Difference between revisions of "Health-and-Nutrition/C2/Kangaroo-Mother-Care/English-timed"

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{|border=1
 
{|border=1
−
 
 
|<center>Time</center>
 
|<center>Time</center>
 
|<center>Narration</center>
 
|<center>Narration</center>
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:00
 
|00:00
−
|Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Kangaroo mother care'''.
+
|Welcome to the '''Spoken Tutorial''' on '''Kangaroo mother care'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 16: Line 14:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:08  
 
|00:08  
−
|What is '''Kangaroo mother care'''?
+
|what is '''Kangaroo mother care'''?
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:10
 
|00:10
−
|The components, importance and
+
|the components, importance and
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:13
 
|00:13
−
|Procedure of '''Kangaroo mother care'''
+
|procedure of '''Kangaroo mother care'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:17
 
|00:17
−
|Let us first begin with the introduction of '''Kangaroo mother care'''?
+
|Let us first begin with the introduction of '''Kangaroo mother care'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 36: Line 34:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:24
 
|00:24
−
|it involves, keeping the baby in skin to skin contact with the mother.
+
|it involves keeping the baby in skin to skin contact with the mother.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:29
 
|00:29
−
|and it is popularly known as '''KMC'''.
+
|And, is popularly known as '''KMC'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 56: Line 54:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:48
 
|00:48
−
|who do not require continuous monitoring  
+
|who do not require continuous monitoring.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 68: Line 66:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:03  
 
|01:03  
−
|Continuous and prolonged skin to skin contact between the mother and her baby.
+
|continuous and prolonged skin to skin contact between the mother and her baby
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|01:09
+
|01:10
−
|and Exclusive breastfeeding
+
|and exclusive breastfeeding.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:13
 
|01:13
−
|Let’s discuss these components in detail.
+
|Let’s discuss these 2 components in detail.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 84: Line 82:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:21
 
|01:21
−
|it improves the Let down reflex  
+
|It improves the '''let down reflex'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 92: Line 90:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:28  
 
|01:28  
−
|Let down reflex has been explained in another tutorial of the same series.  
+
|'''Let down reflex''' has been explained in another tutorial of the same series.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 100: Line 98:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:38  
 
|01:38  
−
|Note that-
+
|Note that  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:40  
 
|01:40  
−
|Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months.  
+
|exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 120: Line 118:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:01
 
|02:01
−
|'''KMC''' also decreases -
+
|'''KMC''' also decreases
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 127: Line 125:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|02:05
+
|02:06
 
|the rate of apnea in babies.
 
|the rate of apnea in babies.
  
Line 135: Line 133:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|02:13
+
|02:14
 
|Apart from these-  
 
|Apart from these-  
  
Line 143: Line 141:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|02:20
+
|02:21
−
|And it strengthens the emotional bonding between the mother and her baby.  
+
|And, it strengthens the emotional bonding between the mother and her baby.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 156: Line 154:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:33
 
|02:33
−
|keeping the baby in radiant warmer.
+
|keeping the baby in radiant warmer  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 164: Line 162:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:40
 
|02:40
−
|It also improves the satisfaction and confidence in the mother-
+
|It also improves the satisfaction and confidence in the mother
 
   
 
   
 
|-
 
|-
Line 176: Line 174:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:54
 
|02:54
−
|Father or  
+
|father or  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:56
 
|02:56
−
|Any adult family member too.
+
|any other family member too.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:58
 
|02:58
−
|We will now discuss the points to be followed by '''KMC''' provider:
+
|We will now discuss the points to be followed by '''KMC''' provider.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 204: Line 202:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03:18
+
|03:19
 
|tied up hair
 
|tied up hair
  
Line 213: Line 211:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:22
 
|03:22
−
|He or she should not wear any jewellery, watches and threads -
+
|He or she should not wear any jewellery, watches and threads
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03:26
+
|03:27
−
|as these may become the barriers to maintain the hygiene.
+
|as these may become the barriers to maintain the hygiene
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03:31
+
|03:32
 
|and it can cause injury to the baby.
 
|and it can cause injury to the baby.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03:35
+
|03:36
 
|Now, let us discuss the type of clothes the provider should wear during '''KMC''' -  
 
|Now, let us discuss the type of clothes the provider should wear during '''KMC''' -  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03:42
+
|03:43
 
|clothes should be front open and lightweight.
 
|clothes should be front open and lightweight.
  
Line 237: Line 235:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:51
 
|03:51
−
|Note that,
+
|Note that the '''KMC''' provider should wear this front open gown or blouse around '''KMC''' wrap.  
−
The '''KMC''' provider should wear this front open gown or blouse around '''KMC''' wrap.  
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03:58
+
|03:59
 
|'''Kangaroo''' bags or binders can be bought from the market as well.
 
|'''Kangaroo''' bags or binders can be bought from the market as well.
  
Line 249: Line 246:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|04:09
+
|04:10
 
|Alternately, the '''KMC''' provider can use soft clean cotton fabric.
 
|Alternately, the '''KMC''' provider can use soft clean cotton fabric.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:16
 
|04:16
−
|Whereas, the baby during '''KMC''' should -  
+
|Whereas the baby during '''KMC''' should -  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 262: Line 259:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:22
 
|04:22
−
|if the baby passes stool or urine during '''KMC''' then -
+
|If the baby passes stool or urine during '''KMC''' then  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 269: Line 266:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|04:30
+
|04:31
 
|Next, we will move ahead to the procedure of '''Kangaroo care''' in detail.  
 
|Next, we will move ahead to the procedure of '''Kangaroo care''' in detail.  
  
Line 277: Line 274:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|04:40
+
|04:41
−
|Then, either a health worker or any family member should do the following things, step-wise-
+
|Then, either a health worker or any family member should do the following things step-wise-
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:48
 
|04:48
−
|By supporting the baby’s bottom and head-
+
|by supporting the baby’s bottom and head,
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 290: Line 287:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:56
 
|04:56
−
|then, turn the baby’s head to one side.
+
|Then turn the baby’s head to one side.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:00
 
|05:00
−
|Make sure,
+
|Make sure the baby’s head is slightly bending backward.
−
the baby’s head is slightly bending backward.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|05:04
+
|05:05
−
|This position will -
+
|This position will keep the baby’s nose airways open
−
keep the baby’s nose airways open
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 312: Line 307:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:18
 
|05:18
−
|Remember -
+
|Remember to keep baby’s arms above the mother’s breast, 
−
to keep baby’s arms above the mother’s breast and
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:23
 
|05:23
−
|legs below the mother’s breast and
+
|the legs below the mother’s breast and
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|05:27
+
|05:26
 
|the baby’s abdomen on the chest of the mother.  
 
|the baby’s abdomen on the chest of the mother.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|05:29
+
|05:30
−
|Before wrapping with the cloth-
+
|Before wrapping with the cloth,
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:32
 
|05:32
−
|Cover the baby with a blanket if environment is cold.  
+
|cover the baby with a blanket if environment is cold.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 337: Line 331:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:39
 
|05:39
−
|Then,
+
|Then wrap a cloth around the baby and mother’s chest and abdomen.  
−
Wrap a cloth around the baby and mother’s chest and abdomen.  
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:45
 
|05:45
−
|While wrapping make sure -  
+
|While wrapping, make sure -  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|05:47
+
|05:48
−
|The center of the cloth is on the baby.
+
|the center of the cloth is on the baby
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|05:50
+
|05:51
−
|And both ends of the cloth should -
+
|and both ends of the cloth should  
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 362: Line 355:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:59
 
|05:59
−
|After that bring the edges of the cloth in the front.
+
|After that, bring the edges of the cloth in the front.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 369: Line 362:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|06:09
+
|06:10
 
|This is comfortable and helps support the baby.
 
|This is comfortable and helps support the baby.
 
 
Line 378: Line 371:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:17
 
|06:17
−
|Remember-
+
|Remember, as the mother becomes comfortable, she should learn to wrap the cloth by herself.  
−
as the mother becomes comfortable, she should learn to wrap the cloth by herself.  
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:24
 
|06:24
−
|The technique of -
+
|The technique of self-wrapping during '''KMC''' will be explained in another tutorial of the same series.
−
Self-wrapping during '''KMC''' will be explained in another tutorial of the same series.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 399: Line 390:
 
   
 
   
 
|-
 
|-
−
|06:46
+
|06:47
−
|While using a stretchy band-
+
|While using a stretchy band,
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 408: Line 399:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:54
 
|06:54
−
|Then, tilt the baby’s head slightly-
+
|Then, tilt the baby’s head slightly
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 416: Line 407:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:59
 
|06:59
−
|to make eye to eye contact with the mother as explained earlier.
+
|to make eye-to-eye contact with the mother as explained earlier.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 424: Line 415:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:11
 
|07:11
−
|it should be comfortable enough for the baby to breathe freely.
+
|It should be comfortable enough for the baby to breathe freely.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:15
 
|07:15
−
|Remember, while carrying a baby in '''KMC''' position, mother should be able to-
+
|Remember, while carrying a baby in '''KMC''' position, mother should be able to
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:20
 
|07:20
−
|walk,
+
|walk, stand, sit or
−
stand,  
+
−
sit or
+
 
 
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 442: Line 431:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:26
 
|07:26
−
|If a mother is very comfortable then-
+
|If a mother is very comfortable then
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 450: Line 439:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:35
 
|07:35
−
|Now let’s discuss how to feed the baby during '''KMC'''-
+
|Now let’s discuss how to feed the baby during '''KMC'''.
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|07:40
+
|07:41
−
|Either mother can feed the baby-
+
|Either mother can feed the baby
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 461: Line 450:
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|07:46
+
|07:47
 
|positioning the baby for breastfeeding.  
 
|positioning the baby for breastfeeding.  
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:50
 
|07:50
−
|Or she can manually express breast milk and
+
|Or, she can manually express breast milk and
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:54
 
|07:54
−
|feed the baby using a cup or spoon.
+
|feed the baby using a cup or a spoon.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|07:57
+
|07:58
−
|Remember,
+
|Remember, each day baby should gain up to 25 to 30 grams of weight.
−
Each day baby should gain up to 25 to 30 grams of weight.
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:03
 
|08:03
−
|Expected weight gain of a baby in a month is up to 900 to 1,000 grams.  
+
|Hence, expected weight gain of a baby in a month is up to 900 to 1,000 grams.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:10
 
|08:10
−
|Hence, mother or health worker should -
+
|Hence, mother or health worker should  
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 491: Line 479:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:17
 
|08:17
−
|If the baby fails to gain sufficient weight-
+
|If the baby fails to gain sufficient weight,
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 499: Line 487:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:25
 
|08:25
−
|check how many times the baby urinates  
+
|check how many times the baby urinates.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|08:28
+
|08:29
−
|also, guide the mother about the correct latching.
+
|Also, guide the mother about the correct latching.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|08:32
+
|08:33
 
|Correct latching has been explained in an another tutorial of the same series.  
 
|Correct latching has been explained in an another tutorial of the same series.  
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:39
 
|08:39
−
|Next,
+
|Next, let’s learn how to remove the baby from the wrapped cloth.
−
Let’s learn how to remove the baby from the wrapped cloth -
+
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:44
 
|08:44
−
|firstly, the mother should sit in the upright position.
+
|Firstly, the mother should sit in the upright position.
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:48
 
|08:48
−
|then, start untying the knot with one hand and
+
|Then start untying the knot with one hand and
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|08:53
+
|08:52
 
|support the baby’s bottom with other hand on the outside of wrapped cloth.
 
|support the baby’s bottom with other hand on the outside of wrapped cloth.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:58
 
|08:58
−
|After that-
+
|After that, loosen the wrapped cloth with the same hand which was earlier used for untying the knot.  
−
loosen the wrapped cloth with the same hand which was earlier used for untying the knot.  
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:04
+
|09:05
−
|Then-
+
|Then shift the hand under the cloth which was supporting the baby’s bottom and
−
shift the hand under the cloth which was supporting the baby’s bottom and
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 541: Line 526:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:16
+
|09:17
−
|Then, lift the baby up and free her from the wrapped cloth.
+
|Then lift the baby up and free her from the wrapped cloth.
 
 
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:21
+
|09:22
−
|After that, remember to hold the baby’s head in a way-
+
|After that, remember to hold the baby’s head in a way
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:26
+
|09:25
 
|where the thumb is behind one ear and  
 
|where the thumb is behind one ear and  
  
Line 557: Line 542:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:30
+
|09:31
−
|During '''KMC'''-
+
|During '''KMC''',
 
 
 
|-
 
|-
Line 566: Line 551:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:37
 
|09:37
−
|if the baby is not alert and active.
+
|if the baby is not alert and active,
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:41
 
|09:41
−
|if the baby is breathing too fast or taking too long pauses.
+
|if the baby is breathing too fast or taking too long pauses,
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 578: Line 563:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:50
 
|09:50
−
|and if baby’s feet are cold
+
|and if baby’s feet are cold.
 
   
 
   
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:53
+
|09:54
−
|This brings us to the end of this tutorial on '''Kangaroo mother care'''.
+
|This brings us to the end of this tutorial
  
 +
Thanks for joining.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|09:58
 
−
|Thanks for joining.
 
−
 
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 14:40, 4 July 2020

Time
Narration
00:00 Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Kangaroo mother care.
00:05 In this tutorial, we will learn -
00:08 what is Kangaroo mother care?
00:10 the components, importance and
00:13 procedure of Kangaroo mother care.
00:17 Let us first begin with the introduction of Kangaroo mother care.
00:22 As the name suggests -
00:24 it involves keeping the baby in skin to skin contact with the mother.
00:29 And, is popularly known as KMC.
00:32 Remember, KMC should be given as soon as the baby is born.
00:39 It is especially recommended for low birth weight babies-
00:44 whose birth weight is less than 2.5 kilograms and
00:48 who do not require continuous monitoring.
00:52 However, it can be used for all normal, healthy full-term babies too.
00:59 KMC consists of two main components:
01:03 continuous and prolonged skin to skin contact between the mother and her baby
01:10 and exclusive breastfeeding.
01:13 Let’s discuss these 2 components in detail.
01:17 The first component is skin to skin contact.
01:21 It improves the let down reflex
01:24 and ultimately increases the breast milk production.
01:28 Let down reflex has been explained in another tutorial of the same series.
01:34 The second component is exclusive breastfeeding.
01:38 Note that
01:40 exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months.
01:45 Next, let’s discuss the importance of Kangaroo care.
01:50 Prolonged skin to skin contact during KMC helps maintain the baby's body temperature
01:57 and the baby feels more secure.
02:01 KMC also decreases
02:03 the frequency of infection and
02:06 the rate of apnea in babies.
02:09 Apnea is defined as long pauses in breathing.
02:14 Apart from these-
02:15 KMC improves the frequency and duration of breastfeeding.
02:21 And, it strengthens the emotional bonding between the mother and her baby.
02:26 KMC also helps the baby-
02:28 to gain weight than any other conventional methods such as-
02:33 keeping the baby in radiant warmer
02:36 which creates stress for the baby and the mother.
02:40 It also improves the satisfaction and confidence in the mother
02:45 as she takes extra effort for her baby.
02:49 Interestingly, apart from mothers, KMC can be provided by-
02:54 father or
02:56 any other family member too.
02:58 We will now discuss the points to be followed by KMC provider.
03:04 The KMC provider should be healthy and free from illness.
03:09 He or she should follow basic hygiene practices such as-
03:14 hand washing,
03:16 daily bath,

clipped fingernails,

03:19 tied up hair
03:20 and clean clothes.
03:22 He or she should not wear any jewellery, watches and threads
03:27 as these may become the barriers to maintain the hygiene
03:32 and it can cause injury to the baby.
03:36 Now, let us discuss the type of clothes the provider should wear during KMC -
03:43 clothes should be front open and lightweight.
03:46 for example, sari-blouse or front open gown.
03:51 Note that the KMC provider should wear this front open gown or blouse around KMC wrap.
03:59 Kangaroo bags or binders can be bought from the market as well.
04:04 These are useful if KMC has to be done for an extended period.
04:10 Alternately, the KMC provider can use soft clean cotton fabric.
04:16 Whereas the baby during KMC should -
04:19 wear a cap and a nappy.
04:22 If the baby passes stool or urine during KMC then
04:27 she should be cleaned and dried thoroughly.
04:31 Next, we will move ahead to the procedure of Kangaroo care in detail.
04:36 Firstly, the mother should stand in an upright position.
04:41 Then, either a health worker or any family member should do the following things step-wise-
04:48 by supporting the baby’s bottom and head,
04:51 place the baby between the mother’s bare breasts in an upright position.
04:56 Then turn the baby’s head to one side.
05:00 Make sure the baby’s head is slightly bending backward.
05:05 This position will keep the baby’s nose airways open
05:08 and will allow the baby to make eye to eye contact with the mother.
05:14 Then bend the baby’s hips slightly outward.
05:18 Remember to keep baby’s arms above the mother’s breast,
05:23 the legs below the mother’s breast and
05:26 the baby’s abdomen on the chest of the mother.
05:30 Before wrapping with the cloth,
05:32 cover the baby with a blanket if environment is cold.
05:36 It will keep the baby and the mother warm.
05:39 Then wrap a cloth around the baby and mother’s chest and abdomen.
05:45 While wrapping, make sure -
05:48 the center of the cloth is on the baby
05:51 and both ends of the cloth should
05:53 pass through the armpits of the mother
05:56 and should cross at the back.
05:59 After that, bring the edges of the cloth in the front.
06:03 Secure these edges of the cloth with a safe knot under the baby’s bottom.
06:10 This is comfortable and helps support the baby.
06:14 Also it avoids slipping of the baby.
06:17 Remember, as the mother becomes comfortable, she should learn to wrap the cloth by herself.
06:24 The technique of self-wrapping during KMC will be explained in another tutorial of the same series.
06:32 It will increase the mother’s confidence and make her independent.
06:37 If mother is uncomfortable while using a cloth then she can use a stretchy band.
06:43 It is easy and comfortable to use.
06:47 While using a stretchy band,
06:49 adjust the edge of the band above the baby’s ear to support his head.
06:54 Then, tilt the baby’s head slightly
06:57 to breathe freely and
06:59 to make eye-to-eye contact with the mother as explained earlier.
07:04 The wrapped cloth or stretchy band should not be too tight or too loose.
07:11 It should be comfortable enough for the baby to breathe freely.
07:15 Remember, while carrying a baby in KMC position, mother should be able to
07:20 walk, stand, sit or
07:23 involve in different activities.
07:26 If a mother is very comfortable then
07:29 she can even sleep during Kangaroo care in a reclined or a semi-reclined position.
07:35 Now let’s discuss how to feed the baby during KMC.
07:41 Either mother can feed the baby
07:43 by simply loosening the wrapped cloth and
07:47 positioning the baby for breastfeeding.
07:50 Or, she can manually express breast milk and
07:54 feed the baby using a cup or a spoon.
07:58 Remember, each day baby should gain up to 25 to 30 grams of weight.
08:03 Hence, expected weight gain of a baby in a month is up to 900 to 1,000 grams.
08:10 Hence, mother or health worker should
08:13 monitor the weight of the baby during routine check-ups.
08:17 If the baby fails to gain sufficient weight,
08:21 health worker should monitor the breastfeeding technique of the mother or
08:25 check how many times the baby urinates.
08:29 Also, guide the mother about the correct latching.
08:33 Correct latching has been explained in an another tutorial of the same series.
08:39 Next, let’s learn how to remove the baby from the wrapped cloth.
08:44 Firstly, the mother should sit in the upright position.
08:48 Then start untying the knot with one hand and
08:52 support the baby’s bottom with other hand on the outside of wrapped cloth.
08:58 After that, loosen the wrapped cloth with the same hand which was earlier used for untying the knot.
09:05 Then shift the hand under the cloth which was supporting the baby’s bottom and
09:11 use the other hand to support the baby’s bottom from outside the cloth.
09:17 Then lift the baby up and free her from the wrapped cloth.
09:22 After that, remember to hold the baby’s head in a way
09:25 where the thumb is behind one ear and
09:28 other fingers are around the other ear.
09:31 During KMC,
09:32 the mother should immediately consult the doctor and the health worker -
09:37 if the baby is not alert and active,
09:41 if the baby is breathing too fast or taking too long pauses,
09:46 if the baby’s lips or tongue turns blue
09:50 and if baby’s feet are cold.
09:54 This brings us to the end of this tutorial

Thanks for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Debosmita, PoojaMoolya, Rajani st, Sandhya.np14

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