Difference between revisions of "Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed"

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|-
 
|-
 
| 02:36
 
| 02:36
−
| Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter
+
| Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02:44
 
| 02:44
−
| Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n  
+
| Now, type: $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n  
−
and press Enter  
+
and press Enter.
 
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
 
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 03:03
 
| 03:03
−
| Now we will see how to change owner of the directory  
+
| Now we will see how to change owner of the directory.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:07
 
|03:07
−
|Type the command $ ls -l and  press Enter  
+
|Type the command: $ ls -l and  press Enter.
−
Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid  
+
Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 03:21
 
| 03:21
Line 73: Line 73:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:26
 
|03:26
−
|$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name  
+
|$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name and press Enter.
−
and press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:44
 
|03:44
Line 81: Line 80:
  
 
| 03:49
 
| 03:49
−
| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l  press Enter  
+
| I will clear the screen by pressing '''Ctrl+L''' for our convenience. Now type: $ ls space -l  press Enter.
 
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.  
 
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:06
 
| 04:06
−
| chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.  
+
| '''chmod''' command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:13
 
| 04:13
−
| Syntax of the chmod command is  
+
| Syntax of the '''chmod''' command is  
 
<nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki>
 
<nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki>
  
−
We may give the following options with chmod command.  
+
We may give the following options with '''chmod''' command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:29
 
|04:29
Line 97: Line 96:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:34
 
|04:34
−
|  -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.  
+
|  -f : Do not notify user of files that '''chmod''' cannot change.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:41
 
| 04:41
Line 126: Line 125:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 05:20
 
| 05:20
−
| Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1.
+
| Now we will look at some examples of '''chmod'''. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file 'example1'.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:30
 
|05:30
−
| Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l.
+
| Before that, I will again clear the screen by pressing '''Ctrl+l'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
  | 05:36
 
  | 05:36
−
| Now lets type  
+
| Now, let's type:
 
$ chmod space u+x space example1  
 
$ chmod space u+x space example1  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
  | 05:49
 
  | 05:49
−
| Now type $ ls space -l space example1  
+
| Now type: $ ls space -l space example1  
−
press Enter to see the changes  
+
press Enter to see the changes.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:01
 
|06:01
−
|here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1  
+
|here you can see, to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 06:15
 
| 06:15
−
| Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1  
+
| Now type the command: $ chmod space 751 space example1  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 06:26
 
| 06:26
−
| Now type  
+
| Now type:
 
$ ls space -l space example1  
 
$ ls space -l space example1  
−
and press Enter  
+
and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:35
 
|06:35
Line 156: Line 155:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 06:52
 
| 06:52
−
| To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1  
+
| To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone, type the command: $ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1  
 
and press Enter  
 
and press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 07:08
 
| 07:08
−
| Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1  
+
| Now type the command: $ ls space -l space example1  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:19
 
|07:19
−
|Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone  
+
|Here we can see that the 'read only' permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 07:30
 
| 07:30
−
| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command  
+
| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory 'directory1', type the command:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7:44
 
|7:44
 
|$ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1  
 
|$ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:00
 
| 08:00
−
| Now type  
+
| Now type:
 
$ ls space -l  
 
$ ls space -l  
−
press Enter to see the changes  
+
press Enter to see the changes.
−
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:09
 
| 08:09
−
| To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command  
+
| To give the user execute permission on file example2, type the command:
 
$ chmod space u+x space example2  
 
$ chmod space u+x space example2  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:27
 
| 08:27
−
| Now type the command  
+
| Now type the command:
 
$ ls space -l space example2  
 
$ ls space -l space example2  
−
and press Enter  
+
and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:40
 
|08:40
−
|Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2
+
|Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on 'example2'.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:50
 
| 08:50
 
| To add the write permissions to the group for file example3  
 
| To add the write permissions to the group for file example3  
−
type the command  
+
type the command:
 
$ chmod space g+w space example3  
 
$ chmod space g+w space example3  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 09:10
 
| 09:10
−
| and now type  
+
| and now type:
 
$ ls space -l space example3  
 
$ ls space -l space example3  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:23
 
|09:23
−
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group  
+
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 09:30
 
| 09:30
−
| To remove the write permissions for all type the command  
+
| To remove the write permissions for all, type the command:
 
$ chmod space a-w space example3  
 
$ chmod space a-w space example3  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 09:45
 
| 09:45
−
| Now type  
+
| Now, type:
 
$ ls space -l space example3  
 
$ ls space -l space example3  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:55
 
|09:55
−
|Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed  
+
|Here we can see the ''write permission'' for all, has been removed.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:02
 
| 10:02
−
| chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup.  
+
| '''chgrp''' command is used to change the group of one or more files to new group.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:10
 
|10:10
Line 230: Line 228:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:26
 
| 10:26
−
| The syntax for the chgrp command is
+
| The syntax for the '''chgrp''' command is
 
<nowiki>chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.</nowiki>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:36
 
| 10:36
−
| Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.
+
| Let's go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of '''chgrp''' command.
−
type the command $ ls space -l space example4  
+
Type the command: $ ls space -l space example4  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:57
 
|10:57
−
|Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid  
+
|Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 11:03
 
| 11:03
−
| To change the group permission , type the command $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4
+
| To change the group permission, type the command: $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:20
 
|11:20
−
|press Enter  
+
|press Enter.
 
Enter the sudo password if required.  
 
Enter the sudo password if required.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 11:27
 
| 11:27
−
| Now type the command $ ls space -l space example4  
+
| Now type the command: $ ls space -l space example4  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:38
 
|11:38
−
|Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.  
+
|Here, we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 11:46
 
| 11:46
−
| The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device.
+
| The '''inode number''' is a unique integer assigned to the device.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:51
 
|11:51
−
| Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory.  
+
| 'Inode' stores basic information about a regular file or a directory.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:57
 
|11:57
−
|All the files are hard links to inodes.  
+
|All the files are hard links to 'inodes'.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:00
 
|12:00
−
|Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode.  
+
|Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding 'inode'.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 12:12
 
| 12:12
−
| We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file.  
+
| We can use 'ls space -i' command to see the 'inode number' of a file.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:19
 
|12:19
−
|type the command $ ls space -i space example5  
+
|Type the command: $ ls space -i space example5  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:29
 
|12:29
−
|Number written before the file is the inode number of the file.  
+
|Number written before the file is the 'inode number' of the file.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 12:35
 
| 12:35
−
| Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time.  
+
| 'Inodes' are associated with precisely one directory at a time.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:41
 
|12:41
 
|Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.  
 
|Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.  
−
ln is the command to make link  
+
'''ln''' is the command to make link.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 12:52
 
| 12:52
−
| The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is  
+
| The syntax of '''ln''' command, to create the hard link, is:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:57
 
|12:57
−
|ln space source space link Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create.
+
|ln space source space link where 'source' is an existing file and 'link' is the file to create.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 13:06
 
| 13:06
−
| Now we will look at some examples of hard links  
+
| Now we will look at some examples of hard links.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13:10
 
|13:10
−
|Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command  
+
|Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command:
−
$ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter  
+
$ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 13:25
 
| 13:25
−
| To display the inode number of both the files, type the command  
+
| To display the 'inode number' of both the files, type the command:
  
 
$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln  
 
$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln  
−
press Enter  
+
press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13:41
 
|13:41
−
|Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1  
+
|Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file 'exampleln' is the hard link for file 'example1'.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 13:54
 
| 13:54
−
| Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path.  
+
| Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an '''absolute''' or '''relative path'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:07
 
| 14:07
−
| The syntax of ln command to create soft links is  
+
| The syntax of '''ln''' command to create soft links is:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|14:12
 
|14:12
Line 316: Line 314:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:19
 
| 14:19
−
| Now we will look at some examples of soft link  
+
| Now we will look at some examples of soft link.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:25
 
| 14:25
−
| To create the soft link, type the command  
+
| To create the soft link, type the command:
 
$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft  
 
$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|14:40
 
|14:40
−
|press Enter  
+
|press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:43
 
| 14:43
−
| Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command  
+
| Now, to display the inode-number and list of both the files, type the command:
 
$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft  
 
$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15:01
 
|15:01
−
|press Enter  
+
|press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15:03
 
|15:03
−
|Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.  
+
|Here we can see that inode-number of both the files are different and 'examplesoft' is a softlink of example1.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 15:16
 
| 15:16
−
| So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.  
+
| So, in this tutorial, we have learnt about the '''Linux Files Attributes''' like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15:26
 
|15:26

Revision as of 16:41, 10 March 2015

Time Narration
00:00 Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
00:05 The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown.
00:18 Please create empty directories named as 'test_chown' and 'directory1' also.
00:25 A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.
00:33 File attribute is the characteristic that describes a file such as owner, file type, access permissions etc.
00:45 'c-h own' command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
01:00 The syntax of chown command is chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname
01:13 We may give following options with chown command.
01:18 -R : To change the permission on files that are in the sub-directories of the directory that you are currently in.
01:28 -c : Change the permission for each file.
01:33 -f : Prevents chown from displaying error messages.
01:37 Now we will look at some examples.
01:40 So, go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that, cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press Enter.
01:56 Now type the command:

$ ls space -l space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.

02:11 Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid.
02:18 To change the owner of the file, type the command:

$ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n press Enter.

02:36 Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press Enter.
02:44 Now, type: $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n

and press Enter. Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.

03:03 Now we will see how to change owner of the directory.
03:07 Type the command: $ ls -l and press Enter.

Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid.

03:21 To change the owner of the directory, type the command
03:26 $ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name and press Enter.
03:44 Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.
03:49 I will clear the screen by pressing Ctrl+L for our convenience. Now type: $ ls space -l press Enter.

Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.

04:06 chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.
04:13 Syntax of the chmod command is

chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename

We may give the following options with chmod command.

04:29 -c : Print information about files that are changed.
04:34 -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.
04:41 There are following types of access or permissions
04:44 r : Read

w : Write

x : Execute

s : Set user (or group) ID

04:54 Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number.
05:00 The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission.
05:09 Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:

4 that is Read

2 that is Write

1 that is Execute

05:20 Now we will look at some examples of chmod. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file 'example1'.
05:30 Before that, I will again clear the screen by pressing Ctrl+l.
05:36 Now, let's type:

$ chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter.

05:49 Now type: $ ls space -l space example1

press Enter to see the changes.

06:01 here you can see, to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
06:15 Now type the command: $ chmod space 751 space example1

press Enter.

06:26 Now type:

$ ls space -l space example1 and press Enter.

06:35 Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
06:52 To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone, type the command: $ chmod space =r space example1

and press Enter

07:08 Now type the command: $ ls space -l space example1

press Enter.

07:19 Here we can see that the 'read only' permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone.
07:30 To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory 'directory1', type the command:
7:44 $ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1

press Enter.

08:00 Now type:

$ ls space -l press Enter to see the changes.

08:09 To give the user execute permission on file example2, type the command:

$ chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter.

08:27 Now type the command:

$ ls space -l space example2 and press Enter.

08:40 Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on 'example2'.
08:50 To add the write permissions to the group for file example3

type the command: $ chmod space g+w space example3 press Enter.

09:10 and now type:

$ ls space -l space example3 press Enter.

09:23 Here we can see the write permission has been added to group.
09:30 To remove the write permissions for all, type the command:

$ chmod space a-w space example3 press Enter.

09:45 Now, type:

$ ls space -l space example3 press Enter.

09:55 Here we can see the write permission for all, has been removed.
10:02 chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to new group.
10:10 Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group.
10:20 Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group.
10:26 The syntax for the chgrp command is

chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.

10:36 Let's go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.

Type the command: $ ls space -l space example4 press Enter.

10:57 Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid.
11:03 To change the group permission, type the command: $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4
11:20 press Enter.

Enter the sudo password if required.

11:27 Now type the command: $ ls space -l space example4

press Enter.

11:38 Here, we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.
11:46 The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device.
11:51 'Inode' stores basic information about a regular file or a directory.
11:57 All the files are hard links to 'inodes'.
12:00 Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding 'inode'.
12:12 We can use 'ls space -i' command to see the 'inode number' of a file.
12:19 Type the command: $ ls space -i space example5

press Enter.

12:29 Number written before the file is the 'inode number' of the file.
12:35 'Inodes' are associated with precisely one directory at a time.
12:41 Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.

ln is the command to make link.

12:52 The syntax of ln command, to create the hard link, is:
12:57 ln space source space link where 'source' is an existing file and 'link' is the file to create.
13:06 Now we will look at some examples of hard links.
13:10 Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command:

$ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter.

13:25 To display the 'inode number' of both the files, type the command:

$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter.

13:41 Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file 'exampleln' is the hard link for file 'example1'.
13:54 Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path.
14:07 The syntax of ln command to create soft links is:
14:12 ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}
14:19 Now we will look at some examples of soft link.
14:25 To create the soft link, type the command:

$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft

14:40 press Enter.
14:43 Now, to display the inode-number and list of both the files, type the command:

$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft

15:01 press Enter.
15:03 Here we can see that inode-number of both the files are different and 'examplesoft' is a softlink of example1.
15:16 So, in this tutorial, we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.
15:26 We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file.
15:31 This brings me to the end of this tutorial.
15:35 Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.
15:44 More information on the same is available at the following link.
15:50 This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Minal, PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Ravikala, Sandhya.np14

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