Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed"

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|'''Narration'''
 
|'''Narration'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 00:00
+
| 00:01
 
| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
 
| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 00:05
 
| 00:05
−
| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown.  
+
| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5,''' and '''testchown.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:18
 
|00:18
−
|Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also  
+
|Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 00:25
 
| 00:25
 
| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.  
 
| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|00:33
+
|00:34
 
|File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc.  
 
|File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 00:45
+
| 00:46
 
| c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.  
 
| c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 01:00
+
| 01:01
−
| The syntax of chown command is '''<nowiki>chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname </nowiki>'''
+
| The syntax of chown command is '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname '''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 01:13
 
| 01:13
−
| We may give following options with chown command.  
+
| We may give following options with '''chown''' command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:18
 
|01:18
Line 33: Line 33:
 
|'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file.  
 
|'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|01:33
+
|01:32
 
|'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages.  
 
|'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages.  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 39: Line 39:
 
| Now we will look at some examples  
 
| Now we will look at some examples  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 01:40
+
| 01:41
−
| So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter
+
| So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press enter
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 01:56
 
| 01:56
−
| Now type the command  
+
| Now type the command '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
−
$ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02:11
 
| 02:11
−
| Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid
+
| Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is '''shahid'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02:18
 
| 02:18
−
| To change the owner of the file, type the command  
+
| To change the owner of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n. press Enter  
−
$ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n  
+
 
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02:36
 
| 02:36
−
| Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter  
+
| Enter the '''sudo''' password and press Enter again. Press enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02:44
 
| 02:44
−
| Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n  
+
| Now type '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press Enter  
−
and press Enter  
+
 
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
 
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
 
|-
 
|-
Line 66: Line 63:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:07
 
|03:07
−
|Type the command $ ls -l and  press Enter  
+
|Type the command ''' ls space -l''' and  press Enter  
−
Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid  
+
Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is shahid  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03:21
+
| 03:22
 
| To change the owner of the directory, type the command  
 
| To change the owner of the directory, type the command  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:26
 
|03:26
−
|$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name  
+
|'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press Enter  
−
and press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:44
 
|03:44
 
|Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.  
 
|Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.  
−
|-
 
  
 +
|-
 
| 03:49
 
| 03:49
−
| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l  press Enter  
+
| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type '''ls space -l''' press Enter  
 
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.  
 
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:06
 
| 04:06
−
| chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.  
+
| '''chmod''' command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:13
 
| 04:13
−
| Syntax of the chmod command is  
+
| Syntax of the '''chmod''' command is '''chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename'''
−
<nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki>
+
  
 
We may give the following options with chmod command.  
 
We may give the following options with chmod command.  
Line 97: Line 92:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:34
 
|04:34
−
|  -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.  
+
|  -f : Do not notify user of files that '''chmod''' cannot change.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:41
 
| 04:41
Line 103: Line 98:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:44
 
|04:44
−
|r : Read  
+
|r that is Read  
  
−
w : Write  
+
w that is Write  
  
−
x : Execute  
+
x that is Execute  
  
−
s : Set user (or group) ID  
+
s that is Set user (or group) ID  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 04:54
 
| 04:54
Line 126: Line 121:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 05:20
 
| 05:20
−
| Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1.
+
| Now we will look at some examples of '''chmod'''. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file '''example1.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:30
 
|05:30
Line 132: Line 127:
 
|-
 
|-
 
  | 05:36
 
  | 05:36
−
| Now lets type  
+
| Now lets type '''chmod space u+x space example1 ''' press Enter  
−
$ chmod space u+x space example1  
+
 
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 05:49
+
| 05:49
−
| Now type $ ls space -l space example1  
+
| Now type '''ls space -l space example1 '''
 
press Enter to see the changes  
 
press Enter to see the changes  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:01
 
|06:01
−
|here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1  
+
|Here you can see to assign the '''read/write/execute''' permission by owner, ''' read/execute''' permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file '''example1'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 06:15
 
| 06:15
−
| Now type the command  $ chmod space 751 space example1  
+
| Now type the command  '''chmod space 751 space example1 '''
 
press Enter  
 
press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 06:26
 
| 06:26
−
| Now type  
+
| Now type ''' ls space -l space example1 ''' and press Enter  
−
$ ls space -l space example1  
+
−
and press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:35
 
|06:35
−
|Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.  
+
|Here we can see that above command has assigned the '''read/write/execute''' permission by owner, '''read/execute''' permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 06:52
 
| 06:52
−
| To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1  
+
| To assign read-only permission to file '''example1''' for everyone type the command ''' chmod space =r space example1 '''
 
and press Enter  
 
and press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 07:08
 
| 07:08
−
| Now type the command  $ ls space -l space example1  
+
| Now type the command  '''ls space -l space example1'''
 
press Enter  
 
press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:19
 
|07:19
−
|Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone  
+
|Here we can see that the '''read only''' permission has been assigned to file '''example1''' for everyone  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 07:30
 
| 07:30
−
| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command  
+
| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory '''directory1''' type the command  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7:44
 
|7:44
−
|$ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1  
+
|'''chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 '''
 
press Enter  
 
press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:00
 
| 08:00
−
| Now type  
+
| Now type ''' ls space -l ''' press Enter to see the changes  
−
$ ls space -l  
+
−
press Enter to see the changes  
+
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:09
 
| 08:09
−
| To give the user execute permission on file example2  Type the command  
+
| To give the user execute permission on file '''example2''' Type the command  
−
$ chmod space u+x space example2  
+
''' chmod space u+x space example2 ''' press Enter  
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:27
 
| 08:27
−
| Now type the command  
+
| Now type the command ''' ls space -l space example2 ''' and press Enter  
−
$ ls space -l space example2  
+
−
and press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:40
 
|08:40
−
|Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2
+
|Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on '''example2'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:50
 
| 08:50
−
| To add the write permissions to the group for file example3  
+
| To add the write permissions to the group for file '''example3''', type the command  
−
type the command  
+
'''chmod space g+w space example3'''. Press Enter  
−
$ chmod space g+w space example3  
+
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 09:10
 
| 09:10
−
| and now type  
+
| and now type ''' ls space -l space example3 ''' press Enter  
−
$ ls space -l space example3  
+
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:23
+
|09:24
 
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group  
 
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 09:30
 
| 09:30
−
| To remove the write permissions for all type the command  
+
| To remove the write permissions for all type the command ''' chmod space a-w space example3 '''
−
$ chmod space a-w space example3  
+
 
press Enter  
 
press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 09:45
 
| 09:45
−
| Now type  
+
| Now type ''' ls space -l space example3 ''' press Enter  
−
$ ls space -l space example3  
+
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:55
 
|09:55
Line 221: Line 201:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:02
 
| 10:02
−
| chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup.  
+
| '''chgrp''' command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:10
 
|10:10
−
|Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group.  
+
|Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in '''/etc/group. '''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:20
 
|10:20
Line 230: Line 210:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:26
 
| 10:26
−
| The syntax for the chgrp command is
+
| The syntax for the chgrp command is '''chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.'''
−
<nowiki>chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.</nowiki>
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:36
 
| 10:36
−
| Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.
+
| Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of '''chgrp''' command.
−
type the command $ ls space -l space example4  
+
type the command '''ls space -l space example4''' press Enter  
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:57
 
|10:57
−
|Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid  
+
|Here we can see the group permission is for user '''shahid '''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 11:03
 
| 11:03
−
| To change the group permission , type the command $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4
+
| To change the group permission , type the command '''sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:20
 
|11:20
−
|press Enter  
+
|press Enter. Enter the sudo password if required.  
−
Enter the sudo password if required.  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 11:27
 
| 11:27
−
| Now type the command $ ls space -l space example4  
+
| Now type the command ''' ls space -l space example4 '''
 
press Enter  
 
press Enter  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 265: Line 242:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:00
 
|12:00
−
|Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode.  
+
|Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding '''inode. '''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 12:12
 
| 12:12
−
| We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file.  
+
| We can use ''' ls space -i''' command to see the '''inode''' number of a file.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:19
 
|12:19
−
|type the command $ ls space -i space example5  
+
|type the command ''' ls space -i space example5 ''' press Enter  
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:29
 
|12:29
Line 281: Line 257:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:41
 
|12:41
−
|Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.  
+
|Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single '''inode.'''
−
ln is the command to make link  
+
'''ln''' is the command to make link  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 12:52
 
| 12:52
−
| The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is  
+
| The syntax of '''ln''' command to create the hard link is  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:57
 
|12:57
−
|ln space source space link Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create.
+
|'''ln space source space link ''' where, '''source''' is an existing file and '''link''' is the file to create.
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 13:06
 
| 13:06
Line 294: Line 270:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13:10
 
|13:10
−
|Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command  
+
|Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command '''ln space example1 space exampleln''' press Enter  
−
$ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 13:25
 
| 13:25
−
| To display the inode number of both the files, type the command  
+
| To display the '''inode''' number of both the files, type the command  
  
−
$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln  
+
'''ls space -i space example1 space exampleln '''press Enter  
−
press Enter  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13:41
 
|13:41
Line 310: Line 284:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:07
 
| 14:07
−
| The syntax of ln command to create soft links is  
+
| The syntax of '''ln''' command to create soft links is  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|14:12
 
|14:12
−
|ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}  
+
|''' ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} '''
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:19
 
| 14:19
Line 319: Line 293:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:25
 
| 14:25
−
| To create the soft link, type the command  
+
| To create the soft link, type the command '''ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft '''
−
$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft  
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|14:40
 
|14:40
Line 326: Line 299:
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 14:43
 
| 14:43
−
| Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command  
+
| Now, to display the '''inode''' number and list of both the files, type the command  
−
$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft  
+
''' ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft '''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15:01
 
|15:01
Line 333: Line 306:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15:03
 
|15:03
−
|Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.  
+
|Here we can see that '''inode''' number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 15:16
 
| 15:16
Line 351: Line 324:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15:50
 
|15:50
−
| This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining.  
+
| This script is contributed by Anusha Ambala and Shahid. Thanks or joining.
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 14:06, 4 December 2014

Time Narration
00:01 Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
00:05 The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown.
00:18 Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also
00:25 A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.
00:34 File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc.
00:46 c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
01:01 The syntax of chown command is chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname
01:13 We may give following options with chown command.
01:18 -R : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.
01:28 -c : Change the permission for each file.
01:32 -f : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages.
01:37 Now we will look at some examples
01:41 So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter
01:56 Now type the command ls space -l space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
02:11 Here we can see the owner of the file testchown is shahid
02:18 To change the owner of the file, type the command sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n. press Enter
02:36 Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter
02:44 Now type ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter

Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.

03:03 Now we will see how to change owner of the directory
03:07 Type the command ls space -l and press Enter

Here we can see the owner of the directory test_chown is shahid

03:22 To change the owner of the directory, type the command
03:26 sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown which is directory name and press Enter
03:44 Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.
03:49 I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type ls space -l press Enter

Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.

04:06 chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.
04:13 Syntax of the chmod command is chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename

We may give the following options with chmod command.

04:29 -c : Print information about files that are changed.
04:34 -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.
04:41 There are following types of access or permissions
04:44 r that is Read

w that is Write

x that is Execute

s that is Set user (or group) ID

04:54 Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number.
05:00 The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission.
05:09 Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:

4 that is Read

2 that is Write

1 that is Execute

05:20 Now we will look at some examples of chmod. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1.
05:30 Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l.
05:36 Now lets type chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter
05:49 Now type ls space -l space example1

press Enter to see the changes

06:01 Here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1
06:15 Now type the command chmod space 751 space example1

press Enter

06:26 Now type ls space -l space example1 and press Enter
06:35 Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
06:52 To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command chmod space =r space example1

and press Enter

07:08 Now type the command ls space -l space example1

press Enter

07:19 Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone
07:30 To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command
7:44 chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1

press Enter

08:00 Now type ls space -l press Enter to see the changes


08:09 To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command

chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter

08:27 Now type the command ls space -l space example2 and press Enter
08:40 Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2
08:50 To add the write permissions to the group for file example3, type the command

chmod space g+w space example3. Press Enter

09:10 and now type ls space -l space example3 press Enter
09:24 Here we can see the write permission has been added to group
09:30 To remove the write permissions for all type the command chmod space a-w space example3

press Enter

09:45 Now type ls space -l space example3 press Enter
09:55 Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed
10:02 chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup.
10:10 Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group.
10:20 Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group.
10:26 The syntax for the chgrp command is chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.
10:36 Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.

type the command ls space -l space example4 press Enter

10:57 Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid
11:03 To change the group permission , type the command sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4
11:20 press Enter. Enter the sudo password if required.
11:27 Now type the command ls space -l space example4

press Enter

11:38 Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.
11:46 The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device.
11:51 Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory.
11:57 All the files are hard links to inodes.
12:00 Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode.
12:12 We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file.
12:19 type the command ls space -i space example5 press Enter
12:29 Number written before the file is the inode number of the file.
12:35 Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time.
12:41 Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.

ln is the command to make link

12:52 The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is
12:57 ln space source space link where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create.
13:06 Now we will look at some examples of hard links
13:10 Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter
13:25 To display the inode number of both the files, type the command

ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter

13:41 Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1
13:54 Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path.
14:07 The syntax of ln command to create soft links is
14:12 ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}
14:19 Now we will look at some examples of soft link
14:25 To create the soft link, type the command ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft
14:40 press Enter
14:43 Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command

ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft

15:01 press Enter
15:03 Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.
15:16 So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.
15:26 We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file.
15:31 This brings me to the end of this tutorial.
15:35 Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.
15:44 More information on the same is available at the following link.
15:50 This script is contributed by Anusha Ambala and Shahid. Thanks or joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Pravin1389, Sandhya.np14

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