on the Resistor

Point to the value of resistance.

Let’s add a resistor to the interface.

By default, Resistance of the resistor is 10 ohms.

Drag an ammeter Attach ammeter in series to the resistor by using a connecting wire.
Drag a light bulb and wire. Let’s attach a light bulb in series to the ammeter using a wire.
Point on the AC Voltage source and attached it to the resistor The other end of the resistor is connected to AC Voltage source using wires.

Here resistor is connected to AC Voltage source in parallel connection.

Click on the AC Voltage By default, AC voltage value is 9 Volts and its frequency is 0.50 Hz.
Point on the switch and attached with the AC Voltage source. Let’s drag a switch and attach it in series to the AC Voltage source using a wire.
Drag wires and attached in the circuit.

Click on the Values check box on the right panel

The connection is completed by connecting wires between the switch and the light bulb.

Click on the Values check box on the right, to display the value of each component.

Single click on the switch Now, close the switch by clicking on it.
Observe the intensity of light bulb We observe that intensity of light bulb is varying due to AC voltage source.
Only Narration Now we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for resistor.
Click on the Pause button Pause the simulation
Drag Voltage Chart Drag Voltage Chart and attach its terminals (probes) across the ends of the resistor.
Drag Current chart Drag Current Chart and place its terminal (probe) near the ammeter.
Click on Play button Play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts. It is observed that current and voltage peak at the same time.

This indicates that Voltage and current are in phase.

Click on the Pause button Pause the simulation
Only Narration Now, we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for a capacitor.
Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts. Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
Point to the information box. In the circuit click on resistor component.

In the resistance edit box click on the delete icon to delete the resistance.

Drag a capacitor

Click on the capacitor

Drag a capacitor from the circuit component.

Place the capacitor at the same position as the resistor.

By default, the capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.

Click on Play button Now Play the simulation.
Point to the capacitor Observe the changing red and blue charges on the plates of capacitor.

These indicate the charging and discharging of the capacitor.

Point to the light bulb The intensity of light bulb is changing due to AC voltage source.
Click on the AC Voltage source and Point to the frequency Click on the AC Voltage source and note the frequency.
Point to the values of capacitance and frequency on the interface. Let us calculate Capacitive reactance using frequency and capacitance values.
Slide Number 10

Capacitive reactance

XC = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}}</math>=<math>\frac{1}{2\times 3.14\times 0.5\times 0.1}</math>

  • XC = 3.18 Ω
  • The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
  • Capacitance of the capacitor is 0.1 F.
  • Capacitive reactance is 3.18 Ω.
Click on the pause button Pause the simulation.
Point to the voltage and current chart Now, we will attach the probes of voltage chart and current chart to the capacitor.
Click on the play radio button. Now play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts. Observe the graphs in the charts, A phase change is noticed.

When a capacitor is connected in the circuit current leads voltage.

Click on the pause button Pause the simulation
Now, we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for an Inductor.
Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts. Drag the probes of voltage chart and current chart to their default position.
Point to the information box. In the circuit click on capacitor component.

In the capacitor edit box click on the delete icon to delete the capacitor.

Click on the inductor and drag in the interface. Now, drag an inductor from the given components.

Place the inductor at the same position as the capacitor.

By default, inductance of the inductor is 5 H.

Click on Play button Now Play the simulation.
Point to the values of inductance and frequency on the interface. Let us calculate inductive reactance using frequency and inductance values.
Slide Number 11

Inductive Reactance 

XL = 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 × 5 = 15.7 Ω
  • The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
  • Inductance of the inductor is 5 H
  • Inductive Reactance is 15.7 Ω
Click on the pause button Pause the simulation.
Point to the voltage and current chart Now, we will attach the probes of voltage chart and current chart to the inductor.
Click on the play radio button. Now play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts. Observe the graphs in the charts, a phase change is noticed.

When an inductor is connected in the circuit voltage leads current.

Slide Number 12

Series AC Circuits

Z = <math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>

  • For, LC circuit, R = 0
  • RC circuit, XL= 0 and LR circuit, XC= 0
Series AC Circuits
  • In AC Circuits, resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series.
  • The impedance (Z) is the total opposition to the flow of current in the AC circuit.
  • For LC circuit R=0.
  • RC circuit Inductive reactance = 0 and
  • LR circuit Capacitive reactance =0
Click on Refresh button Clear the interface using refresh button.
Point to the Resistor Let’s make series RC circuit.

Drag a resistor

Point to the Capacitor Now, drag a capacitor and attach it in series to the resistor.
Point to the ammeter Drag an ammeter and attach it in series to the capacitor using a connecting wire.
Click on the AC Voltage Other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source in parallel using connecting wires.
Point on the switch and attached with the AC Voltage source. Drag a switch and attach it in series to the AC Voltage source using wire.
Point to the wire The circuit is completed by attaching a wire between switch and the ammeter.
Single click on the switch Now, close the switch by clicking on it. The Current starts flowing through the circuit.
Click on the Pause button Pause the simulation
Drag Voltage Chart. Drag Voltage Chart and attach its terminals (probes) across the ends of the resistor and capacitor.
Drag Current Chart. Drag Current chart and place its terminal across the ammeter.
Click on the play radio button. Now play the simulation.
Point to the graphs in the charts. Observe the graphs in the charts.

No phase change is observed in the RC series circuit.

Point to the values of Resistance, capacitance and frequency on the interface. Let us calculate Impedance of RC circuit using frequency, resistance and capacitance values.
Click on the Values check box on the right panel Click on the Values check box on the right, to display value of each component.
Slide Number 13

Impedance of RC circuit 

XC = 3.18 Ω
  • Impedance (Z) =<math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>= 4.48 Ω
  • The resistance of the resistor is 10 Ω.
  • The capacitance is 0.10 F.
  • Capacitive reactance is 3.18 Ω.
  • Impedance is 4.48 Ω
Only Narration. With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.

Slide Number 14

Summary

Using this simulation we
  • Built simple AC circuits
  • Found the phase relation between voltage and current for different AC circuits
  • Calculated capacitive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuits.
Slide Number 15

Assignment

As an assignment
  • Change the frequency of the AC voltage source to 0.75 hertz and 1.0 hertz,
  • Find capacitive reactance and inductive reactance at these frequencies.
  • Find the phase relation between voltage and current for:
  • Series LC circuit
  • Series RL circuit
Slide Number 16

Spoken Tutorial Project

The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial Project.

Please download and watch it.

Slide Number 17

Spoken Tutorial workshops

The Spoken Tutorial Project team, conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.

Gives certificates to those who pass online test.

For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org.

Slide Number 18

Forum for specific questions:

Please post your timed queries in this forum.
Slide Number 19

Acknowledgement

The Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
Slide Number 20

Thank You.

This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Amardeep Kaur from DAV College Amritsar.

Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Ketkinaina, Madhurig

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