Difference between revisions of "CircuitJS/C3/Transistor-Characteristics/English"
From Script | Spoken-Tutorial
(Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- | style="color:#000000;" | slide:1 | style="color:#000000;" | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Transistor Charac...") |
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| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
|| '''Narration''' | || '''Narration''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | || '''Slide 1''': |
| − | | | + | || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Transistor Characteristics''' using '''CircuitJS''' simulator. |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 2''': |
| − | + | '''Learning Objectives''' | |
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about | || In this tutorial, we will learn about | ||
| − | * | + | * '''Transistor''' |
| − | * | + | * Types of '''Transistors''' |
| − | * | + | * Transistor Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics |
| − | * | + | * Transistor as a Switch |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 3''': |
| − | + | '''System Requirement''' | |
|| To record this tutorial, I am using: | || To record this tutorial, I am using: | ||
| − | * | + | * Ubuntu Linux 20.04 OS |
| − | * | + | * '''CircuitJS''' Application |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 4''': |
| − | + | '''Prerequisites''' | |
|| To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of, | || To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of, | ||
| − | * | + | * Electrical circuits |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 5''': |
| − | + | '''What is a Transistor'''? | |
|| | || | ||
| − | * | + | * A '''transistor''' is a semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electronic signals. |
| − | * | + | * The '''transistor''' forms a fundamental component in modern electronic devices. |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 6''': |
| − | + | '''Types of Transistors''' | |
| − | || | + | || There are two type of transistors |
| − | * | + | * '''Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)''' |
| − | * | + | * '''Field Effect Transistor (FET)''' |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | |- | |
| + | || '''Slide 7''': | ||
| − | + | '''Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)''' | |
| − | + | || In this tutorial we will discuss about '''Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).''' | |
| − | + | A '''BJT''' has three terminals: base, collector, and emitter. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | # | + | There are two types of '''Bipolar Junction Transistors''' |
| + | # PNP Transistor and | ||
| − | + | # NPN Transistor | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| + | || # '''PNP Transistor.png''' | ||
| − | + | # '''NPN Transistor.png''' | |
| − | + | || Let us see how these 3 terminal semiconductors are formed. | |
| − | || | + | |
| − | + | A PNP transistor is formed using two diodes. | |
| − | + | An N-type semiconductor is placed between two P-type semiconductors. | |
| − | |||
| − | + | An NPN transistor is formed using two diodes. | |
| − | + | A P-type semiconductor is placed between two N-type semiconductors. | |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || # | + | || # '''NPN and PNP BJT.png''' |
| − | || | + | || The NPN and PNP transistors are denoted by these symbols. |
| − | + | The arrow represents the current flow in the transistor. | |
| − | + | Current always flows from P to N. | |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || # | + | || # '''NPN_Circuit_Diagram.png''' |
| − | + | || We will create this circuit to demonstrate the working of '''NPN transistor. ''' | |
| − | | | + | |- |
| − | |- | + | || Show the diagram |
| − | || | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
|| To do this experiment, we will need | || To do this experiment, we will need | ||
| − | * | + | * 1 NPN transistor |
| − | * | + | * 1 Variable voltage of 0 to 5 volts |
| − | * | + | * 1 Variable voltage of 0 to 20 volts |
| − | * | + | * 1 Resistor of 100 Ohms |
| − | * | + | * 2 Ammeters |
| − | * | + | * 1 LED and |
| − | * | + | * 1 Ground component |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Water tap analogy''' |
| − | # | + | # '''Overlay_Circuit_Analogy.png''' |
| − | + | || Let’s take the example of a water tap to understand the working of an NPN transistor. | |
| − | + | Let’s assume, tap knob as base, water inlet as collector and outlet of the tap as emitter. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | The knob of the tap controls the amount of water coming out of the outlet. | |
| − | + | The base terminal voltage controls the intensity of light emitted by the LED. | |
| − | + | When the knob is closed, no water flows through the outlet. | |
| − | + | Likewise when voltage is not applied at the base terminal, LED will not glow and vice versa. | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | || Using the same analogy, the working of the NPN transistor is explained below. | ||
| − | + | Let us see the working of NPN transistor in '''circuitjs''' interface. | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | |- | + | || Open the '''circuitjs''' interface. |
| − | | | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Show the terminal | |
| + | || Open the '''circuitjs''' interface. | ||
| − | |- | + | Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit'''. |
| − | || | + | |- |
| + | || '''Add NPN Transistor''' | ||
| + | || Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Active Components''' and select '''Add Transistor (Bipolar, NPN)'''. | ||
| − | + | Drag and draw the '''NPN transistor ''' in the working area. | |
| − | || | + | |- |
| + | || '''Add Resistor''' | ||
| + | || Click on '''Draw''' and select '''Add resistor'''. | ||
| − | + | Drag and draw the resistor in the working area. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Use the '''Edit''' option to change the resistor value to 100 Ohms. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Connect this resistor to the emitter terminal of the '''NPN transistor.''' | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Connect ground''' | ||
| + | || Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select '''Add Ground''' component. | ||
| − | + | Drag and draw the ground component in the working area. | |
| − | + | Connect the ground component to the resistor as shown. | |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | | | + | || '''Add LED''' |
| − | || | + | || Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Outputs and Labels''', and select '''Add LED'''. |
| − | + | Drag and draw the LED in the working area. | |
| − | + | Connect the LED to the collector terminal of the '''NPN transistor.''' | |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | | | + | || '''Add Ammeter''' |
| − | || | + | || Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Outputs and Labels''', and select '''Add Ammeter'''. |
| − | + | Drag and draw the ammeter in the working area. | |
| − | + | Use the '''Duplicate''' option to get one more ammeter. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Connect one ammeter to the base terminal of the '''NPN transistor'''. | |
| − | + | Connect the other ammeter to the LED. | |
| − | + | Use the '''Swap Terminals''' option to change the orientation of the ammeter. | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Add Variable voltage''' | ||
| + | || Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select''' Add Variable Voltage''' component. | ||
| − | + | Drag and draw the variable voltage in the working area. | |
| − | + | Use the '''Duplicate''' option to get two variable voltage supplies. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | The default voltage range of the variable power supply is 0 to 5 volts. | |
| − | + | Connect one variable power supply to the ammeter connected to the '''base terminal'''. | |
| − | + | Then connect the other variable voltage supply to the Ammeter as shown. | |
| − | + | Use the '''Edit''' option to change the voltage range of the variable power supply. | |
| − | + | Change the voltage range to minimum 0 volts and maximum 20 volts and save the changes. | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || Use Add Text option | ||
| + | || Use the '''Add Text''' option to give labels to the LED, resistor and variable power supply as shown. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || CircuitJS explanation | ||
| + | || Let us see the '''V-I characteristics''' of the NPN transistor connected in this circuit. | ||
| − | + | Right click on the NPN transistor and select '''View in New Scope''' option. | |
| − | + | A graph will appear at the bottom of your screen. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | We can see a settings icon at the bottom left corner of the screen. | |
| − | + | Click on the '''settings icon'''. | |
| − | + | A pop-up window will open. | |
| − | + | Here, first we have to select the '''X-Y plots''' option . | |
| − | + | Then check the checkbox '''Show Vce vs Ic'''. | |
| − | + | Click on the '''OK''' button to save the changes. | |
| − | + | Increase the size of the graph as shown. | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''While explaining point out''' | ||
| + | || There are two voltage sliders on the right side of your screen. | ||
| − | + | The first voltage slider is for the voltage supply V1. | |
| − | + | The second voltage slider is for the voltage supply V2. | |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Perform on circuitjs''' |
| + | || Let us first make both the voltage supply values to 0 volts using the respective sliders. | ||
| − | || | + | Click on the '''Reset''' button. |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | || To show the V-I characteristics of the Transistor, we will keep the base current value constant. | ||
| − | + | Change the value of V1 to 1 volt using the slider. | |
| − | + | Now, gradually increase the value of V2 using the other slider. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Notice the V-I characteristics of the graph. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | The X-axis represents the voltage through the collector-emitter junction that is Vce. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | And the Y-axis represents the current flowing through the collector that is Ic. | |
| − | + | |- | |
| + | || Drag the slider V2 | ||
| + | || Let us perform the same exercise for different values of variable voltage V1. | ||
| − | + | First, reset the V2 power supply voltage to 0 volts using the slider. | |
| − | + | Now, increase the V1 power supply to 2 volts using the slider. | |
| − | + | Now, gradually increase the voltage supply V2 and observe the V-I characteristics. | |
| − | + | You will see that after some point, the LED starts to glow. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | In this case, you will see the current '''I''' is greater than the previous reading. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Note the current and voltage values of I and V shown in the box. | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || V-I Char_3Volt.png | ||
| + | || Repeat the same process for variable voltage V1 of 3 volts. | ||
| − | + | Use a voltage slider to give precise value to the power supply. | |
| + | |- | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | || The brightness of the LED depends on the power supply V1. | ||
| − | + | If the power supply V1 at the base terminal is zero, the LED will not glow in the circuit. | |
| − | + | Note that the base voltage controls the current flowing through the transistor. | |
| − | + | This is similar to the analogy of the water tap. | |
| − | + | This shows that an NPN transistor can also be used as a switch. | |
| − | |- | + | |- |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 8''': |
| − | + | '''Importance of NPN over PNP''' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | || Let us see why NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | || | + | |
| − | + | * Electrons exhibit high mobility in semiconductor materials. | |
| + | * An NPN transistor consists of electrons as majority charge carriers. | ||
| + | * The silicon based transistors are economically carried out using large N-type silicon wafers. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| + | || | ||
| + | || This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Slide 9''': | ||
| − | + | '''Summary''' | |
| + | || In this tutorial, we learnt about | ||
| + | * Transistor | ||
| + | * Types of Transistors | ||
| + | * Transistor Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics. | ||
| + | * Transistor as a Switch | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | |- | + | || '''Slide 10''': |
| − | || | + | |
| − | + | '''Assignment''' | |
| + | || As an assignment, | ||
| + | * Follow the same steps to plot a graph of '''V vs I ''' for values V1 = 4 volts and V1 = 5 volts. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | || | + | || '''Slide 11''': |
| − | + | '''About Spoken Tutorial project''' | |
| + | || The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project. | ||
| − | + | Please download and watch it. | |
| − | + | |- | |
| + | || '''Slide 12''': | ||
| − | + | '''Spoken Tutorial workshops''' | |
| − | + | || The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates. | |
| − | + | For more details, please write to us. | |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | || '''Slide 13''': | |
| − | |- | + | |
| − | || | + | |
| − | + | '''Forum for specific questions''' | |
| − | || | + | || Please post your timed queries in this forum. |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | || '''Slide 14''': | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | |- | + | '''Acknowledgement''' |
| − | || | + | || Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India |
| + | |- | ||
| + | ||'''Slide 15''': | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | '''Thank You''' | |
| − | || | + | || This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay. |
| − | + | Thank you for joining. | |
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Latest revision as of 13:05, 16 May 2024
| Visual Cue | Narration |
| Slide 1: | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Transistor Characteristics using CircuitJS simulator. |
| Slide 2:
Learning Objectives |
In this tutorial, we will learn about
|
| Slide 3:
System Requirement |
To record this tutorial, I am using:
|
| Slide 4:
Prerequisites |
To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of,
|
| Slide 5:
What is a Transistor? |
|
| Slide 6:
Types of Transistors |
There are two type of transistors
|
| Slide 7:
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) |
In this tutorial we will discuss about Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
A BJT has three terminals: base, collector, and emitter. There are two types of Bipolar Junction Transistors
|
# PNP Transistor.png
|
Let us see how these 3 terminal semiconductors are formed.
A PNP transistor is formed using two diodes. An N-type semiconductor is placed between two P-type semiconductors.
A P-type semiconductor is placed between two N-type semiconductors. |
| # NPN and PNP BJT.png | The NPN and PNP transistors are denoted by these symbols.
The arrow represents the current flow in the transistor. Current always flows from P to N. |
| # NPN_Circuit_Diagram.png | We will create this circuit to demonstrate the working of NPN transistor. |
| Show the diagram | To do this experiment, we will need
|
Water tap analogy
|
Let’s take the example of a water tap to understand the working of an NPN transistor.
Let’s assume, tap knob as base, water inlet as collector and outlet of the tap as emitter. The knob of the tap controls the amount of water coming out of the outlet. The base terminal voltage controls the intensity of light emitted by the LED. When the knob is closed, no water flows through the outlet. Likewise when voltage is not applied at the base terminal, LED will not glow and vice versa. |
| Using the same analogy, the working of the NPN transistor is explained below.
Let us see the working of NPN transistor in circuitjs interface. | |
| Open the circuitjs interface.
Show the terminal |
Open the circuitjs interface.
Click on File and select New Blank Circuit. |
| Add NPN Transistor | Click on Draw, go to Active Components and select Add Transistor (Bipolar, NPN).
Drag and draw the NPN transistor in the working area. |
| Add Resistor | Click on Draw and select Add resistor.
Drag and draw the resistor in the working area. Use the Edit option to change the resistor value to 100 Ohms. Connect this resistor to the emitter terminal of the NPN transistor. |
| Connect ground | Click on Draw, go to Inputs and Sources and select Add Ground component.
Drag and draw the ground component in the working area. Connect the ground component to the resistor as shown. |
| Add LED | Click on Draw, go to Outputs and Labels, and select Add LED.
Drag and draw the LED in the working area. Connect the LED to the collector terminal of the NPN transistor. |
| Add Ammeter | Click on Draw, go to Outputs and Labels, and select Add Ammeter.
Drag and draw the ammeter in the working area. Use the Duplicate option to get one more ammeter. Connect one ammeter to the base terminal of the NPN transistor. Connect the other ammeter to the LED. Use the Swap Terminals option to change the orientation of the ammeter. |
| Add Variable voltage | Click on Draw, go to Inputs and Sources and select Add Variable Voltage component.
Drag and draw the variable voltage in the working area. Use the Duplicate option to get two variable voltage supplies. The default voltage range of the variable power supply is 0 to 5 volts. Connect one variable power supply to the ammeter connected to the base terminal. Then connect the other variable voltage supply to the Ammeter as shown. Use the Edit option to change the voltage range of the variable power supply. Change the voltage range to minimum 0 volts and maximum 20 volts and save the changes. |
| Use Add Text option | Use the Add Text option to give labels to the LED, resistor and variable power supply as shown. |
| CircuitJS explanation | Let us see the V-I characteristics of the NPN transistor connected in this circuit.
Right click on the NPN transistor and select View in New Scope option. A graph will appear at the bottom of your screen. We can see a settings icon at the bottom left corner of the screen. Click on the settings icon. A pop-up window will open. Here, first we have to select the X-Y plots option . Then check the checkbox Show Vce vs Ic. Click on the OK button to save the changes. Increase the size of the graph as shown. |
| While explaining point out | There are two voltage sliders on the right side of your screen.
The first voltage slider is for the voltage supply V1. The second voltage slider is for the voltage supply V2. |
| Perform on circuitjs | Let us first make both the voltage supply values to 0 volts using the respective sliders.
Click on the Reset button. |
| To show the V-I characteristics of the Transistor, we will keep the base current value constant.
Change the value of V1 to 1 volt using the slider. Now, gradually increase the value of V2 using the other slider. Notice the V-I characteristics of the graph. The X-axis represents the voltage through the collector-emitter junction that is Vce. And the Y-axis represents the current flowing through the collector that is Ic. | |
| Drag the slider V2 | Let us perform the same exercise for different values of variable voltage V1.
First, reset the V2 power supply voltage to 0 volts using the slider. Now, increase the V1 power supply to 2 volts using the slider. Now, gradually increase the voltage supply V2 and observe the V-I characteristics. You will see that after some point, the LED starts to glow. In this case, you will see the current I is greater than the previous reading. Note the current and voltage values of I and V shown in the box. |
| V-I Char_3Volt.png | Repeat the same process for variable voltage V1 of 3 volts.
Use a voltage slider to give precise value to the power supply. |
| The brightness of the LED depends on the power supply V1.
If the power supply V1 at the base terminal is zero, the LED will not glow in the circuit. Note that the base voltage controls the current flowing through the transistor. This is similar to the analogy of the water tap. This shows that an NPN transistor can also be used as a switch. | |
| Slide 8:
Importance of NPN over PNP |
Let us see why NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors.
|
| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize. | |
| Slide 9:
Summary |
In this tutorial, we learnt about
|
| Slide 10:
Assignment |
As an assignment,
|
| Slide 11:
About Spoken Tutorial project |
The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
Please download and watch it. |
| Slide 12:
Spoken Tutorial workshops |
The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.
For more details, please write to us. |
| Slide 13:
Forum for specific questions |
Please post your timed queries in this forum. |
| Slide 14:
Acknowledgement |
Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India |
| Slide 15:
|
This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.
Thank you for joining. |
