Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C2/Conductivity/English"
Vidhithakur (Talk | contribs) (Created page with " '''Conductivity''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, b...") |
Nancyvarkey (Talk | contribs) |
||
Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
||Here I am using | ||Here I am using | ||
− | + | *'''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''. | |
− | '''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''. | + | *'''Java Version 1.8'''. |
− | + | ||
− | '''Java Version 1.8'''. | + | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 47: | Line 43: | ||
'''https://spoken-tutorial.org''' | '''https://spoken-tutorial.org''' | ||
− | || To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in | + | || To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in High School Science. |
− | Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET simulations. | + | Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET simulations.''' |
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Slide Number 5''' | || '''Slide Number 5''' | ||
Line 56: | Line 52: | ||
'''Link for PhET simulation''' | '''Link for PhET simulation''' | ||
− | + | Point to | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about''' | '''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about''' | ||
− | || Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation. | + | || Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''. |
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about''' | '''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about''' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
Line 72: | Line 64: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Double click the file to open''' | || '''Double click the file to open''' | ||
− | || To open the simulation double click on the file. | + | || To open the simulation, double-click on the file. |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 94: | Line 84: | ||
Cursor on the block. | Cursor on the block. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|| The main panel consists of a circuit. | || The main panel consists of a circuit. | ||
− | |||
The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage. | The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage. | ||
Line 111: | Line 97: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on left panel. | || Cursor on left panel. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Point to the two bands. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Point to the lower band. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Point to the higher band. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | Point to the gap. | ||
|| The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands. | || The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands. | ||
Line 123: | Line 120: | ||
The gap between the two bands is known as bandgap. | The gap between the two bands is known as bandgap. | ||
− | + | |- | |
− | + | ||Point to the lower band. | |
− | + | ||We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state. | |
− | We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | || Cursor on Materials. | + | || Cursor on '''Materials''' panel on the right. |
+ | Point one by one. | ||
+ | |||
− | Cursor on shine the light. | + | Cursor on shine the light checkbox. |
− | || On the right panel we can see the Materials section. | + | || On the right panel we can see the '''Materials''' section. |
− | It has Metal, Plastic | + | It has '''Metal, Plastic''' and '''Photoconductor''' radio buttons. |
− | On the right panel | + | On the right panel the '''Shine the light''' option is available. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 151: | Line 149: | ||
− | Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0. | + | Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.2 volts. |
− | || Let us leave the default selection of material as Metal. | + | || Let us leave the default selection of material as '''Metal'''. |
− | Click the up arrow in the | + | Click the up arrow in the '''Battery Voltage''' box to increase the voltage to 0.2 volts. |
− | + | |- | |
− | Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit. | + | ||Point to the circuit. |
+ | ||Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit. | ||
It means current is flowing through the circuit. | It means current is flowing through the circuit. | ||
− | + | |- | |
− | + | ||Point to the valence band in the left panel. | |
− | Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band. | + | ||Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 177: | Line 176: | ||
+ | Point to the circuit. | ||
− | + | Point to the circuit. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|| This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity. | || This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity. | ||
Line 196: | Line 184: | ||
Observe that electrons are present in the circuit, but are not moving. | Observe that electrons are present in the circuit, but are not moving. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ||Click the '''Play''' button at the bottom. | ||
+ | ||Now click the '''Play''' button. | ||
− | + | |- | |
− | + | ||Only narration | |
− | + | ||The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage. | |
− | The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage. | + | |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V. | || Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V. | ||
+ | || Let's increase the voltage to 2 volts and observe. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | || | ||
+ | Point to the circuit. | ||
− | |||
− | + | ||As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases. | |
− | As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases. | + | |
The electrons now move faster and also move to higher energy levels. | The electrons now move faster and also move to higher energy levels. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || Only narration. |
− | + | ||This makes metals good conductors of electricity. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | | | | + | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | This makes metals good conductors of electricity. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || Click on the '''Plastic''' radio button. |
Line 236: | Line 216: | ||
Point to band gap in the left panel. | Point to band gap in the left panel. | ||
− | + | || Let us change the material to '''Plastic'''. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | | | Let us change the material to Plastic. | + | |
Observe that the energy gap between the two bands has increased. | Observe that the energy gap between the two bands has increased. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ||Point to the circuit and to Voltage box: 2 V. | ||
+ | ||We do not see the movement of electrons, even at high voltage. | ||
− | + | |- | |
+ | ||Click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox. | ||
− | Now let us click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox. | + | ||Now let us click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox. |
Observe that even after shining light electrons are not moving. | Observe that even after shining light electrons are not moving. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || Cursor on left panel >> band gap. |
Line 269: | Line 243: | ||
− | + | || The band gap for '''plastic''' is very high. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | | | The band gap for plastic is very high. | + | |
Line 281: | Line 249: | ||
− | Hence | + | Hence '''plastic''' is a non-conductor. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || Uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box. |
+ | || Let us uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | || Click on the '''Photoconductor''' radio button. | ||
+ | || Let us change the material to '''Photoconductor'''. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ||Point to Voltage box: 2 V. | ||
+ | ||Even at high voltage no movement of electrons is seen. | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | ||Click the '''Shine The Light''' check box. |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | Click the Shine The Light check box. | + | |
Line 304: | Line 270: | ||
+ | ||Let us shine the light now. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
+ | We can now see the movement of electrons as light strikes the '''photoconductor'''. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | ||Point to the electrons in the energy bands in the left panel. | ||
+ | ||Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || Cursor on Left panel. |
− | | | Band gap for a photoconductor is less than plastic and more than metal. | + | || Band gap for a '''photoconductor''' is less than '''plastic''' and more than metal. |
Hence when light strikes the material it excites electrons to high energy levels. | Hence when light strikes the material it excites electrons to high energy levels. | ||
− | + | |- | |
− | This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap. | + | ||Only narration |
+ | ||This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap. | ||
Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities. | Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || |
− | | | With this we come to the end of this tutorial. | + | || With this we come to the end of this tutorial. |
Let's summarise. | Let's summarise. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || '''Slide Number 11''' |
'''Summary''' | '''Summary''' | ||
− | | | In this tutorial we have learnt how, | + | || In this tutorial we have learnt how, |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
+ | *Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit. | ||
+ | *Large band gap in '''plastics''' do not allow conductivity. | ||
+ | *Shining light on a '''photoconductor''' causes it to conduct electricity. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | || '''Slide Number 12''' |
'''Assignment''' | '''Assignment''' | ||
− | + | | Here is an assignment for you. | |
− | + | ||
Check if, | Check if, | ||
− | + | *The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined. | |
− | + | *Photoconductors conduct electricity when battery voltage is decreased. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 392: | Line 337: | ||
'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial ''' | '''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial ''' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
| | Please post your timed queries in this forum. | | | Please post your timed queries in this forum. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 415: | Line 348: | ||
Thank you for joining. | Thank you for joining. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− |
Revision as of 13:48, 6 December 2022
Conductivity
Author: Vidhi Thakur
Keywords: PhET simulation, Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.
Visual Cue | Narration |
Slide Number 1
Title Slide |
Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Conductivity. |
Slide Number 2
Learning Objectives |
In this tutorial, we will learn how,
|
Slide Number 3
System Requirement |
Here I am using
|
Slide Number 4
Pre-requisites |
To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in High School Science.
|
Slide Number 5
Link for PhET simulation Point to https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about |
Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation. |
Point to the file in the Downloads folder. | I have downloaded the Conductivity simulation to my Downloads folder. |
Double click the file to open | To open the simulation, double-click on the file. |
Cursor on the interface. | This is the interface of Conductivity simulation. |
Cursor on main panel.
|
The main panel consists of a circuit.
The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage.
|
Cursor on left panel.
Point to the two bands.
|
The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands.
|
Point to the lower band. | We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state. |
Cursor on Materials panel on the right.
Point one by one.
|
On the right panel we can see the Materials section.
|
Cursor on torch. | At the bottom, we have a torch to shine light. |
Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.2 volts.
|
Let us leave the default selection of material as Metal.
|
Point to the circuit. | Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit.
|
Point to the valence band in the left panel. | Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band. |
Click on the Pause button. | Let us now pause the simulation. |
Point to the circuit. |
This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity.
|
Click the Play button at the bottom. | Now click the Play button. |
Only narration | The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage. |
Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V. | Let's increase the voltage to 2 volts and observe. |
Point to the circuit.
|
As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases.
|
Only narration. | This makes metals good conductors of electricity. |
Click on the Plastic radio button.
|
Let us change the material to Plastic.
|
Point to the circuit and to Voltage box: 2 V. | We do not see the movement of electrons, even at high voltage. |
Click the Shine The Light checkbox.
|
Now let us click the Shine The Light checkbox.
|
Cursor on left panel >> band gap.
|
The band gap for plastic is very high.
|
Uncheck the Shine The Light check box. | Let us uncheck the Shine The Light check box. |
Click on the Photoconductor radio button. | Let us change the material to Photoconductor. |
Point to Voltage box: 2 V. | Even at high voltage no movement of electrons is seen. |
Click the Shine The Light check box.
|
Let us shine the light now.
|
Point to the electrons in the energy bands in the left panel. | Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band. |
Cursor on Left panel. | Band gap for a photoconductor is less than plastic and more than metal.
|
Only narration | This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap.
|
With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
Let's summarise. | |
Slide Number 11
Summary |
In this tutorial we have learnt how,
|
Slide Number 12
Assignment |
Here is an assignment for you.
Check if,
|
Slide: 13
About Spoken Tutorial Project |
The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
|
Slide: 14
Spoken tutorial workshops |
We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
|
Slide: 15
Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial |
Please post your timed queries in this forum. |
Slide: 16
Acknowledgement |
Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India |
This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.
Thank you for joining. |