Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Salts-and-Solubility/English"
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'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan''' | '''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan''' | ||
− | '''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial | + | '''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial. |
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'''Learning Objectives''' | '''Learning Objectives''' | ||
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about, | || In this tutorial, we will learn about, | ||
− | *Solubility of different salts. | + | * Solubility of different salts. |
− | *Create a neutral compound from anions and cations. | + | * Create a neutral compound from anions and cations. |
− | *Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water. | + | * Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water. |
|- | |- | ||
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'''Learning Objectives''' | '''Learning Objectives''' | ||
|| | || | ||
− | *Calculate the '''Molarity''' of solutions. | + | * Calculate the '''Molarity''' of solutions. |
− | *Calculate '''Solubility Product''' of the salts. | + | * Calculate '''Solubility Product''' of the salts. |
− | *Application of '''Le Chaterlier’s principle''' to the dissolution of salts | + | * Application of '''Le Chaterlier’s principle''' to the dissolution of salts. |
|- | |- | ||
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'''Learning Objectives''' | '''Learning Objectives''' | ||
|| | || | ||
− | *Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products. | + | * Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products. |
− | *Use '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility. | + | * Use '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility. |
|- | |- | ||
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'''System Requirement''' | '''System Requirement''' | ||
− | || Here I am using | + | || Here I am using, |
*'''Windows 11 (64 bit).''' | *'''Windows 11 (64 bit).''' | ||
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'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]''' | '''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]''' | ||
− | || To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in | + | || To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in high school science. |
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|| Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''. | || Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Point to the file in '''Downloads folder.''' | || Point to the file in '''Downloads folder.''' | ||
− | || I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility '''simulation to my '''Downloads''' folder. | + | || I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility ''' simulation to my '''Downloads''' folder. |
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Double click the file to open''' | || '''Double click the file to open''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| '''Cursor on the interface.''' | || '''Cursor on the interface.''' | ||
− | || This is the interface of '''Salt and | + | || This is the interface of '''Salt and Solubility simulation'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor moves across the tabs. | || Cursor moves across the tabs. | ||
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− | || '''Table Salt ''' | + | || '''Table Salt ''' opens first by default. |
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The markings show from 1x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters to 8x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters. | The markings show from 1x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters to 8x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters. | ||
+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. | || Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
− | || On the right panel you will see the '''Salt''' and '''Water '''sections. | + | || On the right panel you will see the '''Salt''' and '''Water ''' sections. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
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− | It shows the number of | + | It shows the number of '''Dissolved''', '''Bound''' and '''Total''' number of ions in the container. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| '''Slide Number 6''' | || '''Slide Number 6''' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|| | || | ||
− | *Table salt is scientifically called '''Sodium Chloride'''. | + | * Table salt is scientifically called '''Sodium Chloride'''. |
− | *It ionizes in water as | + | * It ionizes in water as Sodium and Chloride ions. |
|- | |- | ||
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<sup>K</sup><sub>sp</sub><sup> = [Na+] [Cl-]</sup> | <sup>K</sup><sub>sp</sub><sup> = [Na+] [Cl-]</sup> | ||
− | ||Here is the '''Solubility Product''' expression of | + | ||Here is the '''Solubility Product''' expression of '''Sodium Chloride'''. |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
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They are equal in number. | They are equal in number. | ||
− | The sodium chloride is neutral molecule | + | The sodium chloride is neutral molecule. |
It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. | It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. | ||
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|| Shake the salt dispenser. | || Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
− | + | 87 ions in solution, no bound ions. | |
− | + | ||
|| Add more salt to the container. | || Add more salt to the container. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the water container. | || Cursor on the water container. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|| Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water. | || Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
||Cursor on the right panel. | ||Cursor on the right panel. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 180 dissolved ions. | ||
||Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed. | ||Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on Simulation interface. | || Cursor on Simulation interface. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|| Back to the simulation. | || Back to the simulation. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | || Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | ||
− | || Add more water until all the bound ions completely | + | || Add more water until all the bound ions are completely dissolved. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the simulation. | || Cursor on the simulation. | ||
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|| 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. | || 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | || | + | || Cursor on the screen. |
|| The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen. | || The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Therefore the '''Strontium Phosphate''' molecule consists of: | Therefore the '''Strontium Phosphate''' molecule consists of: | ||
− | 3 atoms of '''Strontium''' and 2 units of '''Phosphate | + | 3 atoms of '''Strontium''' and 2 units of '''Phosphate'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser. | || Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times. | || Shake the salt dispenser a few more times. | ||
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'''Table Calculations: Molar solubility ''' | '''Table Calculations: Molar solubility ''' | ||
|| This slide shows how to calculate '''Molar Solubility''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | || This slide shows how to calculate '''Molar Solubility''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
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'''Table Calculations: Solubility Product''' | '''Table Calculations: Solubility Product''' | ||
− | |||
|| I have calculated the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | || I have calculated the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | ||
− | |||
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|| You can pause the video and do the following: | || You can pause the video and do the following: | ||
− | #Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water. | + | # Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water. |
− | #Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel. | + | # Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel. |
− | #Note the ratio of ions in each salt. | + | # Note the ratio of ions in each salt. |
− | #Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt. | + | # Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt. |
|- | |- | ||
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This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt. | This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt. | ||
+ | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | || | + | || Select '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-7</sup>. |
− | + | || Now increase the '''Solubility Product''' of the salt to 1x10<sup>-7</sup>. | |
− | Select '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-7</sup>. | + | |
− | || | + | |
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | || Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | ||
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In this tutorial we have learnt about, | In this tutorial we have learnt about, | ||
− | *Solubility of different salts | + | * Solubility of different salts |
− | *Created a neutral compound from anions and cations | + | * Created a neutral compound from anions and cations |
− | *Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water. | + | * Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water. |
|- | |- | ||
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'''Summary''' | '''Summary''' | ||
|| | || | ||
− | *Calculated the ''' | + | * Calculated the '''molarity''' of solutions |
− | *Calculated '''Solubility Product''' of salts | + | * Calculated '''Solubility Product''' of salts |
− | *Application of '''Le Chatelier's principle''' to the dissolution of salts | + | * Application of '''Le Chatelier's principle''' to the dissolution of salts |
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Slide Number 15''' | || '''Slide Number 15''' | ||
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'''Summary''' | '''Summary''' | ||
|| | || | ||
− | *Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''. | + | * Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''. |
− | *Used '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility. | + | * Used '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility. |
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Slide Number 16''' | || '''Slide Number 16''' | ||
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As an assignment, | As an assignment, | ||
− | #Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''. | + | # Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''. |
− | #Calculate the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for the salts. | + | # Calculate the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for the salts. |
|- | |- | ||
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'''About Spoken Tutorial Project ''' | '''About Spoken Tutorial Project ''' | ||
|| | || | ||
− | *The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. | + | * The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. |
− | *Please download and watch it. | + | * Please download and watch it. |
|- | |- | ||
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'''Spoken tutorial workshops ''' | '''Spoken tutorial workshops ''' | ||
|| | || | ||
− | *We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates. | + | * We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates. |
− | *For more details, please contact us. | + | * For more details, please contact us. |
|- | |- | ||
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|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India | || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | | + | || |
|| The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay. | || The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay. | ||
− | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay | + | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay, signing off. |
− | signing off. | + | |
Thank you for joining. | Thank you for joining. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 11:23, 9 January 2023
Salts and Solubility
Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan
Keywords: Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial.
Visual Cue | Narration |
Slide Number 1
Title Slide |
Welcome to this tutorial on Salts and Solubility |
Slide Number 2
Learning Objectives |
In this tutorial, we will learn about,
|
Slide Number 3
Learning Objectives |
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Slide Number 3
Learning Objectives |
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Slide Number 4
System Requirement |
Here I am using,
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Slide Number 5
Pre-requisites |
To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
|
Slide Number 5
Link for PhET simulation Point to https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts |
Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation. |
Point to the file in Downloads folder. | I have downloaded the Salts & Solubility simulation to my Downloads folder. |
Double click the file to open | To open the simulation double-click on the file. |
Cursor on the interface. | This is the interface of Salt and Solubility simulation. |
Cursor moves across the tabs. | It has 3 tabs. |
Cursor on Table Salt interface.
|
Table Salt opens first by default.
|
Show the location of inlet and outlet taps. | Inlet water tap is placed at the top-left of the container.
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Cursor on container. | The container is graduated and is filled with water.
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Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. | Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container. |
Drag the slider on the outlet water tap. | To drain the water from the container, drag the slider on the outlet water tap. |
Show salt shaker. | A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.
|
Cursor on right panel. | On the right panel you will see the Salt and Water sections. |
Cursor on right panel. | Salt section gives information about the ions present in the container.
|
Cursor on right panel. | The Water section shows the volume of water in the container. |
Cursor on Reset All button. | Click on the Reset All button on the right panel.
|
Cursor on the water container. | Let us see how table salt dissolves in water.
|
Shake the salt shaker. | Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container. |
Slide Number 6 |
|
Slide Number 7
Solubility Product expression of NaCl NaCl(s) ⇄ Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp = [Na+] [Cl-] |
Here is the Solubility Product expression of Sodium Chloride.
|
Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres. |
Shake the salt dispenser. | Add more salt to the container and observe the solution. |
Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | As soon as the salt touches the water it dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions. |
Cursor on right panel. | Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the Salt panel on the right.
The sodium chloride is neutral molecule. It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. |
Shake the salt dispenser.
87 ions in solution, no bound ions. |
Add more salt to the container.
Observe the right panel. Wait for a few seconds for the solution to reach equilibrium. |
Cursor on the water container. | Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.
|
Shake the salt dispenser. | Add more salt until you see some bound ions in the Salt panel. |
Cursor on the right panel. | The salt solution has now reached saturation level.
|
Cursor on the right panel.
180 dissolved ions. |
Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed.
|
Cursor on the water container. | Observe the ions in the container.
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Cursor on the right panel. | Molar solubility for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel.
|
Cursor on the right panel. | Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for Sodium Chloride.
|
Slide Number 8
Calculations: Molar Solubility |
This slide shows how to calculate Molar Solubility for Sodium Chloride. |
Slide Number 9
Calculations: Solubility Product
|
We can also calculate Solubility Product for sodium chloride using Molar solubility values.
|
Cursor on Simulation interface. | Back to the simulation.
The number of bound ions increases in the solution. |
Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | Add some water to the container.
Observe the ions in the panel as well as in the container. |
Cursor on the simulation. | The number of dissolved ions increases with dilution.
This is because the bound ions now dissolve in the extra added water.
|
Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | Add more water until all the bound ions are completely dissolved. |
Cursor on the simulation. | Please refer to the Additional material link for more information on Le Chatelier's principle. |
Click the Reset All button. | Click the Reset All button. |
Narration only | Practice with a different volume of water in the container.
|
Click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab. | Next click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab.
|
Cursor on the right panel. | 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. |
Cursor on the screen. | The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the Table Salt screen. |
Point to the first salt in the list
|
The first salt in the list is Strontium Phosphate.
Shake the salt dispenser. A little amount of salt is added to the container with water. |
Cursor on the right panel. | Notice the ratio of Strontium to Phosphate ions in the right panel. |
Slide Number 10
Solubility Product expression for Strontium Phosphate. |
This slide shows the Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate.
The stoichiometry is 3 is to 2 (3:2). Therefore the Strontium Phosphate molecule consists of: 3 atoms of Strontium and 2 units of Phosphate. |
Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.
|
Observe the right panel. | Observe the right panel. |
Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution. |
Observe the right panel. | The solution is now saturated. The equilibrium is established.
|
Observe the right panel. | Molar solubility for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel.
|
Slide Number 11
Table Calculations: Molar solubility |
This slide shows how to calculate Molar Solubility for Strontium Phosphate. |
Slide Number 12
Table Calculations: Solubility Product
|
I have calculated the Molar Solubility and Solubility Product for Strontium Phosphate.
|
Cursor on the simulation interface. | Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results. |
Slide Number 13
Assignment |
You can pause the video and do the following:
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Click on Design a Salt tab. | Now click on Design a Salt tab at the top of the simulation. |
Cursor on the simulation interface. | Here we can creatively design a salt using the different charges for cation and anion. |
Cursor on the right panel. | On the right panel using the drop-down buttons select the charges of your choice. |
Select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. | I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. |
Select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19 | I will select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19. |
Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. |
Cursor on right panel | Observe the ratio of dissolved cations and anions.
|
Select Solubility Product as 1 x 10-7. | Now increase the Solubility Product of the salt to 1x10-7. |
Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
Observe the number of dissolved ions in the right panel. |
Cursor on the right panel. | Notice the solubility of the salt.
Hence, solubility is more when Solubility Product value is more. |
Slide Number 14
Summary |
Let us summarize.
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Slide Number 15
Summary |
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Slide Number 15
Summary |
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Slide Number 16
Assignment
|
As an assignment,
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Slide Number 17
About Spoken Tutorial Project |
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Slide Number 18
Spoken tutorial workshops |
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Slide Number 19
Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial |
Please post your timed queries in this forum.
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Slide Number 20
Acknowledgement |
Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India |
The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.
Thank you for joining. |