Difference between revisions of "Linux/C2/File-System/Oriya"

|Type at the command prompt "pwd" and press enter. Now this is our present working directory.  

|We have said that we can move from one directory to other.  

|But how do we do so? We have the cd command for this purpose.

|You have to type the command cd followed by the pathname of the directory you want to move to.

|Lets again see our current directory by typing pwd at the command prompt and press enter.

| So, now we are placed in this directory.

|Now say we want to move to slash usr directory. So, type

"cd space slash usr" . Remember here slash in linux means front slash and press enter.

|Now lets see our current directory. Type pwd and press enter.

|Yes we have moved to slash usr directory.  

|The problem here is the pathnames can be very long, this is because these are Absolute Pathnames that enlist the entire path staring from the root directory.

|Instead we may use Relative pathnames that begin from the current directory.  

|Here we need to know two special characters.

'''dot''' that represent the current directory and '''dot dot''' that represent the parent directory of the current directory.  

|Now let us have a brief session on cd command

|The command cd without any argument is used to move back to the home directory.  

|Type at the command prompt "cd" and press enter.  

|Now check our current directory by the pwd command.  

|So, now we are back in our home directory

<nowiki>/home/gnuhata [ narration- slash home slash gnuhata ] </nowiki>

|Now let us move to music directory. Type at the command prompt "cd space Music(M in capital) slash" and press enter

|Now check our current directory by the pwd command. pwd and press enter. See, we have moved /home/gnuhata/Music  

|Let us go to the parent directory from Music. For that you have to use cd command with dot dot.  

|Type at the command prompt cd space dot dot and press enter.  

|Now check our present directory by typing pwd. We are again in /home/gnuhata

|Now lets try to move to a subdirectory of the current directory using dot.  

|Type at the command prompt cd space dot slash Documents(D in capital) slash. Press enter.

|Check our current directory by typing pwd. We are at /home/gnuhata/Documents

|Let me clear the screen by pressing control L. So you can see clearly.

|To go back to our home directory by cd command.

Type cd and press enter.

|Again check our current directory by pwd command. We are back to /home/gnuhata .  

|<nowiki>We can combine any number of .. [narration - dot dot] separated by / [narration- slash] in a relative path . </nowiki>

|In this slide, we can see the file system hierarchy. Root or / is at the top. home and bin are two sub-directories under root. username , here the directory named gnuhata is a sub-directory under home.

| So, now we are in /home/gnuhata. Now how can we go to the bin directory?  

|Type at the command prompt

"cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash bin" and press enter.  

|Check our current directory by the command pwd.  

<nowiki>We are at /bin [narration - slash bin] </nowiki>

|<nowiki>The first .. [narration-dot dot] takes us from /home/gnuhata [narration - slash home slash gnuhata] to /home [narration - slash home] .  

|The next takes us from /home to </nowiki>root.  

|Now from / or root, we have moved to /bin directory.

|Go back to our home directory by the command cd.  

|To create a directory we use the mkdir command.  

 

|You have to type the command and name of directory to be created and a directory would be created under the current directory.

|To create a directory named testdir, type the command "mkdir space testdir" and press enter.

|This creates the testdir directory successfully.  

|Note that, there is no explicit notification of successful directory creation or removal.

| If you do not get any error message, it denotes successful execution.  

|We can also use the relative or absolute pathname to create a directory anywhere in the tree provided we have the permission to do so and a directory by that name does not already exist.

|This process can be used for making multiple directories or even a hierarchy of directories.

|Type "mkdir space test1 space test2 and press enter ,this will make two directories named test1 and test2 under the present directory.

|Type "mkdir space testtree space testtree slash test3".  

|This will make a directory testtree and another directory test3 which is a sub-directory under testtree.  

|So, we have created four directories namely testdir,test1,test2 and testtree in the current directory, out of which first three are empty and the last one contains a subdirectory namely test3.  

|Similar to mkdir is the rmdir command which is used for removing a directory or directories.

|The command "rmdir space test1" removes the test1 directory successfully.  

|A directory can be removed only if you are its owner, your current directory is hierarchically above the directory to be removed and the directory is empty.

|Now type at the command prompt

"cd space testtree slash test3"

|So, we are now in test3 directory which is a subdirectory under testtree.

|Lets try to remove the testdir directory by typing the command "rmdir space testdir". Press enter.  

|We see it can't be done, because the current directory is not hierarchically above the directory to be removed.

|So,we have to go to the directory which is hierarchically above testdir directory.  

|Type "cd space dot dot" and press enter.  

|Now, go back to our parent directory by typing the command "cd space dot dot".  

|Now, again try the previous command.  

|Type "rmdir space testdir". Press enter.  

|The testdir directory is successfully deleted. Note that, testdir directory was also empty.

|Multiple directories or a hierarchy of directories can be removed at once.So, try to delete the testtree directory along with its subdirectory test3.  

|Type at the command prompt

"rmdir space testtree space testtree slash test3 "press enter.

|See, it is giving the error message that 'testree' directory cannot be removed because testtree is not empty.  

|But one thing which you may miss is that testtree/test3 has been deleted as it was empty.  

|To check that, type at the command prompt "cd space testtree" and press enter.

|Now type "ls" and press enter. See, the directory contains nothing. So, test3 was deleted.

|So in this linux tutorial we have learnt about Linux Files and directories and how to work with Linux Directories. See them, move between them, make them,remove them.  

|This brings me to the end of this tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.

|More information this is available at the following link

|This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining.