Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed"
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|'''Narration''' | |'''Narration''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:01 |
− | | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. | + | | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Linux File Attributes'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:05 | | 00:05 | ||
− | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5 | + | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5''' and '''testchown.''' |
|- | |- | ||
|00:18 | |00:18 | ||
− | |Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also | + | |Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also. |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:25 | | 00:25 | ||
− | | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. | + | | A '''file attribute''' is '''metadata''' that describes or is associated with a computer file. |
|- | |- | ||
− | |00: | + | |00:34 |
|File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. | |File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:46 |
− | | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. | + | | '''c-h own''' command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an '''admin command''', '''root''' user only can change the owner of a file or directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:01 |
− | | The syntax of chown command is ''' | + | | The syntax of the '''chown''' command is: '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:13 | | 01:13 | ||
− | | We may give following options with chown command. | + | | We may give the following options with '''chown''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
|01:18 | |01:18 | ||
− | |'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the | + | |'''-R''' : To change the '''permission''' on files that are in the sub-directories of the directory that you are currently in. |
|- | |- | ||
|01:28 | |01:28 | ||
|'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file. | |'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |01: | + | |01:32 |
− | |'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. | + | |'''-f''' : Prevents '''ch own''' from displaying error messages. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:37 | | 01:37 | ||
− | | Now we will look at some examples | + | | Now, we will look at some examples. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:41 |
− | | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press | + | | So, go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that, '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press '''Enter'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:56 | | 01:56 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command: '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 02:11 | | 02:11 | ||
− | | Here we can see the owner of the | + | | Here we can see the owner of the '''testchown''' is "shahid". |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:18 | | 02:18 | ||
− | | To change the owner of the file, type the command | + | | To change the '''owner''' of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:36 | | 02:36 | ||
− | | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press | + | | Enter the '''sudo''' password and press '''Enter''' again. Press '''Enter'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:44 | | 02:44 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type: '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press '''Enter'''. Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha". |
− | and press Enter | + | |
− | Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 03:03 | | 03:03 | ||
− | | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory | + | | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory. |
|- | |- | ||
|03:07 | |03:07 | ||
− | |Type the command | + | |Type the command: ''' ls space -l''' and press '''Enter'''. Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is "shahid". |
− | Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 03: | + | | 03:22 |
− | | To change the owner of the directory, type the command | + | | To change the owner of the directory, type the command: |
|- | |- | ||
|03:26 | |03:26 | ||
− | | | + | |'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press '''Enter'''. |
− | and press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|03:44 | |03:44 | ||
− | |Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. | + | |Enter the sudo password, if required, and press '''Enter''' again. |
− | + | ||
+ | |- | ||
| 03:49 | | 03:49 | ||
− | | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type | + | | I will clear the screen by pressing '''Clt+L''' for our convenience. Now type: '''ls space -l''' and press '''Enter'''. Here we can see the new owner of the directory is "anusha". |
− | Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:06 | | 04:06 | ||
− | | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. | + | | '''chmod''' command is used to change the '''access mode''' or '''permissions''' of one or more files. |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:13 | | 04:13 | ||
− | | Syntax of the chmod command is | + | | Syntax of the '''chmod''' command is: '''chmod space [options] space mode space filename''' |
− | + | We may give the following options with the chmod command- | |
− | + | ||
− | We may give the following options with chmod command | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|04:29 | |04:29 | ||
Line 97: | Line 88: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|04:34 | |04:34 | ||
− | | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. | + | | -f : Do not notify user of files that '''chmod''' cannot change. |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:41 | | 04:41 | ||
− | | There are following types of access or permissions | + | | There are following types of '''access''' or '''permissions'''- |
|- | |- | ||
|04:44 | |04:44 | ||
− | |r : Read | + | |r: that is Read |
− | w : Write | + | w: that is Write |
− | x : Execute | + | x: that is Execute |
− | s : Set user (or group) ID | + | s: that is Set user (or group) ID. |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:54 | | 04:54 | ||
− | | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. | + | | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal-number. |
|- | |- | ||
|05:00 | |05:00 | ||
− | |The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission | + | |The first digit stands for '''owner permission''', the second stands for '''group permission''' and the third stands for other permission. |
|- | |- | ||
| 05:09 | | 05:09 | ||
− | | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values | + | | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values- |
− | 4 that is Read | + | 4: that is Read |
− | 2 that is Write | + | 2: that is Write |
− | 1 that is Execute | + | 1: that is Execute. |
|- | |- | ||
| 05:20 | | 05:20 | ||
− | | Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. | + | | Now we will look at some examples of '''chmod'''. Move to terminal and enter the command to add '''execute-by-user''' permission to file '''example1.''' |
|- | |- | ||
|05:30 | |05:30 | ||
− | | Before that | + | | Before that I will again clear the screen by pressing '''Clt+l'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 05:36 | | 05:36 | ||
− | | Now | + | | Now, let's type '''chmod space u+x space example1 ''' press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | + | | 05:49 | |
− | | Now type | + | | Now, type: '''ls space -l space example1 ''' |
− | press Enter to see the changes | + | press '''Enter''' to see the changes. |
|- | |- | ||
|06:01 | |06:01 | ||
− | | | + | |Here, you can see to assign the '''read/write/execute''' permission by owner, ''' read/execute''' permission by group, and '''execute-only''' permission by others to file 'example1'. |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:15 | | 06:15 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command: '''chmod space 751 space example1 '''press '''Enter'''. |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:26 | | 06:26 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type: ''' ls space -l space example1 ''' and press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | and press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|06:35 | |06:35 | ||
− | |Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group | + | |Here we can see that above command has assigned the '''read/write/execute''' permission by owner, '''read/execute''' permission by group and '''execute-only''' permission by others to file example1. |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:52 | | 06:52 | ||
− | | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command | + | | To assign '''read-only''' permission to file '''example1''' for everyone, type the command: ''' chmod space =r space example1 '''and press '''Enter'''. |
− | and press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 07:08 | | 07:08 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command: '''ls space -l space example1''' press '''Enter'''. |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|07:19 | |07:19 | ||
− | |Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone | + | |Here we can see that the '''read only''' permission has been assigned to file 'example1' for everyone. |
|- | |- | ||
| 07:30 | | 07:30 | ||
− | | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command | + | | To change the permission recursively and assign the '''read''' and '''execute''' access for everyone and also '''write''' access for the owner of the directory 'directory1', type the command: |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | |07:44 |
− | | | + | |'''chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 '''press '''Enter'''. |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 08:00 | | 08:00 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type: ''' ls space -l ''' press '''Enter''' to see the changes. |
− | + | ||
− | press Enter to see the changes | + | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:09 | | 08:09 | ||
− | | To give the user execute permission on file example2 | + | | To give the user execute permission on file 'example2', type the command: |
− | + | ''' chmod space u+x space example2 ''' press '''Enter'''. | |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 08:27 | | 08:27 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command: ''' ls space -l space example2 ''' and press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | and press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|08:40 | |08:40 | ||
− | |Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 | + | |Here, we can see that '''execute''' permission has been assigned to user on 'example2'. |
|- | |- | ||
| 08:50 | | 08:50 | ||
− | | To add the write permissions to the group for file example3 | + | | To add the '''write''' permissions to the group for file 'example3', type the command: '''chmod space g+w space example3'''. Press '''Enter'''. |
− | type the command | + | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:10 | | 09:10 | ||
− | | | + | | And now, type: ''' ls space -l space example3 ''' press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | |09: | + | |09:24 |
− | |Here we can see the write permission has been added to group | + | |Here we can see the '''write''' permission has been added to '''group'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 09:30 | | 09:30 | ||
− | | To remove the write permissions for all type the command | + | | To remove the '''write''' permissions for all, type the command: ''' chmod space a-w space example3''' press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 09:45 | | 09:45 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type: ''' ls space -l space example3 ''' press '''Enter'''. |
− | + | ||
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|09:55 | |09:55 | ||
− | |Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed | + | |Here we can see the '''write''' permission for all has been removed. |
|- | |- | ||
| 10:02 | | 10:02 | ||
− | | chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to | + | | '''chgrp''' command is used to change the group of one or more files to new group. |
|- | |- | ||
|10:10 | |10:10 | ||
− | | | + | |New group is either a group ID number or a group name located in '''/etc/group. ''' |
|- | |- | ||
|10:20 | |10:20 | ||
Line 230: | Line 198: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:26 | | 10:26 | ||
− | | The syntax for the chgrp command is | + | | The syntax for the '''chgrp''' command is: '''chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.''' |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:36 | | 10:36 | ||
− | | | + | | Let's go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of '''chgrp''' command. |
− | + | Type the command '''ls space -l space example4''' press Enter. | |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|10:57 | |10:57 | ||
− | |Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid | + | |Here we can see the group permission is for user "shahid". |
|- | |- | ||
| 11:03 | | 11:03 | ||
− | | To change the group permission , type the command | + | | To change the '''group''' permission, type the command: '''sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|11:20 | |11:20 | ||
− | | | + | |Press Enter. Enter the 'sudo' password if required. |
− | Enter the sudo password if required. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 11:27 | | 11:27 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command: ''' ls space -l space example4 '''. Press Enter. |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
|11:38 | |11:38 | ||
− | |Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit. | + | |Here we can see that the '''group''' has changed from "shahid" to "rohit". |
|- | |- | ||
| 11:46 | | 11:46 | ||
− | | The inode number is a unique integer assigned to | + | | The inode-number is a unique integer assigned to a device. |
|- | |- | ||
|11:51 | |11:51 | ||
− | | Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. | + | | '''Inode''' stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. |
|- | |- | ||
|11:57 | |11:57 | ||
− | |All the files are hard links to inodes. | + | |All the files are hard-links to inodes. |
|- | |- | ||
|12:00 | |12:00 | ||
− | |Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode. | + | |Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding '''inode.''' |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:12 | | 12:12 | ||
− | | We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file. | + | | We can use ''' ls space -i''' command to see the '''inode'''-number of a file. |
|- | |- | ||
|12:19 | |12:19 | ||
− | | | + | |Type the command: ''' ls space -i space example5 ''' press Enter. |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|12:29 | |12:29 | ||
− | |Number written before the file is the inode number of the file. | + | |Number written before the file is the inode-number of the file. |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:35 | | 12:35 | ||
Line 281: | Line 244: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12:41 | |12:41 | ||
− | |Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode. | + | |'''Hard links''' are to associate multiple directory entries with a single '''inode.''' '''ln''' is the command to make link. |
− | ln is the command to make link | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:52 | | 12:52 | ||
− | | The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is | + | | The syntax of '''ln''' command to create the hard link is: |
|- | |- | ||
|12:57 | |12:57 | ||
− | |ln space source space link | + | |'''ln space source space link ''' where '''source''' is an existing file and '''link''' is the file to create. |
|- | |- | ||
| 13:06 | | 13:06 | ||
− | | Now we will look at some examples of hard links | + | | Now we will look at some examples of hard-links. |
|- | |- | ||
|13:10 | |13:10 | ||
− | |Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command | + | |Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command: '''ln space example1 space exampleln''' press Enter. |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 13:25 | | 13:25 | ||
− | | To display the inode number of both the files, type the command | + | | To display the '''inode''' number of both the files, type the command: |
− | + | '''ls space -i space example1 space exampleln '''press Enter. | |
− | press Enter | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|13:41 | |13:41 | ||
− | |Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same | + | |Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same; file 'exampleln' is the hard-link for file 'example1'. |
|- | |- | ||
| 13:54 | | 13:54 | ||
− | | Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path. | + | | '''Soft-link''' i.e. '''symbolic link''' is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an '''absolute''' or '''relative path'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 14:07 | | 14:07 | ||
− | | The syntax of ln command to create soft links is | + | | The syntax of '''ln''' command to create soft links is: |
|- | |- | ||
|14:12 | |14:12 | ||
− | |ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} | + | |''' ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| 14:19 | | 14:19 | ||
− | | Now we will look at some examples of soft link | + | | Now we will look at some examples of soft-link. |
|- | |- | ||
| 14:25 | | 14:25 | ||
− | | To create the soft link, type the command | + | | To create the soft-link, type the command: '''ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft '''. |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14:40 | |14:40 | ||
− | | | + | |Press Enter. |
|- | |- | ||
| 14:43 | | 14:43 | ||
− | | Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command | + | | Now, to display the '''inode''' number and list of both the files, type the command: |
− | + | '''ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft'''. | |
|- | |- | ||
|15:01 | |15:01 | ||
− | | | + | |Press Enter. |
|- | |- | ||
|15:03 | |15:03 | ||
− | |Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a | + | |Here we can see that '''inode''' number of both the files are different and 'examplesoft' is a soft-link of 'example1'. |
|- | |- | ||
| 15:16 | | 15:16 | ||
− | | So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file. | + | | So, in this tutorial we have learnt about the '''Linux Files Attributes''' like changing permission, ownership and group of a file. |
|- | |- | ||
|15:26 | |15:26 | ||
− | |We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file. | + | |We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard-links of a file. |
|- | |- | ||
|15:31 | |15:31 | ||
Line 345: | Line 304: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15:35 | |15:35 | ||
− | |Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. | + | |Spoken Tutorials are a part of the "Talk to a Teacher" project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. |
|- | |- | ||
|15:44 | |15:44 | ||
Line 351: | Line 310: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15:50 | |15:50 | ||
− | | This script | + | | This script is contributed by Anusha Ambala and Shahid. Thanks or joining. |
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 11:59, 24 March 2017
Time | Narration |
00:01 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |
00:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5 and testchown. |
00:18 | Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also. |
00:25 | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. |
00:34 | File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. |
00:46 | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. |
01:01 | The syntax of the chown command is: chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname. |
01:13 | We may give the following options with chown command. |
01:18 | -R : To change the permission on files that are in the sub-directories of the directory that you are currently in. |
01:28 | -c : Change the permission for each file. |
01:32 | -f : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. |
01:37 | Now, we will look at some examples. |
01:41 | So, go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that, cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press Enter. |
01:56 | Now type the command: ls space -l space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. |
02:11 | Here we can see the owner of the testchown is "shahid". |
02:18 | To change the owner of the file, type the command sudo space c-h own space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. |
02:36 | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press Enter. |
02:44 | Now type: ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha". |
03:03 | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory. |
03:07 | Type the command: ls space -l and press Enter. Here we can see the owner of the directory test_chown is "shahid". |
03:22 | To change the owner of the directory, type the command: |
03:26 | sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown which is directory name and press Enter. |
03:44 | Enter the sudo password, if required, and press Enter again. |
03:49 | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type: ls space -l and press Enter. Here we can see the new owner of the directory is "anusha". |
04:06 | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. |
04:13 | Syntax of the chmod command is: chmod space [options] space mode space filename
We may give the following options with the chmod command- |
04:29 | -c : Print information about files that are changed. |
04:34 | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. |
04:41 | There are following types of access or permissions- |
04:44 | r: that is Read
w: that is Write x: that is Execute s: that is Set user (or group) ID. |
04:54 | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal-number. |
05:00 | The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission and the third stands for other permission. |
05:09 | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values-
4: that is Read 2: that is Write 1: that is Execute. |
05:20 | Now we will look at some examples of chmod. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. |
05:30 | Before that I will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l. |
05:36 | Now, let's type chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter. |
05:49 | Now, type: ls space -l space example1
press Enter to see the changes. |
06:01 | Here, you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file 'example1'. |
06:15 | Now type the command: chmod space 751 space example1 press Enter. |
06:26 | Now type: ls space -l space example1 and press Enter. |
06:35 | Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group and execute-only permission by others to file example1. |
06:52 | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone, type the command: chmod space =r space example1 and press Enter. |
07:08 | Now type the command: ls space -l space example1 press Enter. |
07:19 | Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file 'example1' for everyone. |
07:30 | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory 'directory1', type the command: |
07:44 | chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 press Enter. |
08:00 | Now type: ls space -l press Enter to see the changes. |
08:09 | To give the user execute permission on file 'example2', type the command:
chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter. |
08:27 | Now type the command: ls space -l space example2 and press Enter. |
08:40 | Here, we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on 'example2'. |
08:50 | To add the write permissions to the group for file 'example3', type the command: chmod space g+w space example3. Press Enter. |
09:10 | And now, type: ls space -l space example3 press Enter. |
09:24 | Here we can see the write permission has been added to group. |
09:30 | To remove the write permissions for all, type the command: chmod space a-w space example3 press Enter. |
09:45 | Now type: ls space -l space example3 press Enter. |
09:55 | Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed. |
10:02 | chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to new group. |
10:10 | New group is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group. |
10:20 | Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group. |
10:26 | The syntax for the chgrp command is: chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files. |
10:36 | Let's go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.
Type the command ls space -l space example4 press Enter. |
10:57 | Here we can see the group permission is for user "shahid". |
11:03 | To change the group permission, type the command: sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4. |
11:20 | Press Enter. Enter the 'sudo' password if required. |
11:27 | Now type the command: ls space -l space example4 . Press Enter. |
11:38 | Here we can see that the group has changed from "shahid" to "rohit". |
11:46 | The inode-number is a unique integer assigned to a device. |
11:51 | Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. |
11:57 | All the files are hard-links to inodes. |
12:00 | Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode. |
12:12 | We can use ls space -i command to see the inode-number of a file. |
12:19 | Type the command: ls space -i space example5 press Enter. |
12:29 | Number written before the file is the inode-number of the file. |
12:35 | Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time. |
12:41 | Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode. ln is the command to make link. |
12:52 | The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is: |
12:57 | ln space source space link where source is an existing file and link is the file to create. |
13:06 | Now we will look at some examples of hard-links. |
13:10 | Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command: ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter. |
13:25 | To display the inode number of both the files, type the command:
ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter. |
13:41 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same; file 'exampleln' is the hard-link for file 'example1'. |
13:54 | Soft-link i.e. symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path. |
14:07 | The syntax of ln command to create soft links is: |
14:12 | ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}. |
14:19 | Now we will look at some examples of soft-link. |
14:25 | To create the soft-link, type the command: ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft . |
14:40 | Press Enter. |
14:43 | Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command:
ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft. |
15:01 | Press Enter. |
15:03 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and 'examplesoft' is a soft-link of 'example1'. |
15:16 | So, in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file. |
15:26 | We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard-links of a file. |
15:31 | This brings me to the end of this tutorial. |
15:35 | Spoken Tutorials are a part of the "Talk to a Teacher" project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. |
15:44 | More information on the same is available at the following link. |
15:50 | This script is contributed by Anusha Ambala and Shahid. Thanks or joining. |