Difference between revisions of "Apps-On-Physics/C3/Wheatstone's-Bridge-and-Potentiometer/English"

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Line 14: Line 14:
  
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
−
|| At the end of this tutorial you will be able to  
+
|| At the end of this tutorial you will be able to,
 
* Simulate the working of wheatstone bridge.
 
* Simulate the working of wheatstone bridge.
 
* Solve a numerical based on wheatstone bridge.
 
* Solve a numerical based on wheatstone bridge.
Line 37: Line 37:
 
[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org/] '''
 
[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org/] '''
 
|| To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with '''Apps on Physics'''.
 
|| To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with '''Apps on Physics'''.
 +
 
For the Pre-requisites tutorials please visit this site.
 
For the Pre-requisites tutorials please visit this site.
  
Line 45: Line 46:
 
|| In this tutorial we will use,
 
|| In this tutorial we will use,
  
−
'''Wheatstone's Bridge''' and''' Potentiometer Apps'''.
+
'''Wheatstone's Bridge''' and ''' Potentiometer Apps'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Downloads folder>> html5phen>>phen>>  
+
|| Downloads folder >> html5phen >> phen >>  
  
 
'''wheatstonebridge_en.htm''' file>> Right click >> open with Firefox web browser.
 
'''wheatstonebridge_en.htm''' file>> Right click >> open with Firefox web browser.
 
|| To open the App, right-click on '''wheatstonebridge_en.htm''' file.
 
|| To open the App, right-click on '''wheatstonebridge_en.htm''' file.
  
−
Select '''Open with Firefox Web Browser '''option.
+
Select '''Open with Firefox Web Browser''' option.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 61: Line 62:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the rectangle with Question mark'''(?)'''
 
|| Point to the rectangle with Question mark'''(?)'''
−
|| Wheatstone’s bridge is a simple circuit for measuring the unknown resistance.
+
|| '''Wheatstone’s bridge''' is a simple circuit for measuring the unknown resistance.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the circuit.
 
|| Point to the circuit.
−
|| Meter bridge uses the same principle for practical purposes.
+
|| '''Meter bridge''' uses the same principle for practical purpose.
  
 
First we will learn about the circuit connections.
 
First we will learn about the circuit connections.
Line 78: Line 79:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Point to the galvanometer.
+
|| Point to the '''galvanometer'''.
−
|| A galvanometer is connected between the two parallel branches of resistances.
+
|| A '''galvanometer''' is connected between the two parallel branches of resistances.
  
−
Galvanometer is a device to detect small changes in current in the circuit.
+
'''Galvanometer''' is a device to detect small changes in current in the circuit.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 89: Line 90:
  
 
Drag the sliding contact show the changes.
 
Drag the sliding contact show the changes.
−
|| The negative terminal of the galvanometer is connected to the wire of 1 cm.
+
|| The negative terminal of the '''galvanometer''' is connected to the wire of 1 cm.
  
 
The measurement of the wire is shown by the scale.
 
The measurement of the wire is shown by the scale.
Line 96: Line 97:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Point to show the sliding resistor.
+
|| Point to show the '''Sliding resistor'''.
−
|| In the green panel the Sliding resistor is that of the wire.
+
|| In the green panel the '''Sliding resistor''' is that of the wire.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Change the value in the text field and show.
 
|| Change the value in the text field and show.
−
|| We can vary the Sliding resistor from 1 ohm to 1000 ohms.
+
|| We can vary the '''Sliding resistor''' from 1 '''ohm''' to 1000 '''ohms'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 111: Line 112:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| In the green control panel point to '''Voltage of the power supply.'''
 
|| In the green control panel point to '''Voltage of the power supply.'''
−
|| '''Voltage of the power supply''' can take values from 1-10 '''Volts'''.
+
|| '''Voltage of the power supply''' can take values from 1 to 10 '''Volts'''.
  
 
We can also change the '''Resistance of the meter.'''
 
We can also change the '''Resistance of the meter.'''
  
−
'''Resistance of the meter '''depends on the comparable resistor.
+
'''Resistance of the meter ''' depends on the comparable resistor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 124: Line 125:
 
|| At the bottom of control panel there are two check boxes.
 
|| At the bottom of control panel there are two check boxes.
  
−
'''Indicate voltage '''
+
'''Indicate voltage ''' and
  
 
'''Indicate amperage'''
 
'''Indicate amperage'''
Line 132: Line 133:
  
 
Point to the values of voltage and current.
 
Point to the values of voltage and current.
−
|| Select both the check-boxs.
+
|| Select both the check-boxes.
  
 
Observe that the values of voltage and current are shown in the circuit.
 
Observe that the values of voltage and current are shown in the circuit.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Point to show the unkown resistance.
+
|| Point to show the unknown resistance.
−
|| We can calculate the unknown resistance when the bridge is balanced.
+
|| We can calculate the unknown resistance when the '''bridge''' is balanced.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
−
|| Let us now see how to balance the bridge.
+
|| Let us now see how to balance the '''bridge'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Press '''F5''' key on the keyboard.
 
|| Press '''F5''' key on the keyboard.
−
|| Press '''F5''' key on the keyboard to refresh the '''App'''.
+
|| Press '''F5''' key on the keyboard to restart the '''App'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 153: Line 154:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Drag the sliding contact to get 0 amperage.
+
|| Drag the sliding contact to get 0 '''amperage'''.
−
|| To balance the bridge, drag the sliding contact to get a zero amperage.
+
|| To balance the '''bridge''', drag the sliding contact to get a zero '''amperage'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 160: Line 161:
  
 
Also show by dragging the slider.
 
Also show by dragging the slider.
−
|| We can also drag the slider in the green panel to change the amperage.
+
|| We can also drag the slider in the green panel to change the '''amperage'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point the values of voltage.
 
|| Point the values of voltage.
−
|| Observe the value of voltage and current at each resistances.
+
|| Observe the value of voltage and current at each resistance.
  
−
The values are balanced in series- parallel arrangement of resistances.
+
The values are balanced in series-parallel arrangement of resistances.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 172: Line 173:
  
 
At the bottom point to the white box at the bottom of the yellow panel.
 
At the bottom point to the white box at the bottom of the yellow panel.
−
|| At the point when amperage is zero we can calculate the unknown resistance.
+
|| At the point when '''amperage''' is zero, we can calculate the unknown resistance.
  
 
At the bottom of the yellow panel, a message appears.
 
At the bottom of the yellow panel, a message appears.
Line 184: Line 185:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance '''button.
 
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance '''button.
−
|| Click on the '''Calculate resistance '''button.
+
|| Click on the '''Calculate resistance ''' button.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the value of '''Rx.'''
 
|| Point to the value of '''Rx.'''
−
|| In the white coloured box the value of unkown resistance is displayed.
+
|| In the white coloured box the value of unknown resistance is displayed.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the Rx '''value '''
 
|| Point to the Rx '''value '''
−
|| The measured value for '''Rx '''is 908 ohms.
+
|| The measured value for '''Rx''' is 690 '''ohms'''.
  
 
Here the value may change for you.
 
Here the value may change for you.
Line 198: Line 199:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on the '''New measurement '''button.
 
|| Click on the '''New measurement '''button.
−
|| Click on the '''New measurement '''button''' '''for measuring the next set of values.
+
|| Click on the '''New measurement '''button''' for measuring the next set of values.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 204: Line 205:
 
|| Again drag the sliding contact to zero.
 
|| Again drag the sliding contact to zero.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance '''button.
+
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance''' button.
 
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance''' button.
 
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance''' button.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the value.
 
|| Point to the value.
−
|| Observe the change in the value of unkown resistance.  
+
|| Observe the change in the value of unknown resistance.  
  
−
This is because, galvanometer is a sensitive device.
+
This is because, '''galvanometer''' is a sensitive device.
  
 
It will change the value every time when we click on the '''New measurement''' button.
 
It will change the value every time when we click on the '''New measurement''' button.
Line 221: Line 222:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Edit the value of Comparable resistance to 1000 ohms and show the change in the Resistance of the meter.
 
|| Edit the value of Comparable resistance to 1000 ohms and show the change in the Resistance of the meter.
−
|| Let us change the C'''omparable resistor '''to 1000 ohms.
+
|| Let us change the '''Comparable resistor''' to 1000 '''ohms'''.
  
−
Observe that '''Resistance of the meter''' changes to 10 ohms.
+
Observe that '''Resistance of the meter''' changes to 10 '''ohms'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Now let us calculate the unknown resistance.
 
|| Now let us calculate the unknown resistance.
  
Line 241: Line 242:
 
|| The formula to calculate the unknown resistance is,
 
|| The formula to calculate the unknown resistance is,
  
−
Rx={R2/R1}*R3
+
'''Rx ={R2/R1} x R3'''
  
−
R1 and R2 is the sliding resistor.  
+
'''R1''' and '''R2''' are '''sliding resistance'''.  
−
R3 is the comparable resistance.
+
'''R3''' is the '''comparable resistance'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 252: Line 253:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Edit the value of '''Comparable''' '''resistance '''to 800 ohms. And press Enter.
 
|| Edit the value of '''Comparable''' '''resistance '''to 800 ohms. And press Enter.
−
|| Change the '''Comparable resistance''' to 800 '''ohms '''and press '''Enter'''.
+
|| Change the '''Comparable resistance''' to 800 '''ohms ''' and press '''Enter'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Drag the '''Sliding contact''' to get zero ampere  
+
|| Drag the '''Sliding contact''' to get zero '''ampere'''.
−
|| Again get the zero amperage by dragging the slider.
+
|| Again get the zero '''amperage''' by dragging the slider.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 262: Line 263:
  
 
Point to the calculated value.
 
Point to the calculated value.
−
|| Now in the formula substitute the values of R1, R2, and R3.
+
|| Now in the formula substitute value of '''R1''' as 117.5 ohms, '''R2''' as 82.5 ohms and '''R3''' as 800 ohms.
  
−
Substitute the value of R1 as 93
+
Here the calculated value of unknown resistance in 561.7 '''ohms'''.
  
−
R2 as 107 and R3 as 800 ohms.
+
Here you can get a different value as the '''galvanometer''' is sensitive.
−
 
+
−
Here the calculated value of unkown resistance in 816.16 '''ohms'''.
+
−
 
+
−
Here you can get a different value as the galvanometer is sensitive.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Now let us compare with the value shown in the '''App'''.
 
|| Now let us compare with the value shown in the '''App'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| and then click on '''Calculate resistance.'''
+
|| Click on '''Calculate resistance''' button.
 
|| Click on the '''Calculate resistance '''button.
 
|| Click on the '''Calculate resistance '''button.
  
Line 287: Line 284:
 
'''Assignment '''
 
'''Assignment '''
  
−
In the circuit change the value of comparable resistance to 100 ohms and  
+
In the circuit change the value of '''comparable''' resistance to 100 '''ohms''' and  
  
−
sliding resistance to 65 ohms.
+
sliding resistance to 65 '''ohms'''.
  
 
Calculate the unknown resistance of the circuit.
 
Calculate the unknown resistance of the circuit.
Line 296: Line 293:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Cursor in the '''phen''' folder.
 
|| Let us explore the '''Potentiometer''' '''App'''.
 
|| Let us explore the '''Potentiometer''' '''App'''.
  
Line 305: Line 302:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the circuit
 
|| Point to the circuit
−
|| The interface opens with the potentiometer circuit.
+
|| The interface opens with the '''potentiometer''' circuit.
  
−
The potentiometer is a voltage divider used for measuring voltage.
+
The '''potentiometer''' is a voltage divider used for measuring voltage.
  
 
It is also used to control the flow of current.
 
It is also used to control the flow of current.
Line 317: Line 314:
 
|| The circuit has three resistors.
 
|| The circuit has three resistors.
  
−
Here two resistors are connected in series and used as a sliding resistor.
+
Here two resistors are connected in series and used as a '''sliding resistor'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the 3<sup>rd</sup> resistor in the circuit.
 
|| Point to the 3<sup>rd</sup> resistor in the circuit.
−
|| The third resistor is the '''Resistance of the''' '''appliance.'''
+
|| The third resistor is the '''Resistance of the '''appliance.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 327: Line 324:
 
|| The voltmeter is connected in parallel to the resistance.
 
|| The voltmeter is connected in parallel to the resistance.
  
−
The volmeter shows the output voltage of the circuit.
+
The voltmeter shows the output voltage of the circuit.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 341: Line 338:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the '''Voltmeter'''.
 
|| Point to the '''Voltmeter'''.
−
|| The value of voltage at this point is 1.90 V(Volts).
+
|| The value of voltage at this point is 1.87 V(Volts).
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Edit the value of '''Resistance of the appliance''' to '''1000 Ohms.'''
 
|| Edit the value of '''Resistance of the appliance''' to '''1000 Ohms.'''
−
|| Now increase the '''Resistance of the appliance '''to 1000 ohms.
+
|| Now increase the '''Resistance of the appliance '''to 1000 '''ohms'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the voltage in the voltmeter.
 
|| Point to the voltage in the voltmeter.
−
|| Observe that the value of output voltage increased to 1.98 volts.
+
|| Observe that the value of output voltage increased to 1.93 '''volts'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
−
|| If we increase the value of potentiometer resistance, output voltage increases.
+
|| If we increase the value of '''potentiometer''' resistance, output voltage increases.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Cursor on the interface.
−
|| We can also calculate the Voltage using the '''Ohm’s Law.'''
+
|| We can also calculate the voltage using the '''Ohm’s Law.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 365: Line 362:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the value in the circuit.
 
|| Point to the value in the circuit.
−
|| Note that resistance till the point 0.4 cm is 40 ohms.
+
|| Note that resistance till the point 0.4 cm is 39.5 '''ohms'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 379: Line 376:
 
|| So we can calculate voltage using formula  
 
|| So we can calculate voltage using formula  
  
−
V=IR
+
'''V=IR'''
  
−
Substitute the value of current and resistance from the App.
+
I have already substituted the values of current and resistance from the '''App'''.
  
 
The value for voltage is almost same as that for measured value.
 
The value for voltage is almost same as that for measured value.
Line 387: Line 384:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the the graph.
 
|| Point to the the graph.
−
|| The graph is plotted for Voltage v/s length of the scale.  
+
|| The graph is plotted for '''Voltage v/s length''' of the scale.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the blue point in the graph.
 
|| Point to the blue point in the graph.
−
|| The blue point shows the value of voltage at point 0.4 cm.
+
|| The blue point shows the value of voltage at point 0.4 '''cm'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 397: Line 394:
  
 
Press '''Enter.'''
 
Press '''Enter.'''
−
|| Change the value of '''Sliding resistor''' to 1000 ohms and press '''Enter'''.
+
|| Change the value of '''Sliding resistor''' to 1000 '''ohms''' and press '''Enter'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 405: Line 402:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
−
|| So here we can say that potentiometer controls the flow of current.
+
|| So here we can say that '''potentiometer''' controls the flow of current.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 411: Line 408:
  
 
'''Tabular column'''
 
'''Tabular column'''
−
|| Let us make a tabular column to study a graph of voltage v/s length.
+
|| Let us make a tabular column to study a graph of '''voltage v/s length'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 419: Line 416:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Edit the '''Voltage of the power supply''' to 10 V. And Press Enter.
 
|| Edit the '''Voltage of the power supply''' to 10 V. And Press Enter.
−
|| Change the value of '''Voltage of the power supply''' to 10 V and press '''Enter'''.
+
|| Change the value of '''Voltage of the power supply''' to 10 '''V''' and press '''Enter'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Drag the Sliding contact to 0.0 cm.
+
|| Drag the '''Sliding contact''' to 0.0 cm.
−
|| Drag the sliding contact to 0.0 cm.
+
|| Drag the '''sliding contact''' to 0.0 cm.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 430: Line 427:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Drag the Sliding contact to 0.1 cm.
+
|| Drag the '''Sliding contact''' to 0.1 '''cm'''.
−
|| Drag the sliding contact to 0.1 cm.
+
 
 +
Click on the '''Indicate amperage''' check box.
 +
|| Drag the '''sliding contact''' to 0.1 '''cm'''.
  
 +
Click on the '''Indicate amperage''' check box.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to value of length, current, and voltage.
 
|| Point to value of length, current, and voltage.
−
|| Tabulate the values of length, current and voltage in the tabular column.  
+
|| Tabulate the values of '''length''', '''current''' and '''voltage''' in the tabular column.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 441: Line 441:
 
|| Drag sliding contact to 0.2 cm and tabulate the values in the table.
 
|| Drag sliding contact to 0.2 cm and tabulate the values in the table.
  
−
Smilarly take four more values and enter these values in the table.
+
Similarly take four more values and enter these values in the table.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 458: Line 458:
 
'''Assignment '''
 
'''Assignment '''
  
−
Change the values of Resistance of the appliance to 500 ohms,
+
Change the values of resistance of the appliance to 500 '''ohms''',
−
700 ohms, 800 ohms.
+
700 '''ohms''', 800 '''ohms'''.
  
 
Find the output voltage.
 
Find the output voltage.
 
|| As an assignment  
 
|| As an assignment  
  
−
Change the values of Resistance of the appliance to 500 ohms, 700 ohms, 800 ohms.
+
Change the values of resistance of the appliance to 500 '''ohms''', 700 '''ohms''' and 800 '''ohms'''.
  
 
Find the output voltage.
 
Find the output voltage.
Line 494: Line 494:
  
 
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops.'''
 
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops.'''
−
|| The&nbsp;'''Spoken Tutorial Project&nbsp;'''team,
+
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project''' team,
  
 
conducts workshops gives certificates.
 
conducts workshops gives certificates.

Latest revision as of 16:38, 4 August 2020

Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Wheatstone Bridge and Potentiometer.
Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

At the end of this tutorial you will be able to,
  • Simulate the working of wheatstone bridge.
  • Solve a numerical based on wheatstone bridge.
  • Simulate the working of potentiometer.
  • Solve a numerical based on potentiometer.
Slide Number 3

System Requirements

Here I am using,

Ubuntu Linux OS version 16.04

Firefox Web Browser version 62.0.3

Slide Number 4

Pre-requisites

https://spoken-tutorial.org/

To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with Apps on Physics.

For the Pre-requisites tutorials please visit this site.

Slide Number 5

Apps on Physics

In this tutorial we will use,

Wheatstone's Bridge and Potentiometer Apps.

Downloads folder >> html5phen >> phen >>

wheatstonebridge_en.htm file>> Right click >> open with Firefox web browser.

To open the App, right-click on wheatstonebridge_en.htm file.

Select Open with Firefox Web Browser option.

Cursor on the interface. The App opens in the browser.
Point to the rectangle with Question mark(?) Wheatstone’s bridge is a simple circuit for measuring the unknown resistance.
Point to the circuit. Meter bridge uses the same principle for practical purpose.

First we will learn about the circuit connections.

Point to the four resistances. The circuit shows a simple series-parallel arrangement of resistances.
Point to voltage supply connections. The resistances are connected between the voltage supply and ground.
Point to the galvanometer. A galvanometer is connected between the two parallel branches of resistances.

Galvanometer is a device to detect small changes in current in the circuit.

Point to show the connection.

Point to the scale.

Drag the sliding contact show the changes.

The negative terminal of the galvanometer is connected to the wire of 1 cm.

The measurement of the wire is shown by the scale.

We can drag the sliding contact along the wire.

Point to show the Sliding resistor. In the green panel the Sliding resistor is that of the wire.
Change the value in the text field and show. We can vary the Sliding resistor from 1 ohm to 1000 ohms.
Point to Comparable resistance. In the green panel we can also edit the values of Comparable resistor .

It is the standard resistance of the circuit.

In the green control panel point to Voltage of the power supply. Voltage of the power supply can take values from 1 to 10 Volts.

We can also change the Resistance of the meter.

Resistance of the meter depends on the comparable resistor.

Point to the check-box

Indicate voltage

Indicate amperage

At the bottom of control panel there are two check boxes.

Indicate voltage and

Indicate amperage

Select both check-box.

Point to the values of voltage and current.

Select both the check-boxes.

Observe that the values of voltage and current are shown in the circuit.

Point to show the unknown resistance. We can calculate the unknown resistance when the bridge is balanced.
Cursor on the interface. Let us now see how to balance the bridge.
Press F5 key on the keyboard. Press F5 key on the keyboard to restart the App.
Select Indicate voltage and Indicate amperage check-boxes. Click on Indicate voltage and Indicate amperage check-boxes.
Drag the sliding contact to get 0 amperage. To balance the bridge, drag the sliding contact to get a zero amperage.
Point to the slider Position of the sliding contact.

Also show by dragging the slider.

We can also drag the slider in the green panel to change the amperage.
Point the values of voltage. Observe the value of voltage and current at each resistance.

The values are balanced in series-parallel arrangement of resistances.

Point to the 0.00 mA.

At the bottom point to the white box at the bottom of the yellow panel.

At the point when amperage is zero, we can calculate the unknown resistance.

At the bottom of the yellow panel, a message appears.

It reads “Now the resistance can be calculated”.

Point to Calculate resistance button. Calculate resistance button is now active.
Click on Calculate resistance button. Click on the Calculate resistance button.
Point to the value of Rx. In the white coloured box the value of unknown resistance is displayed.
Point to the Rx value The measured value for Rx is 690 ohms.

Here the value may change for you.

Click on the New measurement button. Click on the New measurement button for measuring the next set of values.
Drag the slider contact to zero. Again drag the sliding contact to zero.
Click on Calculate resistance button. Click on Calculate resistance button.
Point to the value. Observe the change in the value of unknown resistance.

This is because, galvanometer is a sensitive device.

It will change the value every time when we click on the New measurement button.

Press F5 key. Press F5 key on the keyboard to restart the App.
Edit the value of Comparable resistance to 1000 ohms and show the change in the Resistance of the meter. Let us change the Comparable resistor to 1000 ohms.

Observe that Resistance of the meter changes to 10 ohms.

Cursor on the interface. Now let us calculate the unknown resistance.
Slide Number 6

Unknown Resistance

Rx={R2/R1}*R3

R1 and R2 is the sliding resistor.

R3 is the comparable resistance.

The formula to calculate the unknown resistance is,

Rx ={R2/R1} x R3

R1 and R2 are sliding resistance. R3 is the comparable resistance.

Click on New measurement button. Click on the New measurement button.
Edit the value of Comparable resistance to 800 ohms. And press Enter. Change the Comparable resistance to 800 ohms and press Enter.
Drag the Sliding contact to get zero ampere. Again get the zero amperage by dragging the slider.
Show this in a text-box on the interface.

Point to the calculated value.

Now in the formula substitute value of R1 as 117.5 ohms, R2 as 82.5 ohms and R3 as 800 ohms.

Here the calculated value of unknown resistance in 561.7 ohms.

Here you can get a different value as the galvanometer is sensitive.

Cursor on the interface. Now let us compare with the value shown in the App.
Click on Calculate resistance button. Click on the Calculate resistance button.

Observe that the calculated value is comparable with the measured value.

Slide Number 7

Assignment

In the circuit change the value of comparable resistance to 100 ohms and

sliding resistance to 65 ohms.

Calculate the unknown resistance of the circuit.

As an assignment solve this numerical.
Cursor in the phen folder. Let us explore the Potentiometer App.
Directly open from the phen folder. Follow the same steps to open the App.
Point to the circuit The interface opens with the potentiometer circuit.

The potentiometer is a voltage divider used for measuring voltage.

It is also used to control the flow of current.

Point to the three resistors.

Point to the Sliding resistor.

The circuit has three resistors.

Here two resistors are connected in series and used as a sliding resistor.

Point to the 3rd resistor in the circuit. The third resistor is the Resistance of the appliance.
Point to the voltmeter. The voltmeter is connected in parallel to the resistance.

The voltmeter shows the output voltage of the circuit.

Point to the scale. A scale is provided to take the measurement of voltage at that particular point.

The reading on scale is from 0.0 cm to 1.0 cm.

Drag the Position of the sliding contact to 0.4 cm Drag the Position of the sliding contact to 0.4 cm.
Point to the Voltmeter. The value of voltage at this point is 1.87 V(Volts).
Edit the value of Resistance of the appliance to 1000 Ohms. Now increase the Resistance of the appliance to 1000 ohms.
Point to the voltage in the voltmeter. Observe that the value of output voltage increased to 1.93 volts.
Cursor on the interface. If we increase the value of potentiometer resistance, output voltage increases.
Cursor on the interface. We can also calculate the voltage using the Ohm’s Law.
Click on the check-box of Indicate amperage. Check the check-box Indicate amperage.
Point to the value in the circuit. Note that resistance till the point 0.4 cm is 39.5 ohms.
Slide Number 8

Ohm’s Law

V=IR

=0.048 * 40

=1.942V

So we can calculate voltage using formula

V=IR

I have already substituted the values of current and resistance from the App.

The value for voltage is almost same as that for measured value.

Point to the the graph. The graph is plotted for Voltage v/s length of the scale.
Point to the blue point in the graph. The blue point shows the value of voltage at point 0.4 cm.
Edit the value of Sliding resistor to 1000 Ohms in the control panel.

Press Enter.

Change the value of Sliding resistor to 1000 ohms and press Enter.
Point to the value of current. Observe that the value of current has decreased to 0.003 A.
Cursor on the interface. So here we can say that potentiometer controls the flow of current.
Slide Number 9

Tabular column

Let us make a tabular column to study a graph of voltage v/s length.
Press F5 key on the keyboard. Press F5 key on the keyboard to restart App.
Edit the Voltage of the power supply to 10 V. And Press Enter. Change the value of Voltage of the power supply to 10 V and press Enter.
Drag the Sliding contact to 0.0 cm. Drag the sliding contact to 0.0 cm.
Point to the value of resistance and voltage. The resistance and voltage at this point are zero.
Drag the Sliding contact to 0.1 cm.

Click on the Indicate amperage check box.

Drag the sliding contact to 0.1 cm.

Click on the Indicate amperage check box.

Point to value of length, current, and voltage. Tabulate the values of length, current and voltage in the tabular column.
Drag it to 0.2 cm Drag sliding contact to 0.2 cm and tabulate the values in the table.

Similarly take four more values and enter these values in the table.

Slide Number 10

Tabular column

Here is the completed table.

Observe that if length increases the output voltage also increases.

Hence the graph is linear.

Slide Number 11

Assignment

Change the values of resistance of the appliance to 500 ohms, 700 ohms, 800 ohms.

Find the output voltage.

As an assignment

Change the values of resistance of the appliance to 500 ohms, 700 ohms and 800 ohms.

Find the output voltage.

Let us summarise
Slide Number 12

Summary

In this tutorial we have,
  • Simulated the working of wheatstone bridge.
  • Solved a numerical based on wheatstone bridge.
  • Simulated the working of potentiometer.
  • Solved numerical based on potentiometer.
Slide Number 13

About Spoken Tutorial project.

The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

Slide Number 14

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The Spoken Tutorial Project team,

conducts workshops gives certificates.

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Slide Number 15

Forum for specific questions:

Please post your timed queries in this forum.
Slide Number 16

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
This is Himanshi Karwanje from IIT-Bombay.

Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Karwanjehimanshi95, Madhurig, Snehalathak

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