Difference between revisions of "Linux/C2/Working-with-Regular-Files/English-timed"

Latest revision as of 15:08, 28 May 2015

Time	Narration
00:00	Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Working with Regular Files in Linux.
00:07	Files and directories together form the Linux File System.
00:13	In a previous tutorial, we have already seen how to work with directories. You can find the tutorial at this website.
00:25	In this tutorial, we will see how to handle regular files.
00:31	We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the 'cat' command. For details, please visit this website.
00:46	Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the 'cp' command.
00:55	Let us see how the command is used.
01:00	To copy a single file, we type: cp space one or more of the [OPTIONS]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file (DEST).
01:15	To copy multiple files at the same time, We write cp space one or more of the [OPTIONS]...the name of the SOURCE files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied.
01:34	Let us now see an eg.First we open a terminal.
01:42	We already have a file named 'test1' in our home directory.
01:49	To see what is in test1, we type:$ cat space test1 and press Enter.
02:00	As we can see, the content of test1 is shown. Now if we want to copy it into another file called 'test2' we would write: $ cp space test1 space test2 and press Enter.
02:22	Now the file has been copied.
02:25	If 'test2' doesn't exist, it would be first created and then the content of 'test1' will be copied to it.
02:35	If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten. To see the copied file, type: $ cat space test2 and press Enter.
02:52	We can also copy files from and to different directories. For example, type: $ cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 (which is th name of the file we want to copy) space /home/anirban/demo2 and press Enter.
03:31	What this will do is that it will copy the file 'demo1' from source diretory /home/anirban/arc to the destination directory /home/anirban, it will copy to a file name 'demo2'.
03:51	To see that the 'demo2' is there, type: ls space /home/anirban and press Enter.
04:13	We scroll up as you can see here is 'demo2'.
04:19	Before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
04:25	If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name. For example
04:35	Type $ cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 space /home/anirban/ and press Enter.
05:03	This will again copy the file 'demo1' presenting the /home/anirban/arc directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be 'demo1' as well.
05:20	As before, to see the 'demo1' type: ls /home/anirban and press Enter.
05:33	Here again we would scroll up and as you can see the 'demo1' file is there.
05:40	Again, before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
05:48	Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files.
05:56	We assume that we have three files named test1, test2, test3 in our home directory.
06:04	Now we type: $ cp space test1 space test2 space test3 space /home/anirban/testdir and press Enter.
06:27	This will copy all the three files named test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names.
06:41	To see that these files have actually been copied. We will type: ls space /home/anirban/testdir and press Enter.
07:03	As you can see test1, test2 and test3 are present in this directory.
07:10	There are many options that go with cp. Here we will see only the most important of them.
07:18	Let us first go back to the slides.
07:23	Among the options, -R is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure.
07:33	Let us see an example.
07:38	Let us try to copy all the contents of the 'testdir' directory to a directory called 'test'.
07:48	For that, we would type: cp space testdir/ space test and press Enter.
08:02	As you can see from the output message,
08:06	normally we cannot copy a directory having some content directly with cp command.
08:14	But using the -R option we can do this.
08:19	Now we type: cp space -R space testdir/ space test and press Enter.
08:36	The files have now been copied. To see that the 'test' directory actually exists, type ls and press Enter.
08:47	As you can see, the 'test' directory exists. Let us clear the screen.
08:57	To see the contents inside 'test', type: ls space test and press Enter.
09:08	You can see the contents of the 'test' directory.
09:13	Now we go back to the slides.
09:16	We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists, the existing file is overwritten.
09:25	Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file?
09:30	To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option.
09:36	This makes a backup of each exiting destination file.
09:41	We can also use the -i (interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file.
09:54	Now let us see how the mv command works.
09:59	This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful?
10:04	It has two major uses.
10:07	It is used for renaming a file or directory.
10:11	It also moves a group of files to a different directory.
10:17	mv is very similar to cp which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used.
10:29	We open the terminal and type: $ mv space test1 space test2 and press Enter.
10:43	This will rename the file named 'test1' which was already present in the home directory to a file named 'test2'.
10:52	If 'test2' already existed then it would be overwritten silently.
11:00	If we want our warning before the file is overwritten,
11:05	we can use the -i option with the mv command.
11:10	Say we have another file named 'anirban'. This file we also want to renew as 'test2'.
11:20	We will type: mv space -i space anirban space test2 and press Enter.
11:32	As you can see, a warning is provided asking whether 'test2' should be overwritten or not.
11:41	If we press y and then press Enter, the file would be actually overwritten.
11:49	Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory.
11:58	Before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
12:03	Suppose we have 3 files named abc.txt, pop.txt and push.txt in our home directory.
12:14	To see there presence, type ls and press Enter.
12:21	Here are the files pop.txt, push.txt and abc.txt Let us clear the screen.
12:36	Now we want to move these three files to a directory called 'testdir'.
12:46	What we need to do is type: mv space abc.txt space pop.txt space push.txt and then the name of the destination folder which is 'testdir' and press Enter.
13:14	To see them, type ls space testdir and press Enter.
13:20	You can see the files abc, pop and push.txt.
13:27	Now let us see some options that go with mv. Let us first go back to the slides.
13:37	Then -b or –backup option is present with the mv command. It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten.
13:48	The -i option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file.
13:58	The next command we will see is the rm command. This command is used for deleting files.
14:06	Go back to the terminal and type: ls space testdir
14:15	We can see a file name 'faq.txt' present. Say, we want to delete it.
14:23	For this, we type: $ rm space testdir/faq.txt and press Enter.
14:37	This command will remove the file 'faq.txt' from the '/testdir' directory.
14:46	To see that the file has been actually removed or not, let us again press:ls space testdir and press Enter.
15:00	We can no longer see the file 'faq.txt'.
15:05	We can use the rm command with multiple files as well.
15:10	The 'testdir' directory contains two files 'abc2' and 'abc1'.
15:17	Suppose we want to remove these files abc1 and abc2.
15:23	For this, we would type: rm space testdir/abc1 space testdir/abc2 and press Enter.
15:45	This removes the files 'abc1' and 'abc2' from 'testdir' directory.
15:53	To see that they have been removed, type ls space testdir again. You can no longer see 'abc1' and 'abc2'.
16:07	Let us clear the screen before moving ahead.
16:14	Now let us go back to the slides.
16:18	Let us summarize what we just said?
16:20	That is, to delete a single file we write rm and then the name of the file.
16:27	To delete multiple files we write rm and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete.
16:34	Now let us look into some of the options of the rm command.
16:40	Sometimes a file is write protected, using rm will not delete the file then. In this case we have the -f option which can be used to force delete a file.
16:57	The other common option is the -r option. Let us see where this options are useful?
17:07	Let us switch back to the terminal.
17:12	rm command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command.
17:21	But rmdir command normally deletes a directory, only then it is empty.
17:27	What if we want to delete a directory that has a number of files and subdirectories inside.
17:35	Let us try the rm command to do this.
17:38	Let us type rm and the directory that we want to delete which is 'testdir' and press Enter.
17:47	From the output message we can see that we can not use the 'rm directory' to delete 'testdir'.
17:55	But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this.
18:03	Press: rm space -rf space testdir and then press Enter.
18:16	Now the 'testdir' directory has been successfully deleted.
18:22	Let us now go back to the slides to study the next command.
18:27	The cmp command.
18:29	Sometimes we need to check whether two files are same. If they are same then we may delete one of them.
18:37	Also we may want to see whether a file has changed since the last version.
18:44	For these and many other purposes we can use the cmp command.
18:49	It compares two files byte by byte.
18:54	To compare file1 and file2, we would write cmp space file1 space file2.
19:03	If the two files have exactly same content then no message would be shown.
19:11	Only the prompt will be printed.
19:14	If there are differences in their contents then the location of the first mismatch will be printed on the terminal.
19:25	Let us see how 'cmp' works. We have two files named 'sample1' and 'sample2' in our home directory.
19:35	Let us see what they contain?
19:38	Type cat space sample1 and press Enter. It contains the text “This is a Linux file to test the cmp command”
19:50	The other file 'sample2' will contain the text and to see that we will type cat sample2 and press Enter.
20:00	It will contain the text “This is a Unix file to test the cmp command.”
20:06	Now we would apply the cmp command on these two files.
20:11	We will write: cmp space sample1 space sample2 and press Enter.
20:23	As we can see, the first difference between the two files 'sample1' and 'sample2' is pointed out.
20:32	Let us clear the screen before moving ahead to the next command.
20:38	The next command we will see is the wc command.
20:43	This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file.
20:50	We have a file named 'sample3' in our home directory.
20:56	Let us see its contents. For that, we will type: cat space sample3 and press Enter.
21:05	This is the content of sample3.
21:10	Now let us use the wc command on this file.
21:14	For that, we would write: wc space sample3 and press Enter.
21:25	The command points out that the file has 6 lines, 67 words and 385 characters.
21:38	These were some of the commands that help us to work with files.
21:43	There are many more commands. Moreover each of the command that we saw has many other options.
21:51	I encourage you to see more about them using the man command.
22:00	This brings me to the end of this tutorial at last.
22:04	Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
22:17	More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.
22:34	This is Anirban signing off . Thanks for joining.

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Gaurav, Minal, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14, Vasudeva ahitanal

Difference between revisions of "Linux/C2/Working-with-Regular-Files/English-timed"

Latest revision as of 15:08, 28 May 2015

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {| border=1
-!Visual Cue
+|'''Time'''
-!Narration
+|'''Narration'''
 |-
-| 0:00
+| 00:00
-|Welcome to this spoken tutorial on working with regular files in Linux.
+|Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Working with Regular Files''' in '''Linux'''.
 |-
-| 0:07
+| 00:07
 |Files and directories together form the Linux File System.
 |-
-| 0:13
+| 00:13
-|In a previous tutorial we have already seen how to work with directories. You can find the tutorial at this website.
+|In a previous tutorial, we have already seen how to work with directories. You can find the tutorial at this website.
 |-
-| 0:25
+| 00:25
-|In this tutorial we will see how to handle regular files.
+|In this tutorial, we will see how to handle regular files.
 |-
-| 0:31
+| 00:31
-|We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the cat command. For details please visit this website.
+|We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the ''' 'cat' command'''. For details, please visit this website.
 |-
-| 0:46
+| 00:46
-|Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the cp command.
+|Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the ''' 'cp' command'''.
 |-
-| 0:55
+| 00:55
 |Let us see how the command is used.
 |-
-| 1:00
+| 01:00
-|To copy a single sign we type
+|To copy a single file, we type: cp space one or more of the [OPTIONS]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file (DEST).
- cp space one or more of the [OPTION]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file DEST.
 |-
-| 1:15
+| 01:15
-|To copy multiple files at the same time.
+|To copy multiple files at the same time,
- We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied.
+We write cp space one or more of the [OPTIONS]...the name of the SOURCE files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied.
 |-
-| 1:34
+| 01:34
-|Let us now see an Eg.First we open a terminal.
+|Let us now see an eg.First we open a terminal.
 |-
-| 1:42
+| 01:42
-|We already have a file named test1 in /home/anirban/arc/
+|We already have a file named 'test1' in our home directory.
 |-
-| 1:49
+| 01:49
-|To see what is in test1.We type
+|To see what is in test1, we type:$ cat space test1 and press Enter.
- $ cat test1 and press enter.
 |-
-| 2:00
+| 02:00
-|As we can see the content of test1 is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called test2 we would write.
+|As we can see, the content of test1 is shown. Now if we want to copy it into another file called 'test2' we would write:
+$ cp space test1 space test2 and press Enter.
-$ cp test1 test2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 2:22
+| 02:22
 |Now the file has been copied.
 |-
-| 2:25
+| 02:25
-|If test2 doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of test1 will be copied to it.
+|If 'test2' doesn't exist, it would be first created and then the content of 'test1' will be copied to it.
 |-
-| 2:35
+| 02:35
-|If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten.To see the copied file type
+|If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten. To see the copied file, type:
+$ cat space test2 and press Enter.
-$ cat test2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 2:52
+| 02:52
-|You can also copy files from and to different directories.For example.
+|We can also copy files from and to different directories. For example,
+type: $ cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 (which is th name of the file we want to copy) space /home/anirban/demo2 and press Enter.
-type
-$ cp /home/anirban/arc/demo1 /home/anirban/demo2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 3:31
+| 03:31
-|What this will do is that it will copy the file demo1 from source diretory /home/anirban/arc/ to the destination directory  /home/anirban it will copy to a file name demo2.
+|What this will do is that it will copy the file 'demo1' from source diretory /home/anirban/arc to the destination directory  /home/anirban, it will copy to a file name 'demo2'.
 |-
-| 3:51
+| 03:51
-|To see that the demo2 is there type
+|To see that the 'demo2' is there, type:
-ls space /home/anirban and press enter.
+ls space /home/anirban and press Enter.
 |-
-| 4:13
+| 04:13
-|We scroll up as you can see here is demo2.
+|We scroll up as you can see here is 'demo2'.
 |-
-| 4:19
+| 04:19
-|Before moving a head let us clear the screen.
+|Before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 4:25
+| 04:25
-|If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name.For example
+|If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name. For example
 |-
-| 4:35
+| 04:35
-|Type $ cp /home/anirban/arc/demo1 /home/anirban/ and press enter.
+|Type $ cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 space /home/anirban/ and press Enter.
 |-
-| 5:03
+| 05:03
-|This will again copy the file demo1 presenting the /home/anirban/arc/ directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be demo1 as well.
+|This will again copy the file 'demo1' presenting the /home/anirban/arc directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be 'demo1' as well.
 |-
-| 5:20
+| 05:20
-|As before to see the demo1 type
+|As before, to see the 'demo1' type:
-ls/home/anirban and press enter.
+ls /home/anirban and press Enter.
 |-
-| 5:33
+| 05:33
-|Here again we would scroll up and as you can see the demo1 file is there.
+|Here again we would scroll up and as you can see the 'demo1' file is there.
 |-
-| 5:40
+| 05:40
-|Again before moving a head let us clear the screen.
+|Again, before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 5:48
+| 05:48
 |Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files.
 |-
-| 5:56
+| 05:56
-|We assume that we have three files named test1 test2 test3 in our home directory.
+|We assume that we have three files named test1, test2, test3 in our '''home directory'''.
 |-
-| 6:04
+| 06:04
-|Now we type $ cp test1 test2 test3 /home/anirban/testdir and press enter.
+|Now we type: $ cp space test1 space test2 space test3 space /home/anirban/testdir and press Enter.
 |-
-| 6:27
+| 06:27
-|This will copy all the three files test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names.
+|This will copy all the three files named test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names.
 |-
-| 6:41
+| 06:41
-|You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type ls /home/anirban/testdir and press enter.
+|To see that these files have actually been copied. We will type: ls space /home/anirban/testdir and press Enter.
 |-
-| 7:03
+| 07:03
-|As you can see test1,test2 and test3 are present in this directory.
+|As you can see test1, test2 and test3 are present in this directory.
 |-
-| 7:10
+| 07:10
-|There are many options that go with cp. Here we will see only the most important of them.
+|There are many options that go with '''cp'''. Here we will see only the most important of them.
 |-
-| 7:18
+| 07:18
-|Let us first will go back to the slides.
+|Let us first go back to the slides.
 |-
-| 7:23
+| 07:23
-|Among the options -R is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure.
+|Among the options, '''-R''' is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure.
 |-
-| 7:33
+| 07:33
 |Let us see an example.
 |-
-| 7:38
+| 07:38
-|Let us try to copy all the contents of the testdir directory to a directory called test.
+|Let us try to copy all the contents of the 'testdir' directory to a directory called 'test'.
 |-
-| 7:48
+| 07:48
-|For that we would type cp testdir/ test and press enter.
+|For that, we would type: cp space testdir/ space test and press Enter.
 |-
-| 8:02
+| 08:02
-|As you can see from the output message.
+|As you can see from the output message,
 |-
-| 8:06
+| 08:06
-|Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with cp command.
+|normally we cannot copy a directory having some content directly with '''cp''' command.
 |-
-| 8:14
+| 08:14
-|But using the -R option we can do this.
+|But using the '''-R''' option we can do this.
 |-
-| 8:19
+| 08:19
-|Now we type cp -R testdir/ test and press enter.
+|Now we type: cp space -R space testdir/ space test and press Enter.
 |-
-| 8:36
+| 08:36
-|The files have now been copied to see that the best directory actually exist type ls and press enter.
+|The files have now been copied. To see that the 'test' directory actually exists, type '''ls''' and press Enter.
 |-
-| 8:47
+| 08:47
-|As you can see the test directory exists. Let us clear the screen.
+|As you can see, the 'test' directory exists. Let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 8:57
+| 08:57
-|To see the contents inside test type ls test and press enter.
+|To see the contents inside 'test', type: ls space test and press Enter.
 |-
-| 9:08
+| 09:08
-|You can see the contents of the test directory.
+|You can see the contents of the 'test' directory.
 |-
-| 9:13
+| 09:13
 |Now we go back to the slides.
 |-
-| 9:16
+| 09:16
-|We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists the existing file is overwritten.
+|We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists, the existing file is overwritten.
 |-
-| 9:25
+| 09:25
 |Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file?
 |-
-| 9:30
+| 09:30
-|To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option.
+|To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the '''-b''' option.
 |-
-| 9:36
+| 09:36
-|This makes a backup of each exiting destination file.
+|This makes a ''backup'' of each exiting destination file.
 |-
-| 9:41
+| 09:41
-|We can also use the -i(interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file.
+|We can also use the '''-i''' (interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file.
 |-
-| 9:54
+| 09:54
-|Now let us see how the mv command works.
+|Now let us see how the '''mv command''' works.
 |-
-| 9:59
+| 09:59
 |This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful?
@@ Line 243: / Line 234: @@
 |-
 | 10:07
-|It is used for rename a file or directory.
+|It is used for ''renaming a file'' or directory.
 |-
 | 10:11
-|It also moves a group of files to a different directory.
+|It also ''moves a group of files'' to a different directory.
 |-
 | 10:17
-|mv is very similar to cp which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used.
+|'''mv''' is very similar to '''cp''' which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how '''mv''' can be used.
 |-
 | 10:29
-|We open the terminal and type $ mv test1 test2 and press enter.
+|We open the terminal and type: $ mv space test1 space test2 and press Enter.
 |-
 | 10:43
-|This will rename the file named test1 which was already present in the home directory to a file named test2.
+|This will rename the file named 'test1' which was already present in the home directory to a file named 'test2'.
 |-
 | 10:52
-|If test2 already existed then it would be overwritten silently.
+|If 'test2' already existed then it would be overwritten silently.
 |-
 | 11:00
-|If we want our warning before the file is overwritten.
+|If we want our warning before the file is overwritten,
 |-
 | 11:05
-|We can use the -i option with the mv command.
+|we can use the '''-i''' option with the '''mv''' command.
 |-
 | 11:10
-|Say we have another file named anirban.This file we also want to renew as test2
+|Say we have another file named 'anirban'. This file we also want to renew as 'test2'.
 |-
 | 11:20
-|We will type mv -i anirban test2 and press enter.
+|We will type: mv space -i space anirban space test2 and press Enter.
 |-
 | 11:32
-|As you can see a warning is provided asking whether test2 should be overwritten or not.
+|As you can see, a warning is provided asking whether 'test2' should be overwritten or not.
 |-
 | 11:41
-|If we press y and then press enter, the file would be actually overwritten.
+|If we press '''y''' and then press Enter, the file would be actually overwritten.
 |-
 | 11:49
-|Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory.
+|Like '''cp''' we can use '''mv''' with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory.
 |-
@@ Line 299: / Line 290: @@
 |-
 | 12:03
-|Suppose we have 3 files named abc.txt, pop.txt and push.txt in our home directory.
+|Suppose we have 3 files named abc.txt, pop.txt and push.txt in our '''home''' directory.
 |-
 | 12:14
-|To see there presence type ls and press enter.
+|To see there presence, type '''ls''' and press Enter.
 |-
 | 12:21
-|Here are the files pop.txt,push.txt and abc.txt Let us clear the screen.
+|Here are the files pop.txt, push.txt and abc.txt Let us clear the screen.
 |-
 | 12:36
-|Now we want to move this three files to a directory called testdir.
+|Now we want to move these three files to a directory called 'testdir'.
 |-
 | 12:46
-|What we need to do is type mv abc.txt pop.txt push.txt and then the name of the destination folder which is testdir and press enter.
+|What we need to do is type:''' mv space abc.txt space pop.txt space push.txt''' and then the name of the destination folder which is 'testdir' and press Enter.
 |-
 | 13:14
-|To see them type ls testdir and press enter.
+|To see them, type '''ls space testdir''' and press Enter.
 |-
@@ Line 327: / Line 318: @@
 |-
 | 13:27
-|Now let us see some options that go with mv. Let us first go back to the slides.
+|Now let us see some options that go with '''mv'''. Let us first go back to the slides.
 |-
 | 13:37
-|Then -b or –backup option is present with the mv command.It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten.
+|Then '''-b''' or '''–backup''' option is present with the '''mv''' command. It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten.
 |-
 | 13:48
-|The -i option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file.
+|The '''-i''' option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file.
 |-
 | 13:58
-|The next command we will see is the rm command. This command is used for deleting files.
+|The next command we will see is the '''rm command'''. This command is used for ''deleting'' files.
 |-
 | 14:06
-|Go back to the terminal and type ls testdir.
+|Go back to the terminal and type: ls space testdir
 |-
 | 14:15
-|We can see a file name faq.txt present.Say we want to delete it.
+|We can see a file name 'faq.txt' present. Say, we want to delete it.
 |-
 | 14:23
-|For this we type
+|For this, we type:
-$ rm testdir/faq.txt and press enter.
+$ rm space testdir/faq.txt and press Enter.
 |-
 | 14:37
-|This command will remove the file faq.txt from the /testdir directory.
+|This command will remove the file 'faq.txt' from the '/testdir' directory.
 |-
 | 14:46
-|To see that the file has been actually removed or not.Let us again press ls testdir and press enter.
+|To see that the file has been actually removed or not, let us again press:ls space testdir and press Enter.
 |-
 | 15:00
-|We can no longer see the file faq.txt.
+|We can no longer see the file 'faq.txt'.
 |-
 | 15:05
-|We can use the rm command with multiple files as well.
+|We can use the '''rm''' command with multiple files as well.
 |-
 | 15:10
-|The testdir directory contains two files abc2 and abc1.
+|The 'testdir' directory contains two files 'abc2' and 'abc1'.
 |-
 | 15:17
-|Suppose we want to remove this files abc1 and abc2.
+|Suppose we want to remove these files abc1 and abc2.
 |-
 | 15:23
-|For this we would type rm testdir/abc1 testdir/abc2 and press enter.
+|For this, we would type: rm space testdir/abc1 space testdir/abc2 and press Enter.
 |-
 | 15:45
-|This remove the files abc1 and abc2 from testdir directory.
+|This removes the files 'abc1' and 'abc2' from 'testdir' directory.
 |-
 | 15:53
-|To see that they have been removed type ls testdir again.You can no longer see abc1 and abc2.
+|To see that they have been removed, type '''ls space testdir''' again. You can no longer see 'abc1' and 'abc2'.
 |-
@@ Line 404: / Line 395: @@
 |-
 | 16:20
-|That is do delete a single file we write rm and than the name of the file.
+|That is, to delete a single file we write '''rm''' and then the name of the file.
 |-
 | 16:27
-|To delete multiple files we write rm and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete.
+|To delete multiple files we write '''rm''' and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete.
 |-
 | 16:34
-|Now let us look into some of the options of the rm command.
+|Now let us look into some of the options of the '''rm''' command.
 |-
 | 16:40
-|Sometimes a file is write protected,using rm will not delete the file then. In this case we have the -f option which can be used to force delete a file.
+|Sometimes a file is '''write''' protected, using '''rm''' will not delete the file then. In this case we have the '''-f''' option which can be used to force delete a file.
 |-
 | 16:57
-|The other common option is the -r option. Let us see where this options are useful?
+|The other common option is the '''-r''' option. Let us see where this options are useful?
 |-
@@ Line 428: / Line 419: @@
 |-
 | 17:12
-|rm command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command.
+|'''rm''' command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the '''rmdir''' command.
 |-
 | 17:21
-|But rmdir command normally deletes a directory only den it is empty.
+|But '''rmdir''' command normally deletes a directory, only then it is empty.
 |-
@@ Line 440: / Line 431: @@
 |-
 | 17:35
-|Let us try the rm command to do this.
+|Let us try the '''rm''' command to do this.
 |-
 | 17:38
-|Let us type rm and the directory that we want to delete which is testdir and press enter.
+|Let us type '''rm''' and the directory that we want to delete which is 'testdir' and press Enter.
 |-
 | 17:47
-|From the output message we can see that we can not use the rm directory to delete testdir.
+|From the output message we can see that we can not use the 'rm directory' to delete 'testdir'.
 |-
 | 17:55
-|But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this.
+|But if we combine the '''-r''' and '''-f''' option then we can do this.
 |-
 | 18:03
-|Press rm -rf testdir and then press enter.
+|Press: rm space -rf space testdir and then press Enter.
 |-
 | 18:16
-|Now the testdir directory has been successfully deleted.
+|Now the 'testdir' directory has been successfully deleted.
 |-
@@ Line 468: / Line 459: @@
 |-
 | 18:27
-|The cmp command.
+|The '''cmp''' command.
 |-
@@ Line 480: / Line 471: @@
 |-
 | 18:44
-|For these and many other purposes we can use the cmp command.
+|For these and many other purposes we can use the '''cmp''' command.
 |-
 | 18:49
-|It compares two files byte by byte.
+|It ''compares two files byte by byte''.
 |-
 | 18:54
-|To compare file1 and file2 we would write cmp file1 file2.
+|To compare file1 and file2, we would write '''cmp space file1 space file2'''.
 |-
@@ Line 504: / Line 495: @@
 |-
 | 19:25
-|Let us see how cmp works.We have two files named sample1 and sample2 in our home directory.
+|Let us see how 'cmp' works. We have two files named 'sample1' and 'sample2' in our '''home''' directory.
 |-
@@ Line 512: / Line 503: @@
 |-
 | 19:38
-|Type cat sampe1 and press enter.It contains
+|Type '''cat space sample1''' and press Enter. It contains the text “This is a Linux file to test the cmp command”
-the text “This is a Linux file to test the cmp command”
 |-
 | 19:50
-|The other file sample2 will contain the text and to see that we will type cat sample2 and press enter.
+|The other file 'sample2' will contain the text and to see that we will type '''cat sample2''' and press Enter.
 |-
@@ Line 525: / Line 515: @@
 |-
 | 20:06
-|Now we would apply the cmp command on this two files.
+|Now we would apply the '''cmp''' command on these two files.
 |-
 | 20:11
-|We will write cmp sample1 sample2 and press enter.
+|We will write: cmp space sample1 space sample2 and press Enter.
 |-
 | 20:23
-|As we can see the first difference between the two files sample1 and sample2 is pointed out.
+|As we can see, the first difference between the two files 'sample1' and 'sample2' is pointed out.
 |-
@@ Line 541: / Line 531: @@
 |-
 | 20:38
-|The next command we will see is the wc command.
+|The next command we will see is the '''wc''' command.
 |-
 | 20:43
-|This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file.
+|This command is used to ''count the number of characters, words and lines'' in a file.
 |-
 | 20:50
-|We have a file named sample3 in our home directory.
+|We have a file named 'sample3' in our '''home''' directory.
 |-
 | 20:56
-|Let us see its content, for that we will type cat sample3 and press enter.
+|Let us see its contents. For that, we will type: cat space sample3 and press Enter.
 |-
@@ Line 561: / Line 551: @@
 |-
 | 21:10
-|Now let us use the wc command on this file.
+|Now let us use the '''wc''' command on this file.
 |-
 | 21:14
-|For that we would write wc sample3 and press enter.
+|For that, we would write: wc space sample3 and press Enter.
 |-
@@ Line 582: / Line 571: @@
 |-
 | 21:51
-|I encourage you to see more about them using the man command.
+|I encourage you to see more about them using the '''man''' command.
 |-