Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed"
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| − | | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. | + | | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Linux File Attributes'''. |
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| 00:05 | | 00:05 | ||
| − | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5 | + | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5''' and '''testchown.''' |
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|00:18 | |00:18 | ||
| − | |Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also | + | |Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also. |
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| 00:25 | | 00:25 | ||
| − | | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. | + | | A '''file attribute''' is '''metadata''' that describes or is associated with a computer file. |
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|00:34 | |00:34 | ||
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| 00:46 | | 00:46 | ||
| − | | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. | + | | '''c-h own''' command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an '''admin command''', '''root''' user only can change the owner of a file or directory. |
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| 01:01 | | 01:01 | ||
| − | | The syntax of chown command is '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname ''' | + | | The syntax of the '''chown''' command is: '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname'''. |
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| 01:13 | | 01:13 | ||
| − | | We may give following options with '''chown''' command. | + | | We may give the following options with '''chown''' command. |
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|01:18 | |01:18 | ||
| − | |'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the | + | |'''-R''' : To change the '''permission''' on files that are in the sub-directories of the directory that you are currently in. |
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|01:28 | |01:28 | ||
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|01:32 | |01:32 | ||
| − | |'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. | + | |'''-f''' : Prevents '''ch own''' from displaying error messages. |
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| 01:37 | | 01:37 | ||
| − | | Now we will look at some examples | + | | Now, we will look at some examples. |
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| 01:41 | | 01:41 | ||
| − | | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press | + | | So, go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that, '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press '''Enter'''. |
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| 01:56 | | 01:56 | ||
| − | | Now type the command '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. | + | | Now type the command: '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press '''Enter'''. |
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| 02:11 | | 02:11 | ||
| − | | Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is | + | | Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is "shahid". |
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| 02:18 | | 02:18 | ||
| − | | To change the owner of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space | + | | To change the '''owner''' of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press '''Enter'''. |
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| 02:36 | | 02:36 | ||
| − | | Enter the '''sudo''' password and press Enter again. Press | + | | Enter the '''sudo''' password and press '''Enter''' again. Press '''Enter'''. |
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| 02:44 | | 02:44 | ||
| − | | Now type '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press Enter | + | | Now type: '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press '''Enter'''. |
| − | Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. | + | Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha". |
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| 03:03 | | 03:03 | ||
| − | | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory | + | | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory. |
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|03:07 | |03:07 | ||
| − | |Type the command ''' ls space -l''' and press Enter | + | |Type the command: ''' ls space -l''' and press '''Enter'''. Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is "shahid". |
| − | Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is shahid | + | |
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| 03:22 | | 03:22 | ||
| − | | To change the owner of the directory, type the command | + | | To change the owner of the directory, type the command: |
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|03:26 | |03:26 | ||
| − | |'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press Enter | + | |'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press '''Enter'''. |
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|03:44 | |03:44 | ||
| − | |Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. | + | |Enter the sudo password, if required, and press '''Enter''' again. |
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| 03:49 | | 03:49 | ||
| − | | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type '''ls space -l''' press Enter | + | | I will clear the screen by pressing '''Clt+L''' for our convenience. Now type: '''ls space -l''' and press '''Enter'''. Here we can see the new owner of the directory is "anusha". |
| − | Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. | + | |
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| 04:06 | | 04:06 | ||
Revision as of 15:08, 11 August 2015
| Time | Narration |
| 00:01 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |
| 00:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5 and testchown. |
| 00:18 | Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also. |
| 00:25 | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. |
| 00:34 | File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. |
| 00:46 | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. |
| 01:01 | The syntax of the chown command is: chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname. |
| 01:13 | We may give the following options with chown command. |
| 01:18 | -R : To change the permission on files that are in the sub-directories of the directory that you are currently in. |
| 01:28 | -c : Change the permission for each file. |
| 01:32 | -f : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. |
| 01:37 | Now, we will look at some examples. |
| 01:41 | So, go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that, cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press Enter. |
| 01:56 | Now type the command: ls space -l space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. |
| 02:11 | Here we can see the owner of the file testchown is "shahid". |
| 02:18 | To change the owner of the file, type the command sudo space c-h own space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. |
| 02:36 | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press Enter. |
| 02:44 | Now type: ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha". |
| 03:03 | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory. |
| 03:07 | Type the command: ls space -l and press Enter. Here we can see the owner of the directory test_chown is "shahid". |
| 03:22 | To change the owner of the directory, type the command: |
| 03:26 | sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown which is directory name and press Enter. |
| 03:44 | Enter the sudo password, if required, and press Enter again. |
| 03:49 | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type: ls space -l and press Enter. Here we can see the new owner of the directory is "anusha". |
| 04:06 | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. |
| 04:13 | Syntax of the chmod command is chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename
We may give the following options with chmod command. |
| 04:29 | -c : Print information about files that are changed. |
| 04:34 | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. |
| 04:41 | There are following types of access or permissions |
| 04:44 | r that is Read
w that is Write x that is Execute s that is Set user (or group) ID |
| 04:54 | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. |
| 05:00 | The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission. |
| 05:09 | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:
4 that is Read 2 that is Write 1 that is Execute |
| 05:20 | Now we will look at some examples of chmod. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. |
| 05:30 | Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l. |
| 05:36 | Now lets type chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter |
| 05:49 | Now type ls space -l space example1
press Enter to see the changes |
| 06:01 | Here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1 |
| 06:15 | Now type the command chmod space 751 space example1
press Enter |
| 06:26 | Now type ls space -l space example1 and press Enter |
| 06:35 | Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1. |
| 06:52 | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command chmod space =r space example1
and press Enter |
| 07:08 | Now type the command ls space -l space example1
press Enter |
| 07:19 | Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone |
| 07:30 | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command |
| 7:44 | chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1
press Enter |
| 08:00 | Now type ls space -l press Enter to see the changes
|
| 08:09 | To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command
chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter |
| 08:27 | Now type the command ls space -l space example2 and press Enter |
| 08:40 | Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 |
| 08:50 | To add the write permissions to the group for file example3, type the command
chmod space g+w space example3. Press Enter |
| 09:10 | and now type ls space -l space example3 press Enter |
| 09:24 | Here we can see the write permission has been added to group |
| 09:30 | To remove the write permissions for all type the command chmod space a-w space example3
press Enter |
| 09:45 | Now type ls space -l space example3 press Enter |
| 09:55 | Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed |
| 10:02 | chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup. |
| 10:10 | Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group. |
| 10:20 | Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group. |
| 10:26 | The syntax for the chgrp command is chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files. |
| 10:36 | Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.
type the command ls space -l space example4 press Enter |
| 10:57 | Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid |
| 11:03 | To change the group permission , type the command sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4 |
| 11:20 | press Enter. Enter the sudo password if required. |
| 11:27 | Now type the command ls space -l space example4
press Enter |
| 11:38 | Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit. |
| 11:46 | The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device. |
| 11:51 | Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. |
| 11:57 | All the files are hard links to inodes. |
| 12:00 | Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode. |
| 12:12 | We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file. |
| 12:19 | type the command ls space -i space example5 press Enter |
| 12:29 | Number written before the file is the inode number of the file. |
| 12:35 | Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time. |
| 12:41 | Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.
ln is the command to make link |
| 12:52 | The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is |
| 12:57 | ln space source space link where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create. |
| 13:06 | Now we will look at some examples of hard links |
| 13:10 | Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter |
| 13:25 | To display the inode number of both the files, type the command
ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter |
| 13:41 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1 |
| 13:54 | Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path. |
| 14:07 | The syntax of ln command to create soft links is |
| 14:12 | ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} |
| 14:19 | Now we will look at some examples of soft link |
| 14:25 | To create the soft link, type the command ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft |
| 14:40 | press Enter |
| 14:43 | Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command
ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft |
| 15:01 | press Enter |
| 15:03 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1. |
| 15:16 | So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file. |
| 15:26 | We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file. |
| 15:31 | This brings me to the end of this tutorial. |
| 15:35 | Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. |
| 15:44 | More information on the same is available at the following link. |
| 15:50 | This script is contributed by Anusha Ambala and Shahid. Thanks or joining. |
