Difference between revisions of "Ns-3-Network-Simulator/C3/Dynamic-Routing-Protocol/English"

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Line 102: Line 102:
 
|| The address of the network between node 0 and node 2 is 10.1.2.0.
 
|| The address of the network between node 0 and node 2 is 10.1.2.0.
  
−
Similarly, the addresses for other networks are set.
+
Similarly, the addresses of the other networks are set.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''pointToPoint.Install(n01)'''
 
|| Highlight '''pointToPoint.Install(n01)'''
Line 110: Line 110:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight''' NetDeviceContainer nd01'''
 
|| Highlight''' NetDeviceContainer nd01'''
−
|| The '''Install '''method returns an object of '''NetDeviceContainer''' class.
+
|| The '''Install ''' method returns an object of '''NetDeviceContainer''' class.
  
 
We store it in object nd01.
 
We store it in object nd01.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight''' Address.Assign(nd01)'''
 
|| Highlight''' Address.Assign(nd01)'''
−
|| The '''Assign '''method assigns '''IP addresses''' to the nodes.
+
|| The '''Assign '''method assigns ''' IP addresses''' to the nodes.
  
−
The''' IP addresses''' are based on the network address..
+
The ''' IP addresses''' are based on the network address.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer i01'''
 
|| Highlight '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer i01'''
Line 137: Line 137:
 
We get the '''IP address''' of node 5 using the i45 object.
 
We get the '''IP address''' of node 5 using the i45 object.
  
−
The '''GetAddress '''method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.
+
The '''GetAddress ''' method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.
  
−
Please note that the indexing is within the i45 interface.
+
Please note that the indexing is within i45 interface.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''onoff.SetConstantRate(DataRate("2kbps"))'''
 
|| Highlight '''onoff.SetConstantRate(DataRate("2kbps"))'''
 
|| Then, we set the properties for the application.
 
|| Then, we set the properties for the application.
  
−
The '''data rate '''is set to 2kbps.
+
The '''data rate ''' is set to 2kbps.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''onoff.SetAttribute'''
 
|| Highlight '''onoff.SetAttribute'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''apps.Start(Seconds(1.0))'''
 
|| Highlight '''apps.Start(Seconds(1.0))'''
−
|| Set the start time for the apps to 1 second from the start of simulation.
+
|| Set the start time for the apps to 1 second from the start of the simulation.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''apps.Stop(Seconds(16.0))'''
 
|| Highlight '''apps.Stop(Seconds(16.0))'''
−
|| Similarly set the stop time to 16 seconds from the start of simulation.
+
|| Similarly set the stop time to 16 seconds from the start of the simulation.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''
 
|| Highlight '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''
Line 169: Line 169:
 
|| Then we create an output stream, with the class '''OutputStreamWrapper.'''
 
|| Then we create an output stream, with the class '''OutputStreamWrapper.'''
  
−
The '''OutputStreamWrapper '''encapsulates an output stream.
+
The '''OutputStreamWrapper ''' encapsulates an output stream.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''global-routing.routes'''
 
|| Highlight '''global-routing.routes'''
Line 175: Line 175:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt'''
 
|| Highlight '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt'''
−
|| The '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt '''sets the time at which the routing tables are printed.
+
|| The '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt ''' sets the time at which the routing tables are printed.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''Seconds (2)'''
 
|| Highlight '''Seconds (2)'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''n1->GetObject<Ipv4>'''
 
|| Highlight '''n1->GetObject<Ipv4>'''
−
|| Then, we get the '''IPv4 '''class object for the node using the '''GetObject '''method.
+
|| Then, we get the '''IPv4 ''' class object for the node using the '''GetObject ''' method.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''ipv4ifIndex1 = 1'''
 
|| Highlight '''ipv4ifIndex1 = 1'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''anim.SetConstantPosition'''
 
|| Highlight '''anim.SetConstantPosition'''
−
|| Then set the positions for the nodes using the '''SetConstantPosition '''function.  
+
|| Then set the positions for the nodes using the '''SetConstantPosition ''' function.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Run()'''
 
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Run()'''
−
|| The '''Run '''function is used to run the simulation
+
|| The '''Run '''function is used to run the simulation.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Destroy()'''
 
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Destroy()'''
−
|| And '''Destroy '''function ends the simulation
+
|| And '''Destroy '''function ends the simulation.
  
 
Close the text editor.
 
Close the text editor.
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|| Now we will observe the simulation.  
 
|| Now we will observe the simulation.  
  
−
Using the '''cd '''command, navigate to the installation directory of '''ns-3'''.
+
Using the '''cd ''' command, navigate to the installation directory of '''ns-3'''.
  
 
Go to the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
 
Go to the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
  
−
Move your source file to the '''scratch '''directory within the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
+
Move your source file to the '''scratch ''' directory within the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Type ./'''ns3 run scratch/DynamicRouting.cc'''
 
|| Type ./'''ns3 run scratch/DynamicRouting.cc'''
−
|| Run the command '''dot forward slash''' '''ns3 run space scratch forward slash DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc.'''
+
|| Run the command '''dot forward slash''' '''ns3 run space scratch forward slash DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc'''.
  
−
'''DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc '''is the name of the source file.  
+
'''DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc ''' is the name of the source file.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Keep the terminal open and show the output of the command  
 
|| Keep the terminal open and show the output of the command  
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|| The routes file is created in the same directory from which we run the simulation.
 
|| The routes file is created in the same directory from which we run the simulation.
  
−
In this case, it is '''ns-3.38 '''directory.
+
In this case, it is '''ns-3.38 ''' directory.
  
 
In the directory, a file with the name '''global-routing.routes '''should appear.
 
In the directory, a file with the name '''global-routing.routes '''should appear.
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|| Now, to visualize the network, we will use '''NetAnim'''.  
 
|| Now, to visualize the network, we will use '''NetAnim'''.  
  
−
Navigate to the '''netanim '''directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38.'''
+
Navigate to the '''netanim '''directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Type ./'''NetAnim'''
 
|| Type ./'''NetAnim'''
−
|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim. '''The '''NetAnim '''window will open.
+
|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim'''. '''NetAnim '''window will open.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
 
|| Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
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|-
 
|-
 
|| On the toolbar, click on the play button
 
|| On the toolbar, click on the play button
−
|| On the toolbar, click on the play button to view the simulation.
+
|| On the toolbar, click on the '''Play Animation''' button to view the simulation.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Hover the cursor over node 0.
 
|| Hover the cursor over node 0.

Revision as of 13:24, 22 March 2024

Visual Cue Narration
Slide:1 Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Dynamic routing protocols in ns-3.
Show slide:

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn to
  • Create a multi-path topology
  • Schedule down times for links
  • Implement OSPF dynamic routing
Show slide:

System Requirements

To record this tutorial, I am using:
  • Ubuntu Linux operating system version 22.04
  • ns-3.38
  • NetAnim visualizer tool
Show slide:

Prerequisite

https://spoken-tutorial.org/

To follow this tutorial
  • You must have basic knowledge of Linux and ns-3
  • For pre-requisite Linux and ns-3 tutorials, please visit this website
Show slide:

Code files

  • The files used in this tutorial are provided in the Code files link
  • Please download and extract the files
  • Make a copy and then use them while practicing
Show slide:

What is OSPF Routing?

  • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link state routing protocol
  • It determines the shortest path between the source and the destination
Show diagram:

Network topology with 6 nodes and four paths

For this tutorial, we would be creating the following topology:
  • The topology consists of 6 nodes
  • Node 0 is the client node
  • Node 5 is the server node
  • There are four paths from client to server
  • Each link is point-to-point connection
Open the file DynamicRouting.cc in text editor I have created the source file DynamicRoutingprotocols.cc for this program.

Now we will go through the source code in the text editor.

The source code contains the required functions to implement OSPF dynamic routing.

Highlight Config::SetDefault("ns3::Ipv4GlobalRouting::RespondToInterfaceEvents", BooleanValue(true)) Using the SetDefault method, we first enable dynamic routing.

RespondToInterfaceEvents enables the ns-3 program to automatically change routes.

Highlight

NodeContainer p2pNodes

p2pNodes.Create(6)

The node container contains 6 nodes.
Highlight stack.Install(p2pNodes); Let’s install an internet stack on the nodes.
Highlight NodeContainer n01, n02, n23, n14, n15, n45; Next we create 6 more node containers.

These containers are for the individual point-to-point networks.

The node containers are n01, n02, n23, n34, n14, n15 and n45.

Highlight Address.SetBase Then we assign base addresses to the point-to-point networks.
Highlight 10.1.1.0 The address of the network between node 0 and node 1 is 10.1.1.0.
Highlight 10.1.2.0 The address of the network between node 0 and node 2 is 10.1.2.0.

Similarly, the addresses of the other networks are set.

Highlight pointToPoint.Install(n01) The Install method installs point-to-point channels on the nodes.

The nodes are node 0 and node 1 here.

Highlight NetDeviceContainer nd01 The Install method returns an object of NetDeviceContainer class.

We store it in object nd01.

Highlight Address.Assign(nd01) The Assign method assigns IP addresses to the nodes.

The IP addresses are based on the network address.

Highlight Ipv4InterfaceContainer i01 The Assign method returns an Ipv4InterfaceContainer object.

We store it in object i01.

Highlight uint16_t port = 9 Next, we set the port number to 9.
Highlight OnOffHelper onoff Then we create OnOff applications to send packets.
Highlight InetSocketAddress(i45.GetAddress(1), port) Here we create a UDP socket on the remote destination node.

The socket is created on port 9 of node 5.

We get the IP address of node 5 using the i45 object.

The GetAddress method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.

Please note that the indexing is within i45 interface.

Highlight onoff.SetConstantRate(DataRate("2kbps")) Then, we set the properties for the application.

The data rate is set to 2kbps.

Highlight onoff.SetAttribute The packet size is set to 50 bytes.
Highlight ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install(p2pNodes.Get(0)) Create an application container.

Then, install the OnOff application on node 0.

Here the indexing is in the overall network.

Highlight apps.Start(Seconds(1.0)) Set the start time for the apps to 1 second from the start of the simulation.
Highlight apps.Stop(Seconds(16.0)) Similarly set the stop time to 16 seconds from the start of the simulation.
Highlight Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper In order to get the routing tables, we create an Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper object.
Highlight Create<OutputStreamWrapper> Then we create an output stream, with the class OutputStreamWrapper.

The OutputStreamWrapper encapsulates an output stream.

Highlight global-routing.routes The name of the output file is global-routing.routes.
Highlight PrintRoutingTableAllAt The PrintRoutingTableAllAt sets the time at which the routing tables are printed.
Highlight Seconds (2) We print the tables two times.

One at 2 seconds.

Highlight Seconds (12) The other at 12 seconds.
Highlight routingStream The routes are printed to the output stream created earlier.
Only narration We print the tables two times to observe the dynamic selection of routes.

Between the two prints, we shall make the shortest link down.

Then, the next shortest link would be selected dynamically.

In this program, the network between nodes 1 and 5 will be set down.

Highlight Ptr<Node> n1 = p2pNodes.Get(1) Next we create a pointer to the node whose link would be set down.

In this case, it is node 1.

Highlight n1->GetObject<Ipv4> Then, we get the IPv4 class object for the node using the GetObject method.
Highlight ipv4ifIndex1 = 1 Now we need to select the network that has to be set down.

A single node can be connected to multiple networks.

We need to specify the index of the network.

The network indexes start from 1.

For this tutorial, we are deactivating the link between nodes 0 and 1.

It is the first network for node 1.

Hence, the index is 1 here.

Highlight Simulator::Schedule(Seconds(5), &Ipv4::SetDown, ipv41, ipv4ifIndex1) Then, we schedule the down time for the network to 5 seconds.
Highlight AnimationInterface anim Next we create an AnimationInterface object for NetAnim animation.
Highlight anim.SetConstantPosition Then set the positions for the nodes using the SetConstantPosition function.
Highlight Simulator::Run() The Run function is used to run the simulation.
Highlight Simulator::Destroy() And Destroy function ends the simulation.

Close the text editor.

Press Ctrl,Alt and T keys

Type cd ns-allinone-3.38/ns-3.38 to navigate to the ns3 installation directory

Type mv ~/Downloads/DynamicRouting.cc scratch/DynamicRouting.cc

Now we will observe the simulation.

Using the cd command, navigate to the installation directory of ns-3.

Go to the ns-3.38 directory.

Move your source file to the scratch directory within the ns-3.38 directory.

Type ./ns3 run scratch/DynamicRouting.cc Run the command dot forward slash ns3 run space scratch forward slash DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc.

DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc is the name of the source file.

Keep the terminal open and show the output of the command After compilation, there is no output on the terminal.

We shall observe the routing tables in the routes file created earlier.

Switch to file manager and open the ns-3.38 directory.

Select the global-routing.routes file.

The routes file is created in the same directory from which we run the simulation.

In this case, it is ns-3.38 directory.

In the directory, a file with the name global-routing.routes should appear.

Open the global-routing.routes file.

Highlight Node: 0, Time: +2s

Open the file by double clicking on it.

In the file for each node, the following details are shown:

  • The destination address
  • The gateway
  • The network mask
  • Flags
  • Metric
  • Use
  • Interface
Highlight Destination and Gateway. The destination address and the gateway are of interest to us.

These represent the possible paths that the packet can take.

Hover over the table under node 0. As configured earlier, the tables are printed two times.
Highlight Time: +2s Once at 2 seconds, and the next at 12 seconds.

At 5 seconds, the link between nodes 0 and 1 goes down.

Scroll down and highlight Node: 0, Time: +12s Hence, at 12 seconds, the routes are different.
Hover over the table under node 0. You may inspect the routing tables to see the difference.
Type cd ~/ns-allinone-3.38/netanim to navigate to the netanim directory. Now, to visualize the network, we will use NetAnim.

Navigate to the netanim directory under ns-allinone-3.38.

Type ./NetAnim Now type dot forward slash NetAnim. NetAnim window will open.
Click on the Open XML trace file icon on the top left corner of the window. Click on the Open XML trace file icon on the top left corner of the window.
In the file picker, navigate to the ns-allinone-3.38/ns-3.38 directory and select the DynamicRouting.xml file. In the file picker, navigate to the ns-3.38 directory.

Select the DynamicRouting.xml file.

On the toolbar, click on the Node Size drop down button, and select size 10. On the toolbar, click on the Node Size drop down button.

Select size 10.

On the toolbar, click on the play button On the toolbar, click on the Play Animation button to view the simulation.
Hover the cursor over node 0. We see the circles representing the nodes.

The packets go from node 0 to node 5, via node 1.

Move the cursor over the link between node 0 and node 1. The lines with arrows represent the transfer of packets.
Move the cursor from node 0 to node 1.

Then move the cursor from node 1 to node 5.

Move the cursor according to the arrows.

The packets go from node 0 to node 5, via node 1.
Hover over the ‘Sim time’ slider on the toolbar.

Wait for it to cross 5 seconds.

After 5 seconds, the link between nodes 0 and 1 gets down.

Before the link was set down, path 0-1-5 was the shortest.

This route goes from nodes 2, 3 and 4.

Hover the cursor over the arrows as they move from node 0 to node 5.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First

As we can see, the packets automatically switch to the next available route.

The selection of paths is based on the OSPF protocol.

To learn more about OSPF, please refer to this link

Show slide:

Summary

This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to

  • Create a multi-path topology
  • Schedule down times for links
  • Implement OSPF dynamic routing
Show slide:

Assignment

As an assignment, please do the following:
  • Modify the code for the below criteria.
  • Make the link between node 1 and node 4 down at 5 seconds
  • Generate an XML file for animation
Show slide:

Assignment - Observation

In NetAnim, you will observe the change in routes after 5 seconds.

The route from node 0 to node 5 through node 4 gets chosen automatically.

Show slide:

About the Spoken Tutorial Project

The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

Show Slide:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

The Spoken Tutorial Project team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.

Show Slide:

Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial

Please post your timed queries in this forum.
Show Slide:

FOSSEE Forum

For any general or technical questions on ns-3, visit the FOSSEE forum and post your question.
Show slide

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.
Show slide

Acknowledgement

We thank Dr.Moyukh Laha from IIT Kharagpur for his domain support.

We would also like to thank Dr. R. Radha, Dr. X. Anita, and Dr. T. Subbulakshmi from VIT, Chennai for their support

Show slide:

Thank You

This is Josiga, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2023, IIT Bombay signing off.


Thanks for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig, Nirmala Venkat

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