Difference between revisions of "LaTeX/C2/Mathematical-Typesetting/English-timed"
From Script | Spoken-Tutorial
PoojaMoolya (Talk | contribs) |
Sandhya.np14 (Talk | contribs) |
||
Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 00:15 | | 00:15 | ||
− | | In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in | + | | In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in LaTeX. |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:20 | | 00:20 | ||
− | | In particular, | + | | In particular, how to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of '''space'''s and creating them, |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:29 | | 00:29 | ||
− | | Mathematical symbols | + | | Mathematical symbols. |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:31 | | 00:31 | ||
− | | Finally, '''A M S math package''' and its use in creating '''matrices''' | + | | Finally, '''A M S math package''' and its use in creating '''matrices'''. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 00:43 | | 00:43 | ||
− | |I am using '''Ubuntu, TeXworks''' | + | |I am using '''Ubuntu, TeXworks''' and '''LaTeX.''' |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:47 | | 00:47 | ||
− | | The prerequisites are the following | + | | The prerequisites are the following- basic spoken tutorials on LaTeX, |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:53 | | 00:53 | ||
− | | | + | | exposure to the '''side-by-side '''tutorial. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 01:00 | | 01:00 | ||
− | | I shall use the file | + | | I shall use the file 'maths.tex'. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:04 | | 01:04 | ||
− | |It is available as a code file | + | |It is available as a code file in our web page where you found this tutorial. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:11 | | 01:11 | ||
− | |In the same location, you will find this | + | |In the same location, you will find this 'pdf' file from the '''TeX user group, India'''. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 69: | Line 69: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 01:20 | | 01:20 | ||
− | | Let me go to the | + | | Let me go to the ‘TeXworks’ window. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:24 | | 01:24 | ||
− | | I have already opened the file | + | | I have already opened the file 'maths.tex'. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 01:36 | | 01:36 | ||
− | |This command removes the paragraph indent. | + | |This command removes the '''paragraph indent'''. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 01:52 | | 01:52 | ||
− | | We use '''dollar''' sign to get into mathematical mode in | + | | We use '''dollar''' sign to get into mathematical mode in LaTeX. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:57 | | 01:57 | ||
− | | Let us begin with '''alpha''' We write ''' dollar back slash alpha dollar'''. | + | | Let us begin with '''alpha'''. We write ''' dollar back slash alpha dollar'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:06 | | 02:06 | ||
− | | Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter '''alpha''' in the | + | | Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter '''alpha''' in the 'pdf'. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 125: | Line 125: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 02:34 | | 02:34 | ||
− | | Similarly we write '''beta, gamma | + | | Similarly we write '''beta, gamma''' and '''delta'''. Let us compile. |
|- | |- | ||
|02:50 | |02:50 | ||
− | |I did not save the | + | |I did not save the 'tex' file, as '''TeXworks''' does it automatically. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 137: | Line 137: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 03:00 | | 03:00 | ||
− | | We will next take up the concept of | + | | We will next take up the concept of '''space'''s in mathematical expressions. |
|- | |- | ||
|03:05 | |03:05 | ||
− | |How do we generate '''alpha a''' | + | |How do we generate '''alpha a''', that is, the product of '''alpha''' and 'a'? |
|- | |- | ||
| 03:12 | | 03:12 | ||
− | | Let us try | + | | Let us try 'alpha a'. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 153: | Line 153: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|03:21 | |03:21 | ||
− | | | + | |'LaTeX' complains that 'alpha a' is an undefined control sequence. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 161: | Line 161: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|03:34 | |03:34 | ||
− | | | + | |LaTeX handles this through a '''space''' after every command. |
|- | |- | ||
|03:39 | |03:39 | ||
− | |Let us leave a '''space''' after | + | |Let us leave a '''space''' after 'alpha'. |
|- | |- | ||
|03:44 | |03:44 | ||
− | |Let us abort the compilation. | + | |Let us abort the compilation. Let's recompile; this has solved the problem. |
|- | |- | ||
|03:52 | |03:52 | ||
− | |As it is used to terminate a command, the '''space''' does not appear in | + | |As it is used to terminate a command, the '''space''' does not appear in 'pdf'. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 181: | Line 181: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|04:03 | |04:03 | ||
− | |We have to explicitly tell | + | |We have to explicitly tell LaTeX, as we do now. |
|- | |- | ||
|04:07 | |04:07 | ||
− | |Let us ask | + | |Let us ask LaTeX to start a new line. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 201: | Line 201: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 04:23 | | 04:23 | ||
− | |If you want more '''space''', use | + | |If you want more '''space''', use 'quad', as we do now. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 209: | Line 209: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|04:34 | |04:34 | ||
− | |You can see that | + | |You can see that 'quad' has left a large '''space'''. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 225: | Line 225: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|04:56 | |04:56 | ||
− | |To understand this, let us write | + | |To understand this, let us write “Product of $\alpha and a is”. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 233: | Line 233: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|05:07 | |05:07 | ||
− | | You can see that the font of these two | + | | You can see that the font of these two 'a' s are different. |
|- | |- | ||
| 05:14 | | 05:14 | ||
− | | This is solved by writing this | + | | This is solved by writing this 'a' also inside '''dollar''' signs. |
|- | |- | ||
|05:25 | |05:25 | ||
− | | | + | |Let me compile. |
|- | |- | ||
| 05:27 | | 05:27 | ||
− | | Now the fonts of these | + | | Now the fonts of these two 'a' s are identical. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 261: | Line 261: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 05:43 | | 05:43 | ||
− | | Let us now discuss a rule for creating | + | | Let us now discuss a rule for creating minus signs. |
|- | |- | ||
|05:48 | |05:48 | ||
− | |Suppose that we want to create '''minus alpha''' and compile | + | |Suppose that we want to create '''minus alpha''' and compile. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 277: | Line 277: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 06:07 | | 06:07 | ||
− | | Let us also copy | + | | Let us also copy with the minus sign, inside the dollar sign. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 285: | Line 285: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 06:18 | | 06:18 | ||
− | | See the difference in the | + | | See the difference in the minus sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used. |
|- | |- | ||
|06:27 | |06:27 | ||
− | |Not putting the | + | |Not putting the minus sign within dollars is a common mistake made by beginners. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 297: | Line 297: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 06:36 | | 06:36 | ||
− | | Next we would like to explain the | + | | Next we would like to explain the 'frac' command that is used to create fractions. |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:43 | | 06:43 | ||
− | | frac a b. | + | | 'frac a b'. Let's compile. |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:50 | | 06:50 | ||
− | |It generates ''' | + | |It generates 'a' by 'b'. The command 'frac' is terminated by a '''space'''. It looks for two '''arguments'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|07:00 | |07:00 | ||
− | |The first character | + | |The first character 'a' is taken as the first '''argument'''. It becomes the numerator. |
|- | |- | ||
|07:07 | |07:07 | ||
− | |The second character | + | |The second character 'b' is taken as the second '''argument'''; it becomes the denominator. |
|- | |- | ||
|07:13 | |07:13 | ||
− | |Notice that the size of | + | |Notice that the size of 'a' and 'b' gets reduced automatically. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 325: | Line 325: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 07:24 | | 07:24 | ||
− | | What if we want to create | + | | What if we want to create 'ab' by 'cd'? I want you to try this. |
|- | |- | ||
| 07:31 | | 07:31 | ||
− | | In | + | | In LaTeX, the '''arguments''' longer than one character are enclosed by braces. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 353: | Line 353: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:05 | | 08:05 | ||
− | | | + | |'''x underscore a''' creates '''x sub a'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 08:14 | | 08:14 | ||
− | | The size of | + | | The size of 'a' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level. |
|- | |- | ||
| 08:19 | | 08:19 | ||
− | |What if we want to put | + | |What if we want to put 'ab' as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 369: | Line 369: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:33 | | 08:33 | ||
− | |For example, if you want to create | + | |For example, if you want to create 'x' to the power 3, you will write: '''x up arrow 3'''. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 377: | Line 377: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:48 | | 08:48 | ||
− | |Let us put '''x sub a superscript b''' let’s compile. | + | |Let us put '''x sub a superscript b'''; let’s compile. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 385: | Line 385: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:08 | | 09:08 | ||
− | | Alright | + | | Alright.. next we will move onto '''Matrices'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 09:12 | | 09:12 | ||
− | |The package '''a m s math''' has some | + | |The package '''a m s math''' has some matrix definitions that I like. |
|- | |- | ||
| 09:19 | | 09:19 | ||
− | | Let us include it through the | + | | Let us include it through the 'usepackage' command. |
|- | |- | ||
| 09:26 | | 09:26 | ||
− | | The '''ampersand''', that is the ''''and'''' symbol | + | | The '''ampersand''', that is, the ''''and'''' symbol is used to separate the columns. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 405: | Line 405: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:34 | | 09:34 | ||
− | |We write | + | |We write 'begin matrix' 'a' and 'b', 'end matrix'. Don’t forget the dollar signs. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 417: | Line 417: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:59 | | 09:59 | ||
− | |Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, | + | |Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, 'c, d, e'. Compile it and see the second row also included now. |
|- | |- | ||
| 10:11 | | 10:11 | ||
− | |Supposing we change matrix to | + | |Supposing we change matrix to 'pmatrix', at 'begin' and 'end'. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 433: | Line 433: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:28 | | 10:28 | ||
− | | Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial | + | | Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial- |
|- | |- | ||
| 10:31 | | 10:31 | ||
− | | Entering and leaving the mathematical mode | + | | |
+ | * Entering and leaving the mathematical mode | ||
+ | * Using '''space'''s and creating them | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:37 | | 10:37 | ||
− | |Fractions, subscripts and superscripts | + | | |
+ | * Fractions, subscripts and superscripts | ||
+ | * Defining an '''argument''' with in braces | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:44 | | 10:44 | ||
− | | | + | | |
+ | * 'amsmath' package to create matrices. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 457: | Line 462: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11:01 | | 11:01 | ||
− | | This assignment is on fractions using braces | + | | This assignment is on fractions using braces. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 469: | Line 474: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11:17 | | 11:17 | ||
− | | This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols | + | | This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 509: | Line 514: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12:04 | | 12:04 | ||
− | | We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials.''' Give certificates | + | | We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials.''' Give certificates. Please contact us. |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:11 | | 12:11 | ||
− | | Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?''' please visit this site choose the minute and second where you have the question. | + | | Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?''' please visit this site, choose the minute and second where you have the question. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 529: | Line 534: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12:44 | | 12:44 | ||
− | | For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address | + | | For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address. |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:50 | | 12:50 | ||
− | | This is a great place to get answers on | + | | This is a great place to get answers on LaTeX. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 541: | Line 546: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 13:03 | | 13:03 | ||
− | | | + | | Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India. |
|- | |- |
Revision as of 17:55, 4 October 2016
|
|
---|---|
00:01 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Mathematical Typesetting in LaTeX. |
00:06 | My name is Kannan Moudgalya. |
00:08 | A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex. |
00:15 | In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in LaTeX. |
00:20 | In particular, how to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of spaces and creating them, |
00:29 | Mathematical symbols. |
00:31 | Finally, A M S math package and its use in creating matrices. |
00:37 | I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop. |
00:43 | I am using Ubuntu, TeXworks and LaTeX. |
00:47 | The prerequisites are the following- basic spoken tutorials on LaTeX, |
00:53 | exposure to the side-by-side tutorial. |
00:56 | All are available from our website. |
01:00 | I shall use the file 'maths.tex'. |
01:04 | It is available as a code file in our web page where you found this tutorial. |
01:11 | In the same location, you will find this 'pdf' file from the TeX user group, India. |
01:17 | We shall use it when we do assignments |
01:20 | Let me go to the ‘TeXworks’ window. |
01:24 | I have already opened the file 'maths.tex'. |
01:27 | Please download this file and practise along with me. |
01:32 | We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file. |
01:36 | This command removes the paragraph indent. |
01:42 | We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment. |
01:47 | Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics. |
01:52 | We use dollar sign to get into mathematical mode in LaTeX. |
01:57 | Let us begin with alpha. We write dollar back slash alpha dollar. |
02:06 | Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter alpha in the 'pdf'. |
02:15 | The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode. |
02:20 | The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode. |
02:24 | From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash. |
02:30 | But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen. |
02:34 | Similarly we write beta, gamma and delta. Let us compile. |
02:50 | I did not save the 'tex' file, as TeXworks does it automatically. |
02:56 | Let us delete these. |
03:00 | We will next take up the concept of spaces in mathematical expressions. |
03:05 | How do we generate alpha a, that is, the product of alpha and 'a'? |
03:12 | Let us try 'alpha a'. |
03:17 | Let me compile. |
03:21 | 'LaTeX' complains that 'alpha a' is an undefined control sequence. |
03:27 | It says that it does not understand this command. Let me close this. |
03:34 | LaTeX handles this through a space after every command. |
03:39 | Let us leave a space after 'alpha'. |
03:44 | Let us abort the compilation. Let's recompile; this has solved the problem. |
03:52 | As it is used to terminate a command, the space does not appear in 'pdf'. |
03:57 | What do we do if we WANT to introduce spaces in the output? |
04:03 | We have to explicitly tell LaTeX, as we do now. |
04:07 | Let us ask LaTeX to start a new line. |
04:11 | Let us write alpha backslash space a. |
04:17 | Compile it. |
04:20 | This has created a space. |
04:23 | If you want more space, use 'quad', as we do now. |
04:31 | Compile it. |
04:34 | You can see that 'quad' has left a large space. |
04:40 | We will now move to another topic. |
04:43 | Let us delete the last two lines. Let’s compile. |
04:50 | What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode? |
04:56 | To understand this, let us write “Product of $\alpha and a is”. |
05:04 | Compile. |
05:07 | You can see that the font of these two 'a' s are different. |
05:14 | This is solved by writing this 'a' also inside dollar signs. |
05:25 | Let me compile. |
05:27 | Now the fonts of these two 'a' s are identical. |
05:32 | Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake. |
05:37 | Let’s get rid of these. |
05:40 | Let’s compile. |
05:43 | Let us now discuss a rule for creating minus signs. |
05:48 | Suppose that we want to create minus alpha and compile. |
05:58 | Let’s compile. |
06:01 | Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here. |
06:07 | Let us also copy with the minus sign, inside the dollar sign. |
06:15 | Let us compile again. |
06:18 | See the difference in the minus sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used. |
06:27 | Not putting the minus sign within dollars is a common mistake made by beginners. |
06:33 | Let us delete all of these. |
06:36 | Next we would like to explain the 'frac' command that is used to create fractions. |
06:43 | 'frac a b'. Let's compile. |
06:50 | It generates 'a' by 'b'. The command 'frac' is terminated by a space. It looks for two arguments. |
07:00 | The first character 'a' is taken as the first argument. It becomes the numerator. |
07:07 | The second character 'b' is taken as the second argument; it becomes the denominator. |
07:13 | Notice that the size of 'a' and 'b' gets reduced automatically. |
07:20 | What do we do if we have longer characters? |
07:24 | What if we want to create 'ab' by 'cd'? I want you to try this. |
07:31 | In LaTeX, the arguments longer than one character are enclosed by braces. |
07:37 | For example, let us put braces here. |
07:41 | When we compile this, we get the desired output. |
07:47 | All the entries within the braces are taken as a single argument. |
07:52 | As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces. Let us delete all of these. |
08:01 | Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts. |
08:05 | x underscore a creates x sub a. |
08:14 | The size of 'a' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level. |
08:19 | What if we want to put 'ab' as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself. |
08:28 | Superscripts are created by the caret or the up arrow symbol. |
08:33 | For example, if you want to create 'x' to the power 3, you will write: x up arrow 3. |
08:43 | We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously. |
08:48 | Let us put x sub a superscript b; let’s compile. |
08:58 | Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts. Let me delete this. |
09:08 | Alright.. next we will move onto Matrices. |
09:12 | The package a m s math has some matrix definitions that I like. |
09:19 | Let us include it through the 'usepackage' command. |
09:26 | The ampersand, that is, the 'and' symbol is used to separate the columns. |
09:31 | Let us create a matrix now. |
09:34 | We write 'begin matrix' 'a' and 'b', 'end matrix'. Don’t forget the dollar signs. |
09:44 | Compile and see the matrix, as expected. |
09:49 | Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this, we put two back slashes, meaning, go to the next line. |
09:59 | Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, 'c, d, e'. Compile it and see the second row also included now. |
10:11 | Supposing we change matrix to 'pmatrix', at 'begin' and 'end'. |
10:17 | Compile and get this. |
10:21 | It is now time for you to start exploring. Let us go to the slides now. |
10:28 | Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial- |
10:31 |
|
10:37 |
|
10:44 |
|
10:48 | Let me give some assignments. |
10:51 | This assignment is on spaces - large and small, please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment. |
11:01 | This assignment is on fractions using braces. |
11:06 | This assignment is on subscripts and superscripts. |
11:11 | Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices. |
11:17 | This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols. |
11:21 | This is based on the TUG India LaTeX guide. Let us see that document now. |
11:29 | I already asked you to download this document from our web page. |
11:34 | You will reproduce some symbols given in this document. |
11:39 | You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment. |
11:43 | This assignment is also based on the TUG India document. |
11:48 | You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment. |
11:53 | This brings us to the end of this tutorial. |
11:56 | This video summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. |
12:00 | If you do not have good bandwidth, you may download and watch it. |
12:04 | We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials. Give certificates. Please contact us. |
12:11 | Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? please visit this site, choose the minute and second where you have the question. |
12:20 | Explain your question briefly. Someone from our team will answer them. |
12:27 | The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial. Please do not post unrelated and general questions. |
12:36 | This will help reduce the clutter. With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material. |
12:44 | For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit stack exchange at this address. |
12:50 | This is a great place to get answers on LaTeX. |
12:53 | You may also have questions on our workshops, certificates, etc. For this, get in touch with us at this email address. |
13:03 | Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India. |
13:09 | Thanks for joining Goodbye. |