Difference between revisions of "BASH/C3/Here-document-and-Here-string/English-timed"

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{| border = 1
 
{| border = 1
−
|  '''Visual Cue'''
+
|  '''Time'''
 
|  '''Narration'''
 
|  '''Narration'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.01
+
|  00:01
−
|  Dear friends, Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' HERE document and strings'''
+
|  Dear friends, welcome to the '''spoken tutorial''' on''' HERE document and strings'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.08
+
|  00:08
 
|  In this tutorial, we will learn about
 
|  In this tutorial, we will learn about
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.11
+
|  00:11
−
| * special-purpose redirection called '''Here documents '''and '''Here strings'''
+
| special-purpose redirection called '''Here documents '''and '''Here strings'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.17
+
|  00:17
−
| * With the help of some examples  
+
| with the help of some examples.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 00.20
+
| 00:20
−
|  To follow this tutorial you should have knowledge of '''Shell Scripting''' in''' BASH.'''
+
|  To follow this tutorial, you should have knowledge of '''Shell Scripting''' in''' BASH.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.26
+
|  00:26
−
|If not, for relevant tutorials please visit our website which is as shown,'''(http://www.spoken-tutorial.org)'''
+
|If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website which is as shown. http://www.spoken-tutorial.org
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 00.32
+
| 00:32
−
|  For this tutorial I am using''' '''
+
|  For this tutorial, I am using:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.34
+
|  00:34
−
|* '''Ubuntu Linux''' 12.04''' '''Operating System  
+
|'''Ubuntu Linux''' 12.04''' '''Operating System  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.39
+
|  00:39
−
|* '''GNU BASH''' version 4.2
+
|'''GNU BASH''' version 4.2
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.42
+
|  00:42
−
|Please note,''' GNU Bash''' '''version 4''' or above is recommended for practice.
+
|Please note,''' GNU Bash''' version 4 or above is recommended for practice.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 00.49
+
| 00:49
−
|  Let us learn about '''Here document'''.
+
|  Let us learn about ''''Here' document'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.52
+
|  00:52
−
|* It is a special-purpose block of text or code.  
+
|It is a special purpose '''block''' of '''text''' or '''code'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  00.56
+
|  00:56
−
|* It is a form of I/O redirect.
+
| It is a form of '''I/O redirect'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.00
+
|  01:00
−
|* It feeds a command list to an interactive program or command line.
+
|It feeds a command list to an interactive program or '''command line'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.06
+
|  01:06
−
|* It can be treated as a separate file.
+
|It can be treated as a separate file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.10
+
|  01:10
−
|* It can also be treated as multiple line input redirected to a shell script.
+
|It can also be treated as multiple line '''input''' redirected to a '''shell script'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 01.17
+
| 01:17
−
|  Syntax is,
+
|  Syntax is-'''command space less than less than space HERE'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.18
+
|  01:24
−
|'''command space less than less than space HERE'''.
+
|After this, on the next line, we can give the '''text input'''s.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.24
+
|  01:29
−
|After this on the next line, we can give the text inputs.
+
−
 
+
−
|-
+
−
|  01.29
+
 
|It can consist of any number of lines.
 
|It can consist of any number of lines.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.33
+
|  01:33
−
|Here, '''text1, text2, textN''' are the text inputs.
+
|Here, '''text1, text2, textN''' are the '''text input'''s.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.40
+
|  01:40
 
|After the text inputs, on the next line, we type the keyword '''HERE '''again.
 
|After the text inputs, on the next line, we type the keyword '''HERE '''again.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.46
+
|  01:46
 
|It denotes the closing of '''HERE document.'''
 
|It denotes the closing of '''HERE document.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.50
+
|  01:50
 
|  Let us understand this with an example.  
 
|  Let us understand this with an example.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  01.53
+
|  01:53
−
|I will open a file named '''here dot sh '''
+
|I will open a file named '''here dot sh '''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 01.59
+
| 01:59
 
|  The first line of code is the '''shebang line.'''
 
|  The first line of code is the '''shebang line.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  02.04
+
|  02:04
−
|  Let me put a block of code after this line.
+
|  Let me put a '''block''' of '''code''' after this line.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 02.09
+
| 02:09
−
| wc represents word count  
+
| 'wc' represents '''word count'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 02.12
+
| 02:12
−
| '''wc hyphen w counts the number of words in the '''HERE''' document
+
| '''wc hyphen w''' counts the number of words in the '''HERE''' document.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 02.20
+
| 02:20
−
|The block of code or text until the second occurance of '''HERE''' will be treated as a file  
+
|The '''block''' of code or '''text''' until the second occurrence of '''HERE''' will be treated as a file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 02.28
+
| 02:28
−
|The content present in '''HERE''' document is an input to the command '''wc hyphen w'''
+
|The content present in '''HERE''' '''document''' is an '''input''' to the command '''wc hyphen w'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 02.36
+
| 02:36
−
|  '''HERE''' acts as a delimiter for '''wc hyphen w''' command while reading multi-line input.
+
|  '''HERE''' acts as a '''delimiter''' for '''wc hyphen w''' command while reading '''multi-line input'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  02.47
+
|  02:47
−
|If we try to execute the same command in the '''terminal''', we should get ''''4'''' as an output.
+
|If we try to '''execute''' the same command in the '''terminal''', we should get '4' as an output.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  02.55
+
|  02:55
−
|This is because we have passed four words to the command ''''wc hyphen w''''.  
+
|This is because we have passed four words to the command '''wc hyphen w'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.03
+
|  03:03
−
|Now click on '''Save''' to save the file.
+
|Now click on '''Save''' to '''save''' the file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03.06
+
| 03:06
 
|  Let us switch to the '''Terminal''' using '''Ctrl, Alt''' and '''T''' keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
 
|  Let us switch to the '''Terminal''' using '''Ctrl, Alt''' and '''T''' keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|03.15
+
|03:15
 
| Type: '''chmod space plus x space here dot sh'''
 
| Type: '''chmod space plus x space here dot sh'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.22
+
|  03:22
 
|Press '''Enter.'''
 
|Press '''Enter.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.24
+
|  03:24
−
|Type '''dot slash here dot sh'''
+
|Type: '''dot slash here dot sh'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.27
+
|  03:27
 
|Press '''Enter.'''
 
|Press '''Enter.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03.30
+
| 03:30
−
|  We can see the output as '''4.'''
+
|  We can see the output as '''4'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.33
+
|  03:33
−
|That is, number of words in '''Here document '''is '''4.'''
+
|that is, number of words in ''''Here' document '''is 4.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03.38
+
| 03:38
−
|  Come back to the program.
+
|  Come back to our program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.41
+
|  03:41
−
|Let us add two more words here at the beginning of the text.
+
|Let us add two more words here, at the beginning of the text.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03.47   
+
| 03:47   
−
|'''Hello and welcome to Bash learning'''
+
|'''Hello and welcome to Bash learning'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03.52
+
| 03:52
 
|  Click on''' Save.'''
 
|  Click on''' Save.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  03.54
+
|  03:54
−
|Let us execute the program again.
+
|Let us '''execute''' the program again.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 03.57
+
| 03:57
−
|  On the '''terminal, type '''dot slash here dot sh'''
+
|  On the '''terminal''', type: dot slash here dot sh'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.04
+
|  04:04
 
|Press '''Enter.'''
 
|Press '''Enter.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.06
+
|  04:06
 
|  Now the output is '''6 '''because we added two more words to our text.
 
|  Now the output is '''6 '''because we added two more words to our text.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.13
+
|  04:13
−
|  We can also pass an argument to the '''Here document.'''
+
|  We can also pass an '''argument''' to the '''Here''' document.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 04.18
+
| 04:18
 
|  Let us see how to do this with an example.
 
|  Let us see how to do this with an example.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.22
+
|  04:22
−
|Let me open a file named '''hereoutput dot sh'''
+
|Let me open a file named '''hereoutput dot sh'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 04.28
+
| 04:28
−
|  The command '''cat''' will concatenate files and print the standard output.
+
|  The command '''cat''' will concatenate files and '''print''' the '''standard output'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 04.35
+
| 04:35
−
|  Note that we have used the string '''this''' instead of '''HERE.'''
+
|  Note that we have used the '''string''' '''"this" ''' instead of '''"HERE".'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.41
+
|  04:41
 
|It’s not necessary that you always have to use the delimiter '''HERE'''.  
 
|It’s not necessary that you always have to use the delimiter '''HERE'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.47
+
|  04:47
−
|You can use any other delimiter also.
+
|You can use any other '''delimiter''' also.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 04.51
+
| 04:51
−
|  This line will display the '''0th (zeroeth) argument'''.
+
|  This line will display the 0th (zeroth) '''argument'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  04.55
+
|  04:55
−
|The '''0th (zeroeth) argument''', by default, is the '''filename'''.
+
|The 0th (zeroth) '''argument''', by default, is the '''filename'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.00
+
|  05:00
−
|  This line will display the '''1st argument''' passed to the program.
+
|  This line will display the 1st '''argument''' passed to the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.05
+
|  05:05
−
|  And this line will display the '''2nd argument''' passed to the program.
+
|  And this line will display the 2nd '''argument''' passed to the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.09
+
|  05:09
−
|  Here we have to close the document using the same delimiter, '''this.'''
+
|  Here we have to close the '''document''' using the same '''delimiter''' '''this.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.17
+
|  05:17
−
|  Save the file.
+
|  '''Save''' the file. Let us now '''execute''' the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.18
+
|  05:21
−
| Let us now execute the program.
+
|On the '''terminal''', type: '''chmod space plus x space hereoutput dot sh'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 05.21
+
| 05:29
−
|On the '''terminal''' type: '''chmod space plus x space hereoutput dot sh'''
+
−
 
+
−
|-
+
−
| 05.29
+
 
|Press '''Enter'''
 
|Press '''Enter'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.32
+
|  05:32
−
|Type '''dot slash hereoutput dot sh space Sunday space Monday'''
+
|Type: '''dot slash hereoutput dot sh space Sunday space Monday'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.40
+
|  05:40
−
|  The output is dispalyed as:
+
|  The '''output''' is displayed as:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.43
+
|  05:43
−
|'''0'th argument is: dot salsh hereoutput dot sh ''' which is the '''filename.'''
+
|'''"0'th argument is: dot salsh hereoutput dot sh" ''' which is the '''filename.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.49
+
|  05:49
−
|'''1st argument is: Sunday'''
+
|'''"1st argument is: Sunday"'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.51
+
|  05:51
−
|'''2nd argument is: Monday '''
+
|'''"2nd argument is: Monday" '''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 05.55
+
| 05:55
−
|  Let us learn about '''Here string''' now.
+
|  Let us learn about''' "Here" string''' now.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  05.59
+
|  05:59
−
|* '''Here string '''is used for input redirection from text or a variable.
+
|'''Here''' string is used for '''input redirection''' from '''text''' or a '''variable'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  06.06
+
|  06:06
−
|* The input is mentioned in the same line within single quotes.
+
|The '''input''' is mentioned in the same line within single quotes.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 06.12
+
| 06:12
−
|  The syntax is, '''command space three less than symbols space''' within single quotes write '''string'''
+
|  The syntax is- '''command''' space three 'less than symbols' space within single quotes write '''string'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  06.22
+
|  06:22
 
|  Let us understand this with an example.  
 
|  Let us understand this with an example.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  06.25
+
|  06:25
−
|I will open the same file '''here dot sh'''
+
|I will open the same file '''here dot sh'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 06.30
+
| 06:30
−
|  Here at the end, I will type: '''wc space hyphen w three less than symbols space''' within single quotes '''Welcome to Bash learning'''
+
|  Here at the end, I will type: '''wc space hyphen w''' three less than symbols space within single quotes '''Welcome to Bash learning'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  06.44
+
|  06:44
−
|This will redirect the string within quotes to the command '''wc hyphen w.'''
+
|This will '''redirect''' the '''string''' within quotes to the command '''wc hyphen w.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  06.52
+
|  06:52
−
|Now Click on '''Save '''to save the changes.
+
|Now click on '''Save '''to '''save''' the changes.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 06.55
+
| 06:55
 
|  We will switch to the '''Terminal.'''
 
|  We will switch to the '''Terminal.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 06.58
+
| 06:58
−
|  Now type: '''dot slash here dot sh'''
+
|  Now type: '''dot slash here dot sh'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.03
+
|  07:03
−
|  We can see the output as '''6''' and '''4'''
+
|  We can see the output as '''6''' and '''4'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.08
+
|  07:08
−
|Number of words in '''here document''' is '''6''' and number of words in '''here string''' is''' 4.'''
+
|Number of words in '''here''' document is 6 and number of words in '''here''' string is 4.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.15
+
|  07:15
−
|  Likewise, you can write your own '''Here strings.'''
+
|  Likewise, you can write your own '''Here''' strings.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.20
+
|  07:20
 
|  This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
 
|  This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 07.23   
+
| 07:23   
−
|Let us summarise.  
+
|Let us summarize.  
−
 
+
−
|-
+
−
|  07.25
+
−
|In this tutorial we learnt about
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.27
+
|  07:25
−
|* '''HERE document'''
+
|In this tutorial, we learnt about:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.29
+
|  07:27
−
|* '''HERE string'''  
+
|'''HERE''' document
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 07.31
+
| 07:29
−
| As an assignment, convert a string to uppercase using:
+
|'''HERE''' string.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 07.36
+
| 07:31
−
|* '''Here document'''
+
| As an assignment, convert a '''string''' to uppercase using:
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.37
+
|  07:36
−
|* '''Here string'''
+
|'''Here document''''''Here string'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.39
+
|  07:39
 
|Hint:''' tr space  a hyphen z space capital A hyphen capital Z'''.
 
|Hint:''' tr space  a hyphen z space capital A hyphen capital Z'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.47
+
|  07:47
−
|This is the command to convert characters from lower to upper case.
+
|This is the '''command''' to convert characters from lower to upper case.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.54
+
|  07:54
 
|  Watch the video available at the link shown below.
 
|  Watch the video available at the link shown below.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  07.57
+
|  07:57
−
|It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
+
|It summarizes the Spoken-Tutorial project.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.01
+
|  08:01
 
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
 
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 08.06
+
| 08:06
−
|  The Spoken Tutorial Project Team  Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
+
|  The Spoken Tutorial project team:  Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.12
+
|  08:12
−
| Gives certificates to those who pass an online test
+
| Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.17
+
|  08:17
 
|For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org
 
|For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 08.25
+
| 08:25
−
|  Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.
+
|  '''Spoken Tutorial''' Project is a part of the '''Talk to a Teacher''' project.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.29
+
|  08:29
 
|It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
 
|It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.38
+
|  08:38
−
|More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below ''' http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro'''
+
|More information on this mission is available at the link shown below.
 +
''' http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 08.44
+
| 08:44
 
|  The script has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken-Tutorial teams.
 
|  The script has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken-Tutorial teams.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.50
+
|  08:50
−
|This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay. Signing off
+
|This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay, signing off.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|  08.54
+
|  08:54
 
|Thank you for joining.
 
|Thank you for joining.
  
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 17:24, 23 March 2017

Time Narration
00:01 Dear friends, welcome to the spoken tutorial on HERE document and strings.
00:08 In this tutorial, we will learn about
00:11 special-purpose redirection called Here documents and Here strings
00:17 with the help of some examples.
00:20 To follow this tutorial, you should have knowledge of Shell Scripting in BASH.
00:26 If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website which is as shown. http://www.spoken-tutorial.org
00:32 For this tutorial, I am using:
00:34 Ubuntu Linux 12.04 Operating System
00:39 GNU BASH version 4.2
00:42 Please note, GNU Bash version 4 or above is recommended for practice.
00:49 Let us learn about 'Here' document.
00:52 It is a special purpose block of text or code.
00:56 It is a form of I/O redirect.
01:00 It feeds a command list to an interactive program or command line.
01:06 It can be treated as a separate file.
01:10 It can also be treated as multiple line input redirected to a shell script.
01:17 Syntax is-command space less than less than space HERE.
01:24 After this, on the next line, we can give the text inputs.
01:29 It can consist of any number of lines.
01:33 Here, text1, text2, textN are the text inputs.
01:40 After the text inputs, on the next line, we type the keyword HERE again.
01:46 It denotes the closing of HERE document.
01:50 Let us understand this with an example.
01:53 I will open a file named here dot sh .
01:59 The first line of code is the shebang line.
02:04 Let me put a block of code after this line.
02:09 'wc' represents word count.
02:12 wc hyphen w counts the number of words in the HERE document.
02:20 The block of code or text until the second occurrence of HERE will be treated as a file.
02:28 The content present in HERE document is an input to the command wc hyphen w.
02:36 HERE acts as a delimiter for wc hyphen w command while reading multi-line input.
02:47 If we try to execute the same command in the terminal, we should get '4' as an output.
02:55 This is because we have passed four words to the command wc hyphen w.
03:03 Now click on Save to save the file.
03:06 Let us switch to the Terminal using Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
03:15 Type: chmod space plus x space here dot sh
03:22 Press Enter.
03:24 Type: dot slash here dot sh
03:27 Press Enter.
03:30 We can see the output as 4
03:33 that is, number of words in 'Here' document is 4.
03:38 Come back to our program.
03:41 Let us add two more words here, at the beginning of the text.
03:47 Hello and welcome to Bash learning.
03:52 Click on Save.
03:54 Let us execute the program again.
03:57 On the terminal, type: dot slash here dot sh
04:04 Press Enter.
04:06 Now the output is 6 because we added two more words to our text.
04:13 We can also pass an argument to the Here document.
04:18 Let us see how to do this with an example.
04:22 Let me open a file named hereoutput dot sh.
04:28 The command cat will concatenate files and print the standard output.
04:35 Note that we have used the string "this" instead of "HERE".
04:41 It’s not necessary that you always have to use the delimiter HERE.
04:47 You can use any other delimiter also.
04:51 This line will display the 0th (zeroth) argument.
04:55 The 0th (zeroth) argument, by default, is the filename.
05:00 This line will display the 1st argument passed to the program.
05:05 And this line will display the 2nd argument passed to the program.
05:09 Here we have to close the document using the same delimiter this.
05:17 Save the file. Let us now execute the program.
05:21 On the terminal, type: chmod space plus x space hereoutput dot sh.
05:29 Press Enter
05:32 Type: dot slash hereoutput dot sh space Sunday space Monday
05:40 The output is displayed as:
05:43 "0'th argument is: dot salsh hereoutput dot sh" which is the filename.
05:49 "1st argument is: Sunday"
05:51 "2nd argument is: Monday" .
05:55 Let us learn about "Here" string now.
05:59 Here string is used for input redirection from text or a variable.
06:06 The input is mentioned in the same line within single quotes.
06:12 The syntax is- command space three 'less than symbols' space within single quotes write string
06:22 Let us understand this with an example.
06:25 I will open the same file here dot sh.
06:30 Here at the end, I will type: wc space hyphen w three less than symbols space within single quotes Welcome to Bash learning.
06:44 This will redirect the string within quotes to the command wc hyphen w.
06:52 Now click on Save to save the changes.
06:55 We will switch to the Terminal.
06:58 Now type: dot slash here dot sh.
07:03 We can see the output as 6 and 4.
07:08 Number of words in here document is 6 and number of words in here string is 4.
07:15 Likewise, you can write your own Here strings.
07:20 This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
07:23 Let us summarize.
07:25 In this tutorial, we learnt about:
07:27 HERE document
07:29 HERE string.
07:31 As an assignment, convert a string to uppercase using:
07:36 'Here document'Here string.
07:39 Hint: tr space a hyphen z space capital A hyphen capital Z.
07:47 This is the command to convert characters from lower to upper case.
07:54 Watch the video available at the link shown below.
07:57 It summarizes the Spoken-Tutorial project.
08:01 If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
08:06 The Spoken Tutorial project team: Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
08:12 Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
08:17 For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org
08:25 Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.
08:29 It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
08:38 More information on this mission is available at the link shown below.

http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro

08:44 The script has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken-Tutorial teams.
08:50 This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay, signing off.
08:54 Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Gaurav, PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14

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