Difference between revisions of "R/C2/Operations-on-Matrices-and-Data-Frames/English"
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'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, matrices, data frames, adding row, adding column, video tutorial | '''Keywords''': R, RStudio, matrices, data frames, adding row, adding column, video tutorial | ||
− | |||
{| border =1 | {| border =1 | ||
− | |'''Visual | + | |'''Visual Cue''' |
− | |''' | + | |'''Narration''' |
|- | |- | ||
|| Show slide | || Show slide | ||
Line 19: | Line 18: | ||
Learning Objectives | Learning Objectives | ||
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how to: | || In this tutorial, we will learn how to: | ||
− | * Perform operations on matrices | + | * Perform operations on '''matrices''' |
* Add rows or columns to a '''data frame''' | * Add rows or columns to a '''data frame''' | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
Line 39: | Line 37: | ||
|| This tutorial is recorded on | || This tutorial is recorded on | ||
− | * '''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version | + | * '''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version 16.04 |
− | * '''R''' version | + | * '''R''' version 3.4.4 |
− | * '''RStudio''' version | + | * '''RStudio''' version 1.1.456 |
− | Install''' R''' version | + | Install''' R''' version 3.2.0 or higher. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Show slide | || Show slide | ||
Line 49: | Line 47: | ||
Download Files | Download Files | ||
|| For this tutorial, we will use the '''data frame CaptaincyData.csv '''and the '''script '''file '''myMatrix.R'''. | || For this tutorial, we will use the '''data frame CaptaincyData.csv '''and the '''script '''file '''myMatrix.R'''. | ||
− | |||
Please download these files from the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial. | Please download these files from the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial. | ||
Line 56: | Line 53: | ||
Highlight '''CaptaincyData.csv '''and '''myMatrix.R''' in the folder '''MatrixOps''' | Highlight '''CaptaincyData.csv '''and '''myMatrix.R''' in the folder '''MatrixOps''' | ||
− | || I have downloaded and moved these files to '''MatrixOps '''folder | + | || I have downloaded and moved these files to '''MatrixOps '''folder' in '''myProject''' folder on the '''Desktop'''. |
− | + | ||
I have also set '''MatrixOps''' folder as my '''Working directory'''. | I have also set '''MatrixOps''' folder as my '''Working directory'''. | ||
Line 65: | Line 61: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Click '''myMatrix.R''' in '''RStudio''' | || Click '''myMatrix.R''' in '''RStudio''' | ||
− | |||
Point to''' myMatrix.R''' in '''Rstudio''' | Point to''' myMatrix.R''' in '''Rstudio''' | ||
|| Open the '''script myMatrix.R''' in '''RStudio.''' | || Open the '''script myMatrix.R''' in '''RStudio.''' | ||
− | |||
For this, click on the '''script myMatrix.R''' | For this, click on the '''script myMatrix.R''' | ||
− | |||
'''Script myMatrix.R '''opens in''' Rstudio.''' | '''Script myMatrix.R '''opens in''' Rstudio.''' | ||
Line 79: | Line 72: | ||
|| Recall that, we had created a matrix named '''matrixA.''' | || Recall that, we had created a matrix named '''matrixA.''' | ||
− | + | This '''matrix''' was extracted as a subset from the '''captaincy data frame'''. | |
− | This matrix was extracted as a subset from the '''captaincy | + | |
− | + | ||
We will use '''matrixA''' here also. | We will use '''matrixA''' here also. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight the '''Source''' button | || Highlight the '''Source''' button | ||
− | || Run this '''script | + | || Run this '''script myMatrix.R''' to load the values in the '''Workspace'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight '''captaincy''' in the '''Source''' window | || Highlight '''captaincy''' in the '''Source''' window | ||
Line 94: | Line 85: | ||
|| I will resize the '''Source''' window. | || I will resize the '''Source''' window. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | || Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment '''window | + | || Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment '''window. |
|| Now let us learn how to find the inverse of '''matrixA'''. | || Now let us learn how to find the inverse of '''matrixA'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 104: | Line 95: | ||
'''solve(matrixA)''' | '''solve(matrixA)''' | ||
|| In the '''Source''' window, type '''solve, '''within parentheses''' matrixA'''. | || In the '''Source''' window, type '''solve, '''within parentheses''' matrixA'''. | ||
− | |||
Press '''Enter'''. | Press '''Enter'''. | ||
− | |||
Press '''Enter''' at the end of every command. | Press '''Enter''' at the end of every command. | ||
Line 123: | Line 112: | ||
Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment''' window | Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment''' window | ||
− | || Now let us calculate the sum of all the elements in '''matrixA'''. | + | || Now let us calculate the sum of all the '''elements''' in '''matrixA'''. |
− | First, we shall use '''nested for''' | + | First, we shall use '''nested for loops''' for calculating this sum. |
Also, we shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way. | Also, we shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way. | ||
Line 131: | Line 120: | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
− | '''# | + | '''# Calculating sum using for loop ''' |
− | || | + | || Let us add a '''comment - Calculating sum using for loop '''in the '''script'''. |
In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using for loop'''. Press '''Enter'''. | In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using for loop'''. Press '''Enter'''. | ||
Line 141: | Line 130: | ||
|| To calculate the time taken, we record the present time. | || To calculate the time taken, we record the present time. | ||
− | In the '''Source''' window, type ''' | + | In the '''Source''' window, type '''start Time''' with capital T. |
− | Next, type''' Sys''' dot '''time''' followed by parentheses. | + | Then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''') keys simultaneously. |
+ | |||
+ | Next, type''' Sys''' dot '''time''' followed by '''parentheses'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight '''Sys.time''' in the '''Source''' window | || Highlight '''Sys.time''' in the '''Source''' window | ||
− | || '''Sys.time()''' is used to find the absolute date-time value in the current time | + | || '''Sys.time()''' is used to find the absolute date-time value in the current time. |
|- | |- | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
'''totalSum <- 0''' | '''totalSum <- 0''' | ||
− | || Let us initialise a | + | || Let us initialise a '''variable totalSum'''. |
− | In the '''Source''' window, type '''totalSum''' then press '''Alt '''and''' -'''('''hyphen''') | + | In the '''Source''' window, type '''totalSum''' then press '''Alt '''and''' -'''('''hyphen''') keys simultaneously. |
− | Then type | + | Then type zero. |
− | This variable will store the sum of elements in '''matrixA'''. | + | This '''variable''' will store the sum of '''elements''' in '''matrixA'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
Line 164: | Line 155: | ||
'''}''' | '''}''' | ||
− | || | + | || Now, we will create two '''for loops''' to iterate through the rows and columns of the '''matrixA'''. |
− | + | ||
In the '''Source''' window, type '''for '''in parentheses''' i''' space '''in''' space 1 '''colon '''3 space | In the '''Source''' window, type '''for '''in parentheses''' i''' space '''in''' space 1 '''colon '''3 space | ||
− | |||
Now type opening curly bracket. '''RStudio''' automatically adds a closing curly bracket. | Now type opening curly bracket. '''RStudio''' automatically adds a closing curly bracket. | ||
Line 179: | Line 168: | ||
'''}''' | '''}''' | ||
− | || Press '''Enter''' just after the opening curly bracket and type the following command. | + | || Press '''Enter''' just after the opening curly bracket and type the following '''command'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
'''print(totalSum)''' | '''print(totalSum)''' | ||
− | || Press Enter after the closing curly bracket of outer | + | || Press '''Enter''' after the closing curly bracket of outer '''loop for(i in 1:3)'''. |
In the '''Source''' window, type '''print totalSum''' in''' parentheses'''. | In the '''Source''' window, type '''print totalSum''' in''' parentheses'''. | ||
Line 195: | Line 184: | ||
|| Now, we record the current time again. | || Now, we record the current time again. | ||
− | Type '''endTime '''then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''') | + | Type '''endTime '''then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''') keys simultaneously. |
Now type '''Sys''' dot '''time''' parentheses. Press '''Enter'''. | Now type '''Sys''' dot '''time''' parentheses. Press '''Enter'''. | ||
− | Type '''endTime '''space minus sign space''' startTime''' to know the total time taken | + | Type '''endTime '''space minus sign space''' startTime''' to know the total time taken. |
− | I am resizing the '''Source '''window. | + | And save the '''script'''. |
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | || | ||
+ | || I am resizing the '''Source '''window. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
Highlight the sum in '''Console''' window | Highlight the sum in '''Console''' window | ||
− | || Run the block of code from the | + | || Run the block of code from the '''comment line Calculating sum using for loop '''to the end. |
− | + | ||
The '''totalSum''' is evaluated to be 237. | The '''totalSum''' is evaluated to be 237. | ||
Line 214: | Line 206: | ||
Highlight the time taken in '''Console''' window | Highlight the time taken in '''Console''' window | ||
− | || The time taken to calculate the sum of elements in '''matrixA''' using '''for''' | + | || The time taken to calculate the sum of '''elements''' in '''matrixA''' using '''for loop''' is approximately 8 milliseconds. |
However, it may vary from system to system. | However, it may vary from system to system. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Source''' window | || Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Source''' window | ||
− | || Now, let us calculate the sum of all elements in '''matrixA''' using the '''sum''' | + | || Now, let us calculate the sum of all '''elements''' in '''matrixA''' using the '''sum function'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| | || | ||
Line 226: | Line 218: | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
− | '''# | + | '''# Calculating sum using inbuilt function''' |
− | || In the script '''myMatrix.R''', add a | + | || In the script '''myMatrix.R''', add a '''comment Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''. |
In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''. | In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''. | ||
Line 240: | Line 232: | ||
'''endTime - startTime ''' | '''endTime - startTime ''' | ||
− | || Now, type the following commands. | + | || Now, type the following '''commands'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| [RStudio] | || [RStudio] | ||
Highlight the time taken in the '''Console''' window | Highlight the time taken in the '''Console''' window | ||
− | || Save the script and run the block of code from the | + | || Save the '''script''' and run the block of code from the '''comment line Calculating sum using inbuilt function '''to the end. |
+ | The time taken to calculate the sum of '''elements''' using '''sum function''' is 1.6 milliseconds. | ||
− | + | Whereas, it took 8 milliseconds to calculate the same sum using '''for loop'''. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | Whereas, it took 8 milliseconds to calculate the same sum using '''for''' | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the interface. | || Cursor on the interface. | ||
− | || So, it is advisable to use inbuilt functions of '''R'''. | + | || So, it is advisable to use '''inbuilt functions''' of '''R'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the interface | || Cursor on the interface | ||
Line 264: | Line 254: | ||
'''colSums(matrixA) ''' | '''colSums(matrixA) ''' | ||
− | || In the '''Source''' window, type '''rowSums matrixA '''in parentheses. | + | || In the '''Source''' window, type '''rowSums matrixA '''in parentheses. |
− | Next, type''' colSums matrixA '''in parentheses. | + | Next, type''' colSums matrixA '''in parentheses. |
Save the '''script''' and run these two lines to see the corresponding sums on the '''Console'''. | Save the '''script''' and run these two lines to see the corresponding sums on the '''Console'''. | ||
Line 288: | Line 278: | ||
'''captaincy <- rbind(captaincy, data.frame(names="Kohli", Y = 2016, played = 30, won = 20, lost = 9, victory = 20/30))''' | '''captaincy <- rbind(captaincy, data.frame(names="Kohli", Y = 2016, played = 30, won = 20, lost = 9, victory = 20/30))''' | ||
− | || In the '''Source''' window, type the following command. Press '''Enter '''after the comma for better visibility. . | + | || In the '''Source''' window, type the following '''command'''. Press '''Enter '''. |
+ | |||
+ | Press '''Enter '''after the comma for better visibility. . | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| | || | ||
Line 294: | Line 286: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight '''captaincy '''in the Source window | || Highlight '''captaincy '''in the Source window | ||
− | || We have used '''rbind()''' | + | || We have used '''rbind() function''' with the following '''arguments''' |
− | * the row to be added as an argument to '''data.frame()'''. | + | * name of the '''data frame''' to which we want to add the new row. Here, it is '''captaincy'''. |
− | + | * the row to be added as an '''argument''' to '''data.frame()'''. | |
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight '''data.frame''' in the '''Source '''window | || Highlight '''data.frame''' in the '''Source '''window | ||
− | || To '''data.frame()''' | + | || To '''data.frame() function''', we provide the values according to the columns of the actual '''data frame'''. |
+ | * '''names''' = “Kohli” | ||
* '''Y''' = 2016 | * '''Y''' = 2016 | ||
* '''played''' = 30 | * '''played''' = 30 | ||
Line 306: | Line 299: | ||
* '''lost''' = 9 | * '''lost''' = 9 | ||
* '''victory''' = 20/30 | * '''victory''' = 20/30 | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
Line 323: | Line 315: | ||
'''defeat <- captaincy$lost / captaincy$played''' | '''defeat <- captaincy$lost / captaincy$played''' | ||
− | || Now let us create a new column named '''defeat''' | + | || Now let us create a new column named '''defeat''' in the '''captaincy data frame'''. |
Click on the '''script myMatrix.R'''. | Click on the '''script myMatrix.R'''. | ||
− | In the '''Source''' window, type''' ''' | + | In the '''Source''' window, type the following '''command'''. |
+ | |||
+ | Press '''Enter'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| '''captaincy <- cbind(captaincy, defeat)''' | || '''captaincy <- cbind(captaincy, defeat)''' | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|| Now we add '''defeat''' as a new column in '''captaincy data frame'''. | || Now we add '''defeat''' as a new column in '''captaincy data frame'''. | ||
− | In the '''Source''' window, type''' ''' | + | In the '''Source''' window, type the following '''command''' Press '''Enter'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Highlight '''cbind '''in the '''Source '''window | || Highlight '''cbind '''in the '''Source '''window | ||
− | || We have used '''cbind()''' | + | || We have used '''cbind() function''' with following two '''arguments''': |
+ | * name of the '''data frame''' to which we want to add the new column. Here, it is '''captaincy'''. | ||
* name of the column to be added. Here, it is '''defeat'''. | * name of the column to be added. Here, it is '''defeat'''. | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
Line 348: | Line 340: | ||
Save the '''script''' and run the block of code starting from the declaration of '''defeat '''to the end. | Save the '''script''' and run the block of code starting from the declaration of '''defeat '''to the end. | ||
− | + | '''defeat''' column is added in the '''captaincy data frame'''. | |
|- | |- | ||
|| | || | ||
Line 356: | Line 348: | ||
Summary | Summary | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|| In this tutorial, we have learned how to: | || In this tutorial, we have learned how to: | ||
* Perform operation on '''matrices''' | * Perform operation on '''matrices''' | ||
* Add rows or columns to a '''data frame''' | * Add rows or columns to a '''data frame''' | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
Line 368: | Line 356: | ||
Assignment | Assignment | ||
− | |||
− | |||
|| We now suggest an assignment. | || We now suggest an assignment. | ||
− | * Consider 2 vectors c(9,10,11,12) and c(13,14,15,16). | + | * Consider 2 '''vectors''' c(9,10,11,12) and c(13,14,15,16). |
− | * Create a 4 by 2 matrix from these two vectors. | + | * Create a 4 by 2 '''matrix''' from these two '''vectors'''. |
− | * Add another vector c(17,18,19,20) as a column to the previous matrix. | + | * Add another '''vector''' c(17,18,19,20) as a column to the previous '''matrix'''. |
For solutions, please refer to the '''Additional materials''' section on this website. | For solutions, please refer to the '''Additional materials''' section on this website. |
Latest revision as of 17:46, 19 March 2019
Title of script: Operations on Matrices and Data Frames
Author: Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudhakar Kumar (IIT Bombay)
Keywords: R, RStudio, matrices, data frames, adding row, adding column, video tutorial
Visual Cue | Narration |
Show slide
Opening slide |
Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Operations on Matrices and Data Frames. |
Show slide
Learning Objectives |
In this tutorial, we will learn how to:
|
Show slide
Pre-requisites |
To understand this tutorial, you should know
If not, please locate the relevant tutorials on R on this website. |
Show slide
System Specifications |
This tutorial is recorded on
Install R version 3.2.0 or higher. |
Show slide
Download Files |
For this tutorial, we will use the data frame CaptaincyData.csv and the script file myMatrix.R.
Please download these files from the Code files link of this tutorial. |
[Computer screen]
Highlight CaptaincyData.csv and myMatrix.R in the folder MatrixOps |
I have downloaded and moved these files to MatrixOps folder' in myProject folder on the Desktop.
I have also set MatrixOps folder as my Working directory. |
Let us switch to RStudio. | |
Click myMatrix.R in RStudio
Point to myMatrix.R in Rstudio |
Open the script myMatrix.R in RStudio.
For this, click on the script myMatrix.R Script myMatrix.R opens in Rstudio. |
Highlight matrixA in the Source widow | Recall that, we had created a matrix named matrixA.
This matrix was extracted as a subset from the captaincy data frame. We will use matrixA here also. |
Highlight the Source button | Run this script myMatrix.R to load the values in the Workspace. |
Highlight captaincy in the Source window | captaincy data frame opens in the Source window. |
I will resize the Source window. | |
Highlight matrixA in the Environment window. | Now let us learn how to find the inverse of matrixA. |
Click on the script myMatrix.R | |
[RStudio]
solve(matrixA) |
In the Source window, type solve, within parentheses matrixA.
Press Enter. Press Enter at the end of every command. |
Press Ctrl + S >> Press Ctrl+Enter keys. | Save the script and run this line. |
Highlight the output in the Console window | The inverse of matrixA in shown in the Console window. |
For more information on calculating inverse of a matrix in R, please refer to the Additional materials section on this website. | |
[RStudio]
Highlight matrixA in the Environment window |
Now let us calculate the sum of all the elements in matrixA.
First, we shall use nested for loops for calculating this sum. Also, we shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way. |
[RStudio]
# Calculating sum using for loop |
Let us add a comment - Calculating sum using for loop in the script.
In the Source window, type # hash space Calculating sum using for loop. Press Enter. |
[RStudio]
startTime <- Sys.time() |
To calculate the time taken, we record the present time.
In the Source window, type start Time with capital T. Then press Alt and -(hyphen) keys simultaneously. Next, type Sys dot time followed by parentheses. |
Highlight Sys.time in the Source window | Sys.time() is used to find the absolute date-time value in the current time. |
[RStudio]
totalSum <- 0 |
Let us initialise a variable totalSum.
In the Source window, type totalSum then press Alt and -(hyphen) keys simultaneously. Then type zero. This variable will store the sum of elements in matrixA. |
[RStudio]
for(i in 1:3) { } |
Now, we will create two for loops to iterate through the rows and columns of the matrixA.
In the Source window, type for in parentheses i space in space 1 colon 3 space Now type opening curly bracket. RStudio automatically adds a closing curly bracket. |
[RStudio]
for(j in 1:3) { totalSum <- totalSum + matrixA[i,j] } |
Press Enter just after the opening curly bracket and type the following command. |
[RStudio]
print(totalSum) |
Press Enter after the closing curly bracket of outer loop for(i in 1:3).
In the Source window, type print totalSum in parentheses. |
[RStudio]
endTime <- Sys.time() endTime - startTime |
Now, we record the current time again.
Type endTime then press Alt and -(hyphen) keys simultaneously. Now type Sys dot time parentheses. Press Enter. Type endTime space minus sign space startTime to know the total time taken. And save the script. |
I am resizing the Source window. | |
[RStudio]
Highlight the sum in Console window |
Run the block of code from the comment line Calculating sum using for loop to the end.
The totalSum is evaluated to be 237. |
[RStudio]
Highlight the time taken in Console window |
The time taken to calculate the sum of elements in matrixA using for loop is approximately 8 milliseconds.
However, it may vary from system to system. |
Highlight matrixA in the Source window | Now, let us calculate the sum of all elements in matrixA using the sum function. |
We shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way also. | |
[RStudio]
# Calculating sum using inbuilt function |
In the script myMatrix.R, add a comment Calculating sum using inbuilt function.
In the Source window, type # hash space Calculating sum using inbuilt function. |
[RStudio]
startTime <- Sys.time() sum(matrixA) endTime <- Sys.time() endTime - startTime |
Now, type the following commands. |
[RStudio]
Highlight the time taken in the Console window |
Save the script and run the block of code from the comment line Calculating sum using inbuilt function to the end.
The time taken to calculate the sum of elements using sum function is 1.6 milliseconds. Whereas, it took 8 milliseconds to calculate the same sum using for loop. |
Cursor on the interface. | So, it is advisable to use inbuilt functions of R. |
Cursor on the interface | Let us learn how to calculate sum of each row and sum of each column. |
[RStudio]
rowSums(matrixA) colSums(matrixA) |
In the Source window, type rowSums matrixA in parentheses.
Next, type colSums matrixA in parentheses. Save the script and run these two lines to see the corresponding sums on the Console. |
I am resizing the Console window to see the output properly. | |
Now let us learn how to add rows and columns to an existing data frame. | |
Click on the captaincy data frame. | |
Highlight captaincy data frame in the Source window | Let us add a new row to the captaincy data frame. |
Click on the script myMatrix.R | |
[RStudio]
captaincy <- rbind(captaincy, data.frame(names="Kohli", Y = 2016, played = 30, won = 20, lost = 9, victory = 20/30)) |
In the Source window, type the following command. Press Enter .
Press Enter after the comma for better visibility. . |
I am resizing the Source window | |
Highlight captaincy in the Source window | We have used rbind() function with the following arguments
|
Highlight data.frame in the Source window | To data.frame() function, we provide the values according to the columns of the actual data frame.
|
[RStudio]
View(captaincy) Highlight new row in the Source window |
In the Source window, type View within parentheses captaincy
Save the script and run the last two lines of code. One new row with the details of Kohli is added in the captaincy data frame. |
[RStudio]
defeat <- captaincy$lost / captaincy$played |
Now let us create a new column named defeat in the captaincy data frame.
Click on the script myMatrix.R. In the Source window, type the following command. Press Enter. |
captaincy <- cbind(captaincy, defeat) | Now we add defeat as a new column in captaincy data frame.
In the Source window, type the following command Press Enter. |
Highlight cbind in the Source window | We have used cbind() function with following two arguments:
|
View(captaincy) | Now type View, captaincy in parentheses
Save the script and run the block of code starting from the declaration of defeat to the end. defeat column is added in the captaincy data frame. |
Let us summarize what we have learnt. | |
Show slide
Summary |
In this tutorial, we have learned how to:
|
Show slide
Assignment |
We now suggest an assignment.
For solutions, please refer to the Additional materials section on this website. |
Show slide
About the Spoken Tutorial Project |
The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
Please download and watch it. |
Show slide
Spoken Tutorial Workshops |
We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials and give certificates.
Please contact us. |
Show Slide
Forum to answer questions |
Please post your timed queries in this forum. |
Show Slide
Forum to answer questions |
Please post your general queries in this forum. |
Show Slide
Textbook Companion |
The FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.
For more details, please visit these sites. |
Show Slide
Acknowledgement |
The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India |
Show Slide
Thank You |
The script for this tutorial was contributed by Shaik Sameer (FOSSEE Fellow 2018).
This is Sudhakar Kumar from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching. |