Difference between revisions of "LaTeX/C2/Equations/English"

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|-
 
|-
 
|| Initial conditions
 
|| Initial conditions
−
|| # Copy equations.tex into numbers.tex
+
||  
 +
# Copy equations.tex into numbers.tex
 
# Both equations.tex and numbers.tex should be sized
 
# Both equations.tex and numbers.tex should be sized
−
# Both should be opened in Texworks
+
# Both should be opened in TeXworks
 
# Both should be at the first line
 
# Both should be at the first line
 
# equations.tex should be at the top, and numbers.tex should be below
 
# equations.tex should be at the top, and numbers.tex should be below
Line 15: Line 16:
 
# equations.tex should be directly below the slides file
 
# equations.tex should be directly below the slides file
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Texworks: Lucida
+
|| TeXworks: Lucida
 
|| Grande, 22pt, 20px. Preview: 75%, 200dpi
 
|| Grande, 22pt, 20px. Preview: 75%, 200dpi
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
<br>
 +
<br>
 +
 +
{| border = 1
 +
|-
 +
||'''Visual Cue'''
 +
||'''Narration'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Opening slide
 
|| Opening slide
−
|| Welcome to this tutorial on writing equations using LaTeX
+
|| Welcome to this tutorial on writing equations using '''LaTeX'''.
  
−
My name is Kannan Moudgalya
+
My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Learning objectives slide
 
|| Learning objectives slide
Line 30: Line 40:
  
 
Down arrow
 
Down arrow
−
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how to create <u>an</u> equation in LaTeX
+
|| In this tutorial, we will learn  
 +
*How to create an equation in '''LaTeX'''.
  
−
How to write <u>multiple</u> equations
+
*How to write multiple equations
  
−
How to <u>align</u> multiple equations and
+
*How to align multiple equations and
  
−
Why we should avoid the dollar mode and blank lines while writing equations
+
*Why we should avoid the '''dollar mode''' and blank lines while writing equations
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| System requirements slide
 
|| System requirements slide
−
|| One may use any of Linux, Windows or the Mac operating system
+
|| One may use any of '''Linux, Windows''' or the '''Mac''' operating system.
  
−
One needs LaTeX
+
One needs '''LaTeX'''.
  
−
I shall use Texworks, although it is not required
+
I shall use '''TexWorks''', although it is not required.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Prerequisites slide
 
|| Prerequisites slide
Line 52: Line 63:
 
|| What are the prerequisites?
 
|| What are the prerequisites?
  
−
One needs to be familiar with spoken tutorials that introduce LaTeX
+
One needs to be familiar with spoken tutorials that introduce '''LaTeX'''.
  
−
Exposure to the recommended method of side-by-side learning
+
Exposure to the recommended method of '''side-by-side learning'''.
  
−
This information is available at the Spoken Tutorial webpage
+
This information is available at the '''Spoken Tutorial''' webpage.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Additional material slide
 
|| Additional material slide
 +
|| I shall use the file '''equations.tex'''
  
−
Open in Texworks
+
|-
 +
||Open in TeXworks
 +
||I have opened it in '''TeXworks'''.
  
−
Back to slides file, press down arrow
+
|-
 +
||Back to slides file, press down arrow
  
 
Press down arrow
 
Press down arrow
  
 
Press down arrow
 
Press down arrow
−
|| I shall use <u>equations.tex</u>
+
||It is available as a code file along with this tutorial.
  
 +
You need to have it to practise along with me.
  
−
I have opened it in Texworks
+
If you don't have it, please download it from the '''Spoken Tutorial webpage'''.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
It is available as a <u>code file</u> along with this tutorial
+
−
 
+
−
You need to have it to practise along with me
+
−
 
+
−
If you don't have it, please download it from the Spoken Tutorial website
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Slide on Leslie Lamport’s book
 
|| Slide on Leslie Lamport’s book
  
−
Web browser is opened
 
−
|| I will next call your attention to this standard textbook by Leslie Lamport
 
  
−
I learnt my LaTeX from this book
+
|| I will next call your attention to this standard textbook by '''Leslie Lamport'''.
 +
 
 +
I learnt my '''LaTeX''' from this book.
  
−
It is available for about Rs. 500
+
It is available for about Rs. 500.
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
||Web browser is opened
 +
||Let me show on the web browser where one can buy it.
  
−
Let me show on the web browser where one can buy it
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
−
|| Let us begin the tutorial
+
|| Let us begin this tutorial
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Open equations.tex
 
|| Open equations.tex
  
−
Open numbers.tex
 
−
|| Let us learn how to write equations using LaTeX
 
  
−
I have already opened the file equations.tex in TeXworks.
+
|| Let us learn how to write equations using '''LaTeX'''.  
  
−
I have saved it as numbers.tex to use in this tutorial
+
I have already opened the file '''equations.tex''' in '''TeXworks'''.
  
−
I will keep the file equations.tex intact, and not change it
+
I have saved it as '''numbers.tex''' to use in this tutorial.
  
−
Let me open numbers.tex
+
I will keep the file '''equations.tex''' intact, and not change it.
  
−
Please pause the tutorial, make this copy and open it
+
|-
 +
||Open numbers.tex
 +
||Let me open '''numbers.tex'''
  
−
Whenever you want to start afresh, you can make a new copy of <u>equations.tex</u>
+
|-
 +
||
 +
||Please pause the tutorial, make this copy and open it.
 +
 
 +
Whenever you want to start afresh, you can make a new copy of '''equations.tex'''
  
−
I recommend this method whenever a code file is given with ANY spoken tutorial
+
I recommend this method whenever a code file is given with ANY spoken tutorial.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Press the typeset key
+
|| Press the '''Typeset''' key
−
|| Let us compile this file by pressing the typeset arrow at the top left hand corner
+
|| Let us '''compile''' this file by pressing the '''Typeset''' arrow at the top left hand corner.
  
−
You can see the pdf file on the right
+
|-
 +
||Pdf file
 +
||You can see the '''pdf file''' on the right.
  
−
Let us look at the tex file, which begins with its usual commands
+
|-
 +
||Switch to the tex file.
 +
||Let us look at the '''tex''' file, which begins with its usual '''commands'''.
  
−
I have chosen the width of the pdf file to be 8cm
+
|-
 +
||Highlight 8cm
 +
||I have chosen the width of the '''pdf file''' to be 8cm.
  
−
This is the only way I can show the entire file and also use a large font
+
This is the only way I can show the entire file and also use a large font.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
  
−
Change 7 to 15
+
Change 8 to 15
  
−
Put back 7
+
Put back 8
  
−
Click amsmath line
+
|| You may want to increase it to a more reasonable value, such as 15cm.
  
−
|| You may want to increase it to a more reasonable value, such as 15cm
+
But I will continue to use 8cm.
  
−
But I will continue to use 8cm
+
|-
 +
||Click amsmath line
 +
||I am using the '''package amsmath'''.
  
−
I am using the package amsmath
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click the first align
 
|| Click the first align
 +
|| I write the first equation within the '''align star environment''', as shown here.
  
−
lick u(t) line in tex
+
|-
 +
||Switch to the pdf and highlight the equation.
 +
||You can see how it gets '''typeset''' in the '''pdf file'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Click u(t) line in tex
 +
||On the left hand side of this equation, we have '''u of t'''.
  
−
click u(t) on slide
+
|-
 +
||Click u(t) in the pdf file
 +
||On the right hand side, I have produced big square brackets.
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
||
  
  
 
Hover on \left and click \right
 
Hover on \left and click \right
−
|| I write the first equation within the align star environment, as shown here
+
||How did I do this?
  
−
You can see how it gets typeset in the pdf file
+
With '''back slash left square''' and '''back slash right square''' brackets as shown here.
−
 
+
−
On the left hand side of this equation, we have u(t)
+
−
 
+
−
On the right hand side, I have produced big square brackets
+
−
 
+
−
How did I do this?
+
−
 
+
−
With “back slash left square” and “back slash right square” brackets as shown here
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Scroll the tex file up
 
|| Scroll the tex file up
Line 162: Line 188:
  
 
Click align* line
 
Click align* line
 +
|| Similarly, I write a second equation using '''align star'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Click the x_1 line
 +
||On the left hand side, we have the '''derivative''' of a '''vector'''.
  
−
Click the x_1 line
+
|-
 +
||Click on the eqn in the pdf file
 +
||We can see the '''pdf output''' here.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Click on matrix tex
 +
|| On the right hand side, we have a '''3 by 3 matrix'''.
  
−
Click on the eqn
+
|-
−
 
+
||Click on matrix pdf
−
 
+
||See the corresponding output.
−
Click on matrix pdf
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Click on matrix tex
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Delete row 1 compile
+
  
 +
|-
 +
||Delete row 1 compile
 +
||Suppose we delete the first row in this '''matrix''' and '''compile'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||
 
Click the pdf
 
Click the pdf
  
  
−
Undo the last command in tex
 
−
|| Similarly, I write a second equation using align star
 
  
 +
||We get a '''2 by 3 matrix pdf output'''.
  
−
On the left hand side, we have the derivative of a vector
+
The first line is gone.
  
−
We can see the pdf output here
+
It is your responsibility to make the equations correct and consistent.
  
−
On the right hand side, we have a 3 by 3 matrix
+
|-
 +
||Undo the last command in tex
 +
||Let me put the row back.
  
−
See the corresponding output
+
|-
 +
||Compile
 +
||Let me '''compile'''.
  
−
Suppose we delete the first row in this matrix and compile
+
|-
 +
||
 +
||You can also add more rows, if necessary.
  
 +
Similarly, you can change the columns, too.
  
−
We get a 2 by 3 matrix pdf output
+
|-
 +
||
 +
|| Recall that we used the '''dollar mode''' to write formulae in another tutorial.
  
−
The first line is gone
+
|-
 +
||Click on '''begin align''' in tex
 +
||Here, '''align''' plays the role of the '''dollar mode'''.
  
−
It is your responsibility to make the equations correct and consistent
+
In fact, one should not put the '''dollar sign''' within the '''align environment'''.
  
−
Let me put the row back
+
|-
 +
||Put $ and compile
  
  
−
Let me compile
+
||Suppose we put the '''alpha symbol''' within '''$ signs''' and '''compile'''.
  
−
You can also add more rows, if necessary
+
|-
 +
||Error message
 +
||We get an error message about '''dollar'''.
  
−
Similarly, you can change the columns too
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
||Press red cross symbol to abort
−
Put $ and compile
+
||Press the cross symbol on the top left red box and abort the previous '''compilation'''.
  
−
|| Recall that we used the $ mode to write formulae in another tutorial
+
|-
 +
||Remove '''$ signs'''
 +
||Let us remove the '''dollar''' sign.
  
−
Here, align plays the role of the $ mode
+
'''Compile''' again, it works!
 +
|-
 +
|| Below the line with alpha, leave a blank line
  
−
In fact, one should not put the dollar sign within the align environment
 
  
−
Suppose we put the alpha symbol within $ signs and compile
 
  
 +
|| Another common mistake is leaving blank lines in the '''align environment'''.
  
−
We get an error message about $
+
Let me leave an empty line and '''compile'''.
  
−
Press the cross symbol on the top left red box
+
|-
 +
||Error message
 +
||It gives an error message.
  
−
And abort the previous compilation
+
|-
 +
||Put %
 +
||If you need this gap, put '''%''', the '''comment''' character, in the first column.
  
−
Let us remove the $ signs
+
|-
 +
||Press red cross symbol to abort
 +
||Abort '''compiling'''.
  
−
Compile again, it works
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
||Press Typeset symbol to compile
 +
||'''Compile''' again - it '''compiles ok'''.
  
−
Below the line with alpha, leave a blank line
+
So it is important to remember that you should not leave a blank line within the '''align statement'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Remove the blank line
 +
||Let me remove this line and '''compile'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||
 +
||Next, I want to align the two equations by the '''equal to''' sign.
  
−
Put %
+
For this, we need to put both equations inside one '''align star environment'''.
  
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
|| Another common mistake is leaving blank lines in the align environment
 
−
 
−
Let me leave an empty line and compile
 
−
 
−
It gives an error message
 
−
 
−
If you need this gap, put %, the comment character, in the first column
 
−
 
−
Abort compilation
 
−
 
−
Compile again - we see that it works
 
−
 
−
Let us remove this line and compile
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Remove \end{align*}
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Remove \end{align*}
+
  
 
Remove \begin{align*}  
 
Remove \begin{align*}  
 +
|| Remove the end '''align* command''' of the first equation.
  
 +
Remove the begin '''align* command''' of the second equation.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Compile
 +
|| Let us '''compile'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||In the pdf file
 +
||We see only one equation appearing.
  
 +
The text in between the two equations appears as a large string.
  
 +
The second equation does not even show up.
  
 +
|-
 +
||
 +
|| This is not what we wanted.
  
 +
This problem is solved with the help of the '''intertext command'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Add braces before and after the text.
 +
||Let us put the text in between braces.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Put the text into \intertext{}
  
  
  
−
Put the text into \intertext{}
 
  
 +
||Let us also put this '''command, back slash intertext''' as I type now.
  
 +
Note that '''intertext''' is one word, without a space in between.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Point to the '''\'''
 +
||Do not forget the '''back slash''' before '''intertext'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Point to the closing brace
 +
||Also, do not forget the closing brace.
  
 +
These are all common mistakes.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Compile
  
  
Line 290: Line 359:
  
  
 +
||On compiling, we get this '''pdf''' file.
  
−
Compile
+
You see both equations now.  But unfortunately, you see both the equations right aligned.
  
 +
Not aligned by the '''equal to''' sign.
  
 +
|-
 +
||
 +
||So, I am not happy with it.
  
 +
I want to align by the '''equal to''' sign.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Put & sign before =
  
 +
||To do this, let us put the '''ampersand''' sign in front of the '''equal to''' sign.
  
 +
Let's do it for the first equation.
  
−
Put & sign before =
+
|-
 +
||Repeat in the 2<sup>nd</sup> eqn.
  
−
Repeat in the 2<sup>nd</sup> eqn.
 
  
  
 +
||And then let's do it for the second equation.
  
−
Compile
+
If you have more equations to be aligned, do this for all of them.
−
|| Next, I want to align the two equations by the equal to sign
+
  
−
For this, we need to put both equations inside one align star environment
+
|-
−
 
+
||Compile
−
Remove the end align* command of the first equation
+
||On '''compiling''', we see the two equations aligned by the '''equal to''' sign.
−
 
+
−
Remove the begin align* command of the second equation
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Let us compile
+
−
 
+
−
We see only one equation appearing
+
−
 
+
−
The text in between the two equations appears as a large string
+
−
 
+
−
The second equation does not even show up
+
−
 
+
−
This is not what we wanted
+
−
 
+
−
This problem is solved with the help of the <u>intertext </u>command
+
−
 
+
−
Let us put the text in between braces
+
−
 
+
−
Let us also put this command <u>back slash intertext</u> as I type now
+
−
 
+
−
Note that <u>intertex</u>t is one word, without a space in between
+
−
 
+
−
Do not forget the <u>back slash</u> before intertext
+
−
 
+
−
Also, do not forget the <u>closing brace</u>
+
−
 
+
−
These are all common mistakes
+
−
 
+
−
On compiling, we get this pdf file
+
−
 
+
−
You see the equations right aligned
+
−
 
+
−
I am not happy with it
+
−
 
+
−
I want to align by the equal to sign
+
−
 
+
−
Let us put the ampersand sign in front of the equal to sign of the first equation
+
−
 
+
−
Let us do it on the second equation also
+
−
 
+
−
If you have more equations to be aligned, do this for all of them
+
−
 
+
−
On compiling, we see the two equations aligned by the equal to sign
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
 
|| The equations are aligned even though there is text in between.
 
|| The equations are aligned even though there is text in between.
  
−
Remember to use the <u>intertext</u> command whether you want the equations aligned or not
+
Remember to use the '''intertext command''' whether you want the equations aligned or not.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
 
Delete text lines
 
Delete text lines
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
Put \\
 
−
 
−
Compile
 
−
 
−
Undo
 
 
|| What do we do if we don’t have text between equations?
 
|| What do we do if we don’t have text between equations?
  
−
To understand this, let us delete the entire text between the two equations
+
To understand this, let us delete the entire text between the two equations.
  
−
Note that we should not leave an empty line
+
|-
 +
||Put \\
 +
||Note that we should not leave an empty line.
  
−
On compiling, we see both equations coming in the same line
+
|-
 +
||Compile
 +
||On '''compiling''', we see both equations coming in the same line.
  
−
We didn’t tell LaTeX to start the second equation in the next line
+
We didn’t tell '''LaTeX''' to start the second equation in the next line.
  
−
We solve this by putting two <u>back slashes</u>
+
|-
 +
||Add '''\\'''
 +
||We solve this by putting two '''back slashes''' at the end of the first equation.
  
−
Let us compile, to get the correct pdf file
+
|-
 +
||Compile
 +
||Let us compile, to get the correct '''pdf''' file.
  
−
Let us now undo and put the text in between two equations
+
|-
 +
||Undo
 +
||Let us now undo and put the text in between two equations.
  
−
Let us compile once more
+
|-
 +
||Compile
 +
||Let us '''compile''' once more.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
−
|| This is where we will stop
+
|| This is where we will stop.
  
−
Let me go to the slides
+
Let me go to the slides.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Summary slide
 
|| Summary slide
Line 401: Line 438:
  
 
Down arrow
 
Down arrow
−
|| This page summarises what we learnt in this tutorial
+
|| This page summarises what we learnt in this tutorial.
  
−
Please recall each of these commands
+
Please recall each of these '''commands'''.
  
−
This is your first assignment
+
This is your first assignment.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| More assignments slide
 
|| More assignments slide
  
 
Down arrow
 
Down arrow
−
|| I will give some more assignments
+
|| I will give some more assignments.
  
 
Can you pause the video and try to produce these equations?
 
Can you pause the video and try to produce these equations?
  
−
The required code is given here
+
The required code is given here.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Assignment 3
 
|| Assignment 3
 
|| Can you produce these equations?
 
|| Can you produce these equations?
  
−
Notice that these equations are now aligned at the equal to sign
+
Notice that these equations are now aligned at the '''equal to''' sign.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Assignment 4
 
|| Assignment 4
−
|| What happens if you forget a required ampersand sign?
+
|| What happens if you forget a required '''ampersand''' sign?
  
−
Please pause the video and try this input
+
Please pause the video and try this input.
  
−
You should get this output
+
You should get this output.
  
−
Forgetting ampersand signs is a common mistake made by everyone!
+
Forgetting '''ampersand''' signs is a common mistake made by everyone!
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Assignment 5
 
|| Assignment 5
 
|| Can you pause this video and try to produce this output?
 
|| Can you pause this video and try to produce this output?
  
−
Use the hint given here
+
Use the hint given here.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Assignment 6
 
|| Assignment 6
−
|| In this assignment, you have to align three equations
+
|| In this assignment, you have to align three equations.
  
−
Please pause the video here, and try to produce them by yourself
+
Please pause the video here, and try to produce them by yourself.
  
−
I have given the answer here
+
I have given the answer here.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Assignment 7
 
|| Assignment 7
−
|| I have the last assignment in this slide
+
|| I have the last assignment in this slide.
  
−
Insert some text between equations
+
Insert some text between equations.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| About the ST slide
 
|| About the ST slide
−
|| I will now give some general information
+
|| I will now give some general information.
  
−
This video summarises the '''Spoken Tutorial''' project
+
This video summarises the '''Spoken Tutorial project'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Workshops slide
 
|| Workshops slide
−
|| We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials'''
+
|| We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Answers slide
 
|| Answers slide
Line 466: Line 503:
  
 
Down arrow twice
 
Down arrow twice
−
|| Do you have questions in <u>THIS</u> '''Spoken Tutorial?''' * Please visit this site
+
|| Do you have questions in <u>THIS</u> '''Spoken Tutorial?'''  
 +
* Please visit this site
 
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
 
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
 
* Explain your question briefly
 
* Explain your question briefly
Line 472: Line 510:
  
  
−
You will have to register on this website to ask questions
+
You will have to register on this website to ask questions.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Where to post slide
 
|| Where to post slide
−
|| For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address  
+
|| For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Contact us slide
 
|| Contact us slide
−
|| For any other questions, please contact us
+
|| For any other questions, please contact us.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Acknowledgement slide
 
|| Acknowledgement slide
−
|| '''Spoken Tutorial''' project is funded by MHRD, Government of India
+
|| '''Spoken Tutorial''' project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
−
|| Thanks for joining
+
|| Thanks for joining.
  
−
Goodbye
+
Goodbye.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 19:24, 22 October 2019

Initial conditions
  1. Copy equations.tex into numbers.tex
  2. Both equations.tex and numbers.tex should be sized
  3. Both should be opened in TeXworks
  4. Both should be at the first line
  5. equations.tex should be at the top, and numbers.tex should be below
  6. Compile numbers.tex and get numbers.pdf
  7. numbers.pdf should be sized
  8. numbers.pdf should be scrolled all the way to the top
  9. eqn-slides.pdf should be at the first slide
  10. All should be arranged, as recorded in the tutorial
  11. equations.tex should be directly below the slides file
TeXworks: Lucida Grande, 22pt, 20px. Preview: 75%, 200dpi



Visual Cue Narration
Opening slide Welcome to this tutorial on writing equations using LaTeX.

My name is Kannan Moudgalya.

Learning objectives slide

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In this tutorial, we will learn
  • How to create an equation in LaTeX.
  • How to write multiple equations
  • How to align multiple equations and
  • Why we should avoid the dollar mode and blank lines while writing equations
System requirements slide One may use any of Linux, Windows or the Mac operating system.

One needs LaTeX.

I shall use TexWorks, although it is not required.

Prerequisites slide

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What are the prerequisites?

One needs to be familiar with spoken tutorials that introduce LaTeX.

Exposure to the recommended method of side-by-side learning.

This information is available at the Spoken Tutorial webpage.

Additional material slide I shall use the file equations.tex
Open in TeXworks I have opened it in TeXworks.
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It is available as a code file along with this tutorial.

You need to have it to practise along with me.

If you don't have it, please download it from the Spoken Tutorial webpage.

Slide on Leslie Lamport’s book


I will next call your attention to this standard textbook by Leslie Lamport.

I learnt my LaTeX from this book.

It is available for about Rs. 500.

Web browser is opened Let me show on the web browser where one can buy it.
Let us begin this tutorial
Open equations.tex


Let us learn how to write equations using LaTeX.

I have already opened the file equations.tex in TeXworks.

I have saved it as numbers.tex to use in this tutorial.

I will keep the file equations.tex intact, and not change it.

Open numbers.tex Let me open numbers.tex
Please pause the tutorial, make this copy and open it.

Whenever you want to start afresh, you can make a new copy of equations.tex

I recommend this method whenever a code file is given with ANY spoken tutorial.

Press the Typeset key Let us compile this file by pressing the Typeset arrow at the top left hand corner.
Pdf file You can see the pdf file on the right.
Switch to the tex file. Let us look at the tex file, which begins with its usual commands.
Highlight 8cm I have chosen the width of the pdf file to be 8cm.

This is the only way I can show the entire file and also use a large font.

Change 8 to 15

Put back 8

You may want to increase it to a more reasonable value, such as 15cm.

But I will continue to use 8cm.

Click amsmath line I am using the package amsmath.
Click the first align I write the first equation within the align star environment, as shown here.
Switch to the pdf and highlight the equation. You can see how it gets typeset in the pdf file.
Click u(t) line in tex On the left hand side of this equation, we have u of t.
Click u(t) in the pdf file On the right hand side, I have produced big square brackets.


Hover on \left and click \right

How did I do this?

With back slash left square and back slash right square brackets as shown here.

Scroll the tex file up


Click align* line

Similarly, I write a second equation using align star.
Click the x_1 line On the left hand side, we have the derivative of a vector.
Click on the eqn in the pdf file We can see the pdf output here.
Click on matrix tex On the right hand side, we have a 3 by 3 matrix.
Click on matrix pdf See the corresponding output.
Delete row 1 compile Suppose we delete the first row in this matrix and compile.

Click the pdf


We get a 2 by 3 matrix pdf output.

The first line is gone.

It is your responsibility to make the equations correct and consistent.

Undo the last command in tex Let me put the row back.
Compile Let me compile.
You can also add more rows, if necessary.

Similarly, you can change the columns, too.

Recall that we used the dollar mode to write formulae in another tutorial.
Click on begin align in tex Here, align plays the role of the dollar mode.

In fact, one should not put the dollar sign within the align environment.

Put $ and compile


Suppose we put the alpha symbol within $ signs and compile.
Error message We get an error message about dollar.
Press red cross symbol to abort Press the cross symbol on the top left red box and abort the previous compilation.
Remove $ signs Let us remove the dollar sign.

Compile again, it works!

Below the line with alpha, leave a blank line


Another common mistake is leaving blank lines in the align environment.

Let me leave an empty line and compile.

Error message It gives an error message.
Put % If you need this gap, put %, the comment character, in the first column.
Press red cross symbol to abort Abort compiling.
Press Typeset symbol to compile Compile again - it compiles ok.

So it is important to remember that you should not leave a blank line within the align statement.

Remove the blank line Let me remove this line and compile.
Next, I want to align the two equations by the equal to sign.

For this, we need to put both equations inside one align star environment.

Remove \end{align*}

Remove \begin{align*}

Remove the end align* command of the first equation.

Remove the begin align* command of the second equation.

Compile Let us compile.
In the pdf file We see only one equation appearing.

The text in between the two equations appears as a large string.

The second equation does not even show up.

This is not what we wanted.

This problem is solved with the help of the intertext command.

Add braces before and after the text. Let us put the text in between braces.
Put the text into \intertext{}



Let us also put this command, back slash intertext as I type now.

Note that intertext is one word, without a space in between.

Point to the \ Do not forget the back slash before intertext.
Point to the closing brace Also, do not forget the closing brace.

These are all common mistakes.

Compile



On compiling, we get this pdf file.

You see both equations now. But unfortunately, you see both the equations right aligned.

Not aligned by the equal to sign.

So, I am not happy with it.

I want to align by the equal to sign.

Put & sign before = To do this, let us put the ampersand sign in front of the equal to sign.

Let's do it for the first equation.

Repeat in the 2nd eqn.


And then let's do it for the second equation.

If you have more equations to be aligned, do this for all of them.

Compile On compiling, we see the two equations aligned by the equal to sign.
The equations are aligned even though there is text in between.

Remember to use the intertext command whether you want the equations aligned or not.

Delete text lines

What do we do if we don’t have text between equations?

To understand this, let us delete the entire text between the two equations.

Put \\ Note that we should not leave an empty line.
Compile On compiling, we see both equations coming in the same line.

We didn’t tell LaTeX to start the second equation in the next line.

Add \\ We solve this by putting two back slashes at the end of the first equation.
Compile Let us compile, to get the correct pdf file.
Undo Let us now undo and put the text in between two equations.
Compile Let us compile once more.
This is where we will stop.

Let me go to the slides.

Summary slide

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This page summarises what we learnt in this tutorial.

Please recall each of these commands.

This is your first assignment.

More assignments slide

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I will give some more assignments.

Can you pause the video and try to produce these equations?

The required code is given here.

Assignment 3 Can you produce these equations?

Notice that these equations are now aligned at the equal to sign.

Assignment 4 What happens if you forget a required ampersand sign?

Please pause the video and try this input.

You should get this output.

Forgetting ampersand signs is a common mistake made by everyone!

Assignment 5 Can you pause this video and try to produce this output?

Use the hint given here.

Assignment 6 In this assignment, you have to align three equations.

Please pause the video here, and try to produce them by yourself.

I have given the answer here.

Assignment 7 I have the last assignment in this slide.

Insert some text between equations.

About the ST slide I will now give some general information.

This video summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Workshops slide We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials.
Answers slide

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Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
  • Please visit this site
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  • Explain your question briefly
  • Someone from our team will answer them


You will have to register on this website to ask questions.

Where to post slide For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit stack exchange at this address.
Contact us slide For any other questions, please contact us.
Acknowledgement slide Spoken Tutorial project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
Thanks for joining.

Goodbye.

Contributors and Content Editors

Chandrika, Nancyvarkey, Pravin1389

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