Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/File-System/English-timed"
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− | |I am using | + | |I am using Linux Operating system. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:08 |
|We assume that you know how to get started with the Linux operating system and have some basic idea about commands. | |We assume that you know how to get started with the Linux operating system and have some basic idea about commands. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:16 |
|If you are interested, it is available through another spoken tutorial, on the following website http://spoken-tutorial.org | |If you are interested, it is available through another spoken tutorial, on the following website http://spoken-tutorial.org | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:28 |
|Also note that linux is case sensitive. | |Also note that linux is case sensitive. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:32 |
| All the commands used in this tutorial are in lower case unless otherwise mentioned. | | All the commands used in this tutorial are in lower case unless otherwise mentioned. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:41 |
|In Linux almost everything is a file. | |In Linux almost everything is a file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:44 |
|So what is a file? In real life we know that a file is where we store our documents and papers. | |So what is a file? In real life we know that a file is where we store our documents and papers. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:54 |
|Similarly in Linux a file is a container for storing information. | |Similarly in Linux a file is a container for storing information. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 01:00 |
|Next what is a directory? | |Next what is a directory? | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 01:03 |
|A directory can be understood as a collection of files and other (sub)directories. | |A directory can be understood as a collection of files and other (sub)directories. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:10 |
|A directory helps us in organising our files in a systematic manner. | |A directory helps us in organising our files in a systematic manner. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:16 |
|This is like what we call folders in Windows. | |This is like what we call folders in Windows. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:20 |
| It allows different users to have their own directories with their files which others cannot access or modify. | | It allows different users to have their own directories with their files which others cannot access or modify. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:30 |
|Also if there are no directories, all the files on the system need to have unique names,which would be very difficult to maintain. | |Also if there are no directories, all the files on the system need to have unique names,which would be very difficult to maintain. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:41 |
− | | | + | |These definitions of files and directories are good to get a general feel about them, they are not entirely accurate. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:51 |
|As well as its contents, a file has a name and some properties, or “administrative information”; that is, the file’s creation/modification date and its permissions. | |As well as its contents, a file has a name and some properties, or “administrative information”; that is, the file’s creation/modification date and its permissions. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 02:05 |
− | | | + | |Thus properties are stored in the file’s inode, a special block of data in the file system that also contains the length of the file and where on the disk it’s stored. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 02: | + | | 02:20 |
− | |The system uses the number of the file’s inode; the directory structure just names the file for our benefit as its easier for us to remember names than | + | |The system uses the number of the file’s '''inode''' ; the directory structure just names the file for our benefit as its easier for us to remember names than larger numbers. |
|- | |- | ||
− | |02: | + | |02:35 |
|Contrary to its oversimplified definition, a directory doesnot actually store other files ,it is itself a file that holds the inode numbers and names of other files. | |Contrary to its oversimplified definition, a directory doesnot actually store other files ,it is itself a file that holds the inode numbers and names of other files. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 02: | + | | 02:49 |
|In fact in Linux there are three kinds of files: | |In fact in Linux there are three kinds of files: | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 02: | + | | 02:54 |
− | | | + | |Regular Files or Ordinary files: It contains only data , as a stream of characters. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 03:01 |
− | | | + | |Directories: As we just saw in the previous slides. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 03:07 |
− | | | + | |Device Files: All hardware devices and peripherals are represented as files in Linux. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 03:14 |
|A CD, a Harddisk or even an usb stick, everything is a file in Linux. But why is this so? This helps to read and write these devices in a way similar to that for ordinary files. | |A CD, a Harddisk or even an usb stick, everything is a file in Linux. But why is this so? This helps to read and write these devices in a way similar to that for ordinary files. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 03: | + | | 03:32 |
|All files in Linux are related, in short all form a family much like we do. | |All files in Linux are related, in short all form a family much like we do. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 03: | + | | 03:39 |
|A directory containing say some files and subdirectories will have a parent – child relationship with each other. This gives rise to the Linux File System Tree. | |A directory containing say some files and subdirectories will have a parent – child relationship with each other. This gives rise to the Linux File System Tree. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 03: | + | | 03:52 |
|At the top is the root( denoted by a frontslash /). It contains all the other files and directories. | |At the top is the root( denoted by a frontslash /). It contains all the other files and directories. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 04:04 |
|This also helps in easy navigation from one file or directory to other, if we know the correct path. | |This also helps in easy navigation from one file or directory to other, if we know the correct path. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 04:12 |
|As we work with a Linux file system, it seems that we are moving along this tree. | |As we work with a Linux file system, it seems that we are moving along this tree. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 04:18 |
|One command and there you are teleported from one place to other. | |One command and there you are teleported from one place to other. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:24 |
|Sounds interesting!! Indeed it is. As we will see. | |Sounds interesting!! Indeed it is. As we will see. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:29 |
|When we login into the Linux system we are by default in a home directory. | |When we login into the Linux system we are by default in a home directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:36 |
|Now Switch to the terminal. | |Now Switch to the terminal. | ||
+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:39 |
− | + | |To see the home directory , Type at the command prompt "'echo space dollar H-O-M-E in capital"' and press enter. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | |To see the home directory , Type at the command prompt | + | |
− | "echo space dollar H-O-M-E in capital" and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:53 |
− | |This gives the pathname of our home directory. | + | |This gives the pathname of our '''home''' directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:57 |
|We can move around from one directory to other. | |We can move around from one directory to other. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 05:01 |
− | |But any time we can be in one directory and this directory is known as the current directory or working directory | + | |But any time we can be in one directory and this directory is known as the current directory or working directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 05:09 |
− | |The pwd command helps us to see the current directory. pwd stands for present working directory. | + | |The '''pwd''' command helps us to see the current directory. '''pwd''' stands for present working directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:18 |
− | |Type at the command prompt "pwd" and press enter. Now this is our present working directory. | + | |Type at the command prompt '"pwd'" and press enter. Now this is our present working directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:28 |
|We have said that we can move from one directory to other. | |We have said that we can move from one directory to other. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:32 |
− | |But how do we do so? We have the cd command for this purpose. | + | |But how do we do so? We have the '''cd''' command for this purpose. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:39 |
− | |You have to type the command cd followed by the pathname of the directory you want to move to. | + | |You have to type the command '''cd''' followed by the pathname of the directory you want to move to. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:47 |
− | |Lets again see our current directory by typing pwd at the command prompt and press enter. | + | |Lets again see our current directory by typing '''pwd''' at the command prompt and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | |05: | + | |05:57 |
| So, now we are placed in this directory. | | So, now we are placed in this directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 06:01 |
− | |Now say we want to move to slash usr directory. So, type | + | |Now say we want to move to '''slash usr''' directory. So, type "'cd space slash usr'" . Remember here slash in linux means front slash and press enter. |
− | "cd space slash usr" . Remember here slash in linux means front slash and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 06:17 |
− | |Now lets see our current directory. Type pwd and press enter. | + | |Now lets see our current directory. Type '''pwd''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 06: | + | | 06:24 |
− | |Yes we have moved to slash usr directory. | + | |Yes we have moved to '''slash usr''' directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 06: | + | | 06:30 |
|The problem here is the pathnames can be very long, this is because these are Absolute Pathnames that enlist the entire path staring from the root directory. | |The problem here is the pathnames can be very long, this is because these are Absolute Pathnames that enlist the entire path staring from the root directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 06: | + | | 06:42 |
|Instead we may use Relative pathnames that begin from the current directory. | |Instead we may use Relative pathnames that begin from the current directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 06: | + | | 06:48 |
− | |Here we need to know two special characters. | + | |Here we need to know two special characters. '''dot''' that represent the current directory and '''dot dot''' that represent the '''parent directory''' of the current directory. |
− | '''dot''' that represent the current directory and '''dot dot''' that represent the parent directory of the current directory. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:02 |
− | |Now let us have a brief session on cd command | + | |Now let us have a brief session on '''cd''' command |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:06 |
− | |The command cd without any argument is used to move back to the home directory. | + | |The command '''cd''' without any argument is used to move back that to the home directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:13 |
− | |Type at the command prompt "cd" and press enter. | + | |Type at the command prompt "'cd'" and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:19 |
− | |Now check our current directory by the pwd command. | + | |Now check our current directory by the '''pwd''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:23 |
− | |So, now we are back in our home directory | + | |So, now we are back in our home directory '''/home/gnuhata''' [ slash home slash gnuhata ] |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:30 |
− | |Now let us move to music directory. Type at the command prompt "cd space Music(M in capital) slash" and press enter | + | |Now let us move to music directory. Type at the command prompt "'cd space Music(M in capital) slash"' and press enter |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:43 |
− | |Now check our current directory by the pwd command. pwd and press enter. See, we have moved /home/gnuhata/Music | + | |Now check our current directory by the '''pwd''' command. '''pwd''' and press enter. See, we have moved ''' /home/gnuhata/Music ''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:57 |
− | |Let us go to the parent directory | + | |Let us go to the parent directory of Music. For that you have to use cd command with dot dot. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 08:04 |
− | |Type at the command prompt cd space dot dot and press enter. | + | |Type at the command prompt '''cd space dot dot''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 08:11 |
− | |Now check our present directory by typing pwd. We are again in /home/gnuhata | + | |Now check our present directory by typing '''pwd.''' We are again in '''/home/gnuhata''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 08:23 |
|Now lets try to move to a subdirectory of the current directory using dot. | |Now lets try to move to a subdirectory of the current directory using dot. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 08:30 |
− | |Type at the command prompt cd space dot slash Documents(D in capital) slash. Press enter. | + | |Type at the command prompt '''cd space dot slash Documents(D in capital) slash'''. Press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:42 |
− | |Check our current directory by typing pwd. We are at /home/gnuhata/Documents | + | |Check our current directory by typing '''pwd.''' We are at ''' /home/gnuhata/Documents''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:53 |
|Let me clear the screen by pressing control L. So you can see clearly. | |Let me clear the screen by pressing control L. So you can see clearly. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:58 |
− | |To go back to our home directory by cd command. | + | |To go back to our home directory by '''cd''' command. Type '''cd''' and press enter. |
− | Type cd and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 09:07 |
− | |Again check our current directory by pwd command. We are back to /home/gnuhata . | + | |Again check our current directory by '''pwd''' command. We are back to '''/home/gnuhata''' . |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 09:17 |
− | | | + | |We can combine any number of dot dot separated by slash in a relative path . |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 09:23 |
− | |In this slide, we can see the file system hierarchy. Root or | + | |In this slide, we can see the file system hierarchy. '''Root''' or '''slash''' is at the top. '''home''' and '''bin''' are two sub-directories under '''root'''. '''username''' , here the directory named gnuhata is a sub-directory under '''home.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:43 |
− | | So, now we are in /home/gnuhata. Now how can we go to the bin directory? | + | | So, now we are in '''/home/gnuhata.''' Now how can we go to the bin directory? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:51 |
− | |Type at the command prompt | + | |Type at the command prompt "'cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash bin'" and press enter. |
− | "cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash bin" and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:03 |
− | |Check our current directory by the command pwd. | + | |Check our current directory by the command '''pwd.''' We are at /bin (slash bin) |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:11 |
− | | | + | |The first .. (dot dot) takes us from /home/gnuhata (slash home slash gnuhata) to /home (slash home) |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:18 |
− | | | + | |The next takes us from '''slash home''' to root. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:24 |
− | |Now from | + | |Now from root or slash, we have moved to /bin directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:30 |
− | |Go back to our home directory by the command cd. | + | |Go back to our home directory by the command '''cd.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:34 |
− | |To create a directory we use the mkdir command. | + | |To create a directory we use the '''mkdir''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:40 |
|You have to type the command and name of directory to be created and a directory would be created under the current directory. | |You have to type the command and name of directory to be created and a directory would be created under the current directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 10: | + | | 10:49 |
− | |To create a directory named testdir, type the command "mkdir space testdir" and press enter. | + | |To create a directory named '''testdir''', type the command '"mkdir space testdir'" and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 11:01 |
− | |This creates the testdir directory successfully. | + | |This creates the '''testdir''' directory successfully. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 11:05 |
|Note that, there is no explicit notification of successful directory creation or removal. | |Note that, there is no explicit notification of successful directory creation or removal. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 11:13 |
| If you do not get any error message, it denotes successful execution. | | If you do not get any error message, it denotes successful execution. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 11:18 |
|We can also use the relative or absolute pathname to create a directory anywhere in the tree provided we have the permission to do so and a directory by that name does not already exist. | |We can also use the relative or absolute pathname to create a directory anywhere in the tree provided we have the permission to do so and a directory by that name does not already exist. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 11:33 |
|This process can be used for making multiple directories or even a hierarchy of directories. | |This process can be used for making multiple directories or even a hierarchy of directories. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 11:39 |
− | |Type "mkdir space test1 space test2 and press enter ,this will make two directories named test1 and test2 under the present directory. | + | |Type "'mkdir space test1 space test2''' and press enter ,this will make two directories named '''test1''' and '''test2''' under the present directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11: | + | | 11:57 |
− | |Type "mkdir space testtree space testtree slash test3". | + | |Type "'mkdir space testtree space testtree slash test3'". |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 12:11 |
− | |This will make a directory testtree and another directory test3 which is a sub-directory under testtree. | + | |This will make a directory '''testtree''' and another directory '''test3''' which is a sub-directory under '''testtree.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 12:20 |
− | |So, we have created four directories namely testdir,test1,test2 and testtree in the current directory, out of which first three are empty and the last one contains a subdirectory namely test3. | + | |So, we have created four directories namely '''testdir,test1,test2 '''and '''testtree''' in the current directory, out of which first three are empty and the last one contains a subdirectory namely test3. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 12:40 |
− | |Similar to mkdir is the rmdir command which is used for removing a directory or directories. | + | |Similar to the '''mkdir''' is the '''rmdir''' command which is used for removing a directory or directories. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 12:50 |
− | |The command "rmdir space test1" removes the test1 directory successfully. | + | |The command "'rmdir space test1'" removes the '''test1''' directory successfully. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 13:00 |
|A directory can be removed only if you are its owner, your current directory is hierarchically above the directory to be removed and the directory is empty. | |A directory can be removed only if you are its owner, your current directory is hierarchically above the directory to be removed and the directory is empty. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 13:13 |
− | |Now type at the command prompt | + | |Now type at the command prompt '"cd space testtree slash test3"' |
− | "cd space testtree slash test3" | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 13:25 |
− | |So, we are now in test3 directory which is a subdirectory under testtree. | + | |So, we are now in '''test3''' directory which is a subdirectory under '''testtree.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 13:33 |
− | |Lets try to remove the testdir directory by typing the command "rmdir space testdir". Press enter. | + | |Lets try to remove the '''testdir''' directory by typing the command '"rmdir space testdir'". Press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 13:46 |
|We see it can't be done, because the current directory is not hierarchically above the directory to be removed. | |We see it can't be done, because the current directory is not hierarchically above the directory to be removed. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:54 |
− | |So,we have to go to the directory which is hierarchically above testdir directory. | + | |So,we have to go to the directory which is hierarchically above '''testdir''' directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:00 |
− | |Type "cd space dot dot" and press enter. | + | |Type "'cd space dot dot"' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:06 |
− | |Now, go back to our parent directory by typing the command "cd space dot dot". | + | |Now, go back to our parent directory by typing the command "'cd space dot dot'". |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:13 |
|Now, again try the previous command. | |Now, again try the previous command. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:16 |
|Type "rmdir space testdir". Press enter. | |Type "rmdir space testdir". Press enter. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:23 |
− | |The testdir directory is successfully deleted. Note that, testdir directory was also empty. | + | |The '''testdir''' directory is successfully deleted. Note that, '''testdir''' directory was also empty. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:32 |
− | |Multiple directories or a hierarchy of directories can be removed at once.So, try to delete the testtree directory along with its subdirectory test3. | + | |Multiple directories or a hierarchy of directories can be removed at once.So, try to delete the '''testtree''' directory along with its subdirectory '''test3.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:43 |
− | |Type at the command prompt | + | |Type at the command prompt '"rmdir space testtree space testtree slash test3'" press enter. |
− | "rmdir space testtree space testtree slash test3 "press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 14: | + | | 14:57 |
− | |See, it is giving the error message that 'testree' directory cannot be removed because testtree is not empty. | + | |See, it is giving the error message that '''testree''' directory cannot be removed because testtree is not empty. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 15:07 |
− | |But one thing which you may miss is that testtree | + | |But one thing which you may miss is that '''testtree slash test3''' has been deleted as it was empty. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 15:16 |
− | |To check that, type at the command prompt "cd space testtree" and press enter. | + | |To check that, type at the command prompt "'cd space testtree"' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 15:25 |
− | |Now type "ls" and press enter. See, the directory contains nothing. So, test3 was deleted. | + | |Now type "'ls'" and press enter. See, the directory contains nothing. So, '''test3''' was deleted. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 15:34 |
|So in this linux tutorial we have learnt about Linux Files and directories and how to work with Linux Directories. See them, move between them, make them,remove them. | |So in this linux tutorial we have learnt about Linux Files and directories and how to work with Linux Directories. See them, move between them, make them,remove them. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 15:48 |
|This brings me to the end of this tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. | |This brings me to the end of this tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 16:02 |
|More information this is available at the following link | |More information this is available at the following link | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 16:08 |
− | |This | + | |This is Anusha Kadambala signing off. Thanks for joining. |
|} | |} |
Revision as of 12:50, 4 December 2014
Time | Narration |
00:00 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File System. |
00:04 | I am using Linux Operating system. |
00:08 | We assume that you know how to get started with the Linux operating system and have some basic idea about commands. |
00:16 | If you are interested, it is available through another spoken tutorial, on the following website http://spoken-tutorial.org |
00:28 | Also note that linux is case sensitive. |
00:32 | All the commands used in this tutorial are in lower case unless otherwise mentioned. |
00:41 | In Linux almost everything is a file. |
00:44 | So what is a file? In real life we know that a file is where we store our documents and papers. |
00:54 | Similarly in Linux a file is a container for storing information. |
01:00 | Next what is a directory? |
01:03 | A directory can be understood as a collection of files and other (sub)directories. |
01:10 | A directory helps us in organising our files in a systematic manner. |
01:16 | This is like what we call folders in Windows. |
01:20 | It allows different users to have their own directories with their files which others cannot access or modify. |
01:30 | Also if there are no directories, all the files on the system need to have unique names,which would be very difficult to maintain. |
01:41 | These definitions of files and directories are good to get a general feel about them, they are not entirely accurate. |
01:51 | As well as its contents, a file has a name and some properties, or “administrative information”; that is, the file’s creation/modification date and its permissions. |
02:05 | Thus properties are stored in the file’s inode, a special block of data in the file system that also contains the length of the file and where on the disk it’s stored. |
02:20 | The system uses the number of the file’s inode ; the directory structure just names the file for our benefit as its easier for us to remember names than larger numbers. |
02:35 | Contrary to its oversimplified definition, a directory doesnot actually store other files ,it is itself a file that holds the inode numbers and names of other files. |
02:49 | In fact in Linux there are three kinds of files: |
02:54 | Regular Files or Ordinary files: It contains only data , as a stream of characters. |
03:01 | Directories: As we just saw in the previous slides. |
03:07 | Device Files: All hardware devices and peripherals are represented as files in Linux. |
03:14 | A CD, a Harddisk or even an usb stick, everything is a file in Linux. But why is this so? This helps to read and write these devices in a way similar to that for ordinary files. |
03:32 | All files in Linux are related, in short all form a family much like we do. |
03:39 | A directory containing say some files and subdirectories will have a parent – child relationship with each other. This gives rise to the Linux File System Tree. |
03:52 | At the top is the root( denoted by a frontslash /). It contains all the other files and directories. |
04:04 | This also helps in easy navigation from one file or directory to other, if we know the correct path. |
04:12 | As we work with a Linux file system, it seems that we are moving along this tree. |
04:18 | One command and there you are teleported from one place to other. |
04:24 | Sounds interesting!! Indeed it is. As we will see. |
04:29 | When we login into the Linux system we are by default in a home directory. |
04:36 | Now Switch to the terminal. |
04:39 | To see the home directory , Type at the command prompt "'echo space dollar H-O-M-E in capital"' and press enter. |
04:53 | This gives the pathname of our home directory. |
04:57 | We can move around from one directory to other. |
05:01 | But any time we can be in one directory and this directory is known as the current directory or working directory. |
05:09 | The pwd command helps us to see the current directory. pwd stands for present working directory. |
05:18 | Type at the command prompt '"pwd'" and press enter. Now this is our present working directory. |
05:28 | We have said that we can move from one directory to other. |
05:32 | But how do we do so? We have the cd command for this purpose. |
05:39 | You have to type the command cd followed by the pathname of the directory you want to move to. |
05:47 | Lets again see our current directory by typing pwd at the command prompt and press enter. |
05:57 | So, now we are placed in this directory. |
06:01 | Now say we want to move to slash usr directory. So, type "'cd space slash usr'" . Remember here slash in linux means front slash and press enter. |
06:17 | Now lets see our current directory. Type pwd and press enter. |
06:24 | Yes we have moved to slash usr directory. |
06:30 | The problem here is the pathnames can be very long, this is because these are Absolute Pathnames that enlist the entire path staring from the root directory. |
06:42 | Instead we may use Relative pathnames that begin from the current directory. |
06:48 | Here we need to know two special characters. dot that represent the current directory and dot dot that represent the parent directory of the current directory. |
07:02 | Now let us have a brief session on cd command |
07:06 | The command cd without any argument is used to move back that to the home directory. |
07:13 | Type at the command prompt "'cd'" and press enter. |
07:19 | Now check our current directory by the pwd command. |
07:23 | So, now we are back in our home directory /home/gnuhata [ slash home slash gnuhata ] |
07:30 | Now let us move to music directory. Type at the command prompt "'cd space Music(M in capital) slash"' and press enter |
07:43 | Now check our current directory by the pwd command. pwd and press enter. See, we have moved /home/gnuhata/Music |
07:57 | Let us go to the parent directory of Music. For that you have to use cd command with dot dot. |
08:04 | Type at the command prompt cd space dot dot and press enter. |
08:11 | Now check our present directory by typing pwd. We are again in /home/gnuhata |
08:23 | Now lets try to move to a subdirectory of the current directory using dot. |
08:30 | Type at the command prompt cd space dot slash Documents(D in capital) slash. Press enter. |
08:42 | Check our current directory by typing pwd. We are at /home/gnuhata/Documents |
08:53 | Let me clear the screen by pressing control L. So you can see clearly. |
08:58 | To go back to our home directory by cd command. Type cd and press enter. |
09:07 | Again check our current directory by pwd command. We are back to /home/gnuhata . |
09:17 | We can combine any number of dot dot separated by slash in a relative path . |
09:23 | In this slide, we can see the file system hierarchy. Root or slash is at the top. home and bin are two sub-directories under root. username , here the directory named gnuhata is a sub-directory under home. |
09:43 | So, now we are in /home/gnuhata. Now how can we go to the bin directory? |
09:51 | Type at the command prompt "'cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash bin'" and press enter. |
10:03 | Check our current directory by the command pwd. We are at /bin (slash bin) |
10:11 | The first .. (dot dot) takes us from /home/gnuhata (slash home slash gnuhata) to /home (slash home) |
10:18 | The next takes us from slash home to root. |
10:24 | Now from root or slash, we have moved to /bin directory. |
10:30 | Go back to our home directory by the command cd. |
10:34 | To create a directory we use the mkdir command. |
10:40 | You have to type the command and name of directory to be created and a directory would be created under the current directory. |
10:49 | To create a directory named testdir, type the command '"mkdir space testdir'" and press enter. |
11:01 | This creates the testdir directory successfully. |
11:05 | Note that, there is no explicit notification of successful directory creation or removal. |
11:13 | If you do not get any error message, it denotes successful execution. |
11:18 | We can also use the relative or absolute pathname to create a directory anywhere in the tree provided we have the permission to do so and a directory by that name does not already exist. |
11:33 | This process can be used for making multiple directories or even a hierarchy of directories. |
11:39 | Type "'mkdir space test1 space test2 and press enter ,this will make two directories named test1 and test2 under the present directory. |
11:57 | Type "'mkdir space testtree space testtree slash test3'". |
12:11 | This will make a directory testtree and another directory test3 which is a sub-directory under testtree. |
12:20 | So, we have created four directories namely testdir,test1,test2 and testtree in the current directory, out of which first three are empty and the last one contains a subdirectory namely test3. |
12:40 | Similar to the mkdir is the rmdir command which is used for removing a directory or directories. |
12:50 | The command "'rmdir space test1'" removes the test1 directory successfully. |
13:00 | A directory can be removed only if you are its owner, your current directory is hierarchically above the directory to be removed and the directory is empty. |
13:13 | Now type at the command prompt '"cd space testtree slash test3"' |
13:25 | So, we are now in test3 directory which is a subdirectory under testtree. |
13:33 | Lets try to remove the testdir directory by typing the command '"rmdir space testdir'". Press enter. |
13:46 | We see it can't be done, because the current directory is not hierarchically above the directory to be removed. |
13:54 | So,we have to go to the directory which is hierarchically above testdir directory. |
14:00 | Type "'cd space dot dot"' and press enter. |
14:06 | Now, go back to our parent directory by typing the command "'cd space dot dot'". |
14:13 | Now, again try the previous command. |
14:16 | Type "rmdir space testdir". Press enter. |
14:23 | The testdir directory is successfully deleted. Note that, testdir directory was also empty. |
14:32 | Multiple directories or a hierarchy of directories can be removed at once.So, try to delete the testtree directory along with its subdirectory test3. |
14:43 | Type at the command prompt '"rmdir space testtree space testtree slash test3'" press enter. |
14:57 | See, it is giving the error message that testree directory cannot be removed because testtree is not empty. |
15:07 | But one thing which you may miss is that testtree slash test3 has been deleted as it was empty. |
15:16 | To check that, type at the command prompt "'cd space testtree"' and press enter. |
15:25 | Now type "'ls'" and press enter. See, the directory contains nothing. So, test3 was deleted. |
15:34 | So in this linux tutorial we have learnt about Linux Files and directories and how to work with Linux Directories. See them, move between them, make them,remove them. |
15:48 | This brings me to the end of this tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. |
16:02 | More information this is available at the following link |
16:08 | This is Anusha Kadambala signing off. Thanks for joining. |