Difference between revisions of "Linux/C2/Basic-Commands/English-timed"

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{| border=1
 
{| border=1
−
|Time
+
|'''Time'''
−
|Narration
+
|'''Narration'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:00
 
|00:00
−
|Dear friends, welcome to a spoken tutorial on the Linux Operating System.  
+
|Dear friends, welcome to a spoken tutorial on the '''Linux''' Operating System.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:05
 
|00:05
−
|In this tutorial, we will study some basic commands.  
+
|In this tutorial, we will study some '''basic commands'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:10
 
|00:10
−
|I am using Ubuntu 10.04.
+
|I am using '''Ubuntu 10.04'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:12
 
|00:12
Line 19: Line 19:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:26
 
|00:26
−
|In this tutorial, we will see what are commands and what is a command interpreter.
+
|In this tutorial, we will see what are '''commands''' and what is a '''command interpreter'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:33
 
|00:33
−
|Then we will learn about how to find help in Linux using the man command.  
+
|Then we will learn about how to find help in Linux using the '''man''' command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:39
 
|00:39
Line 31: Line 31:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:52
 
|00:52
−
|Linux commands are seldom more than four character in length like ls, who, ps etc.  
+
|Linux commands are seldom more than four character in length like '''ls, who, ps''' etc.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|00:59
 
|00:59
−
|The commands are in lower case and they are case sensitive. Let us see an example .  
+
|The commands are in "lower case" and they are "case sensitive". Let us see an example.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:05
 
|01:05
−
|Go to the applications menu.  
+
|Go to the '''Applications''' menu.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:08
 
|01:08
−
|Select accessories and then click on terminal from the available options  
+
|Select '''Accessories''' and then click on '''Terminal''' from the available options.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:14
 
|01:14
−
|or press ctrl alt t on your keyboard to open a terminal window.  
+
|or press '''Ctrl Alt t''' on your keyboard to open a terminal window.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:20
 
|01:20
Line 49: Line 49:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:29
 
|01:29
−
|Type in the words who and press enter.  
+
|Type in the words '''who''' and press Enter.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:34
 
|01:34
−
|We can see the name of the users logged in. Actually we have just executed a command called who which shows who are logged into the system.  
+
|We can see the name of the users logged in. Actually we have just executed a command called '''who''' which shows "who are logged into" the system.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:47
 
|01:47
Line 58: Line 58:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:54
 
|01:54
−
|This is the job of the Command Interpreter, also called the shell.  
+
|This is the job of the Command Interpreter, also called the '''shell'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|01:59
 
|01:59
−
|We can define a shell as a program that acts as the interface between us and the Linux system,  
+
|We can define a '''shell''' as a program that acts as the interface between us and the Linux system,  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:08
 
|02:08
Line 70: Line 70:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:22
 
|02:22
−
|On Linux, the standard shell that is always installed as /bin/sh is called bash, the GNU Bourne-Again SHell, from the GNU suite of tools.  
+
|On Linux, the '''standard shell''' that is always installed as '''/bin/sh''' is called '''bash''', the GNU Bourne-Again SHell, from the GNU suite of tools.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:35
 
|02:35
Line 76: Line 76:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:44
 
|02:44
−
|Nevertheless, we would be using the bash as the shell for demonstration in this tutorial.
+
|Nevertheless, we would be using the '''bash''' as the '''shell''' for demonstration in this tutorial.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:51
 
|02:51
−
|It is because bash is the most popular shell and portable to almost all UNIX.
+
|It is because '''bash''' is the most popular shell and portable to almost all UNIX.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|02:58
 
|02:58
Line 85: Line 85:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:08
 
|03:08
−
|To see which shell we are using  
+
|To see which shell we are using,
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:11
 
|03:11
−
|go to the terminal and type the command echo space dollar in capital SHELL and press enter
+
|go to the terminal and type the command: '''echo''' space dollar in capital '''SHELL''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:27
 
|03:27
−
|Normally the output is /bin/bash which gives us the bash shell.  
+
|Normally the output is '''/bin/bash''' which gives us the bash shell.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:34
 
|03:34
Line 97: Line 97:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:42
 
|03:42
−
|Commands are actually files containing programs, often written in C.  
+
|'''Commands''' are actually files containing programs, often written in C.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:47
 
|03:47
−
|These files are contained in directories. To find out where a command is stored, we can use the type command.  
+
|These files are contained in directories. To find out where a command is stored, we can use the '''type''' command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|03:55
 
|03:55
−
| Type at the command prompt. Type--space-- ps and press enter.
+
| Type at the command prompt: '''type'''space '''ps''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:03
 
|04:03
−
|This shows that ps is actually a file stored in the /bin directory.  
+
|This shows that '''ps''' is actually a file stored in the '''/bin''' directory.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:09
 
|04:09
Line 115: Line 115:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:27
 
|04:27
−
|The list of directories searched is specified by the PATH variable, as we will see later.  
+
|The list of directories searched is specified by the '''PATH''' variable, as we will see later.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
  |04:34
 
  |04:34
−
|For now, if we want to see this list, just type the command echo space dollar PATH  
+
|For now, if we want to see this list, just type the command '''echo''' space dollar '''PATH'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:44
 
|04:44
−
|in capital and press enter
+
|in capital and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|04:52
 
|04:52
Line 139: Line 139:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:20
 
|05:20
−
|The echo command, which we will see later, is in fact an internal command.  
+
|The '''echo''' command which we will see later, is in fact an internal command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:25
 
|05:25
−
|Go to the terminal and type at the command,
+
|Go to the terminal and type at the command:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:33
 
|05:33
−
|type space echo and press enter.
+
|'''type''' space '''echo''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:40
 
|05:40
−
|The output shows echo as a shell built-in.  
+
|The output shows '''echo is a shell built-in'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|05:43
 
|05:43
Line 160: Line 160:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:08
 
|06:08
−
|In the second case the first word is the actual name of the command while the other words are the arguments.
+
|In the second case the first word is the actual name of the command while the other words are the '''arguments'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:16
 
|06:16
Line 169: Line 169:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:26
 
|06:26
−
|They are generally preceded by a single or double minus sign(-), called short and long option, respectively.  
+
|They are generally preceded by a single or double minus sign(-), called '''short''' and '''long option''', respectively.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:35
 
|06:35
Line 175: Line 175:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:40
 
|06:40
−
|Type clear to clear the terminal window
+
|Type '''clear''' to clear the terminal window.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:44
 
|06:44
−
|Then type ls and press enter
+
|Then type '''ls''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:49
 
|06:49
−
|Again, type clear and press enter
+
|Again, type '''clear''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|06:55
 
|06:55
−
|Type ls space minus a and enter.
+
|Type '''ls''' space minus '''a''' (-a) and Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:04
 
|07:04
−
|Type clear to clear the terminal window
+
|Type '''clear''' to clear the terminal window.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:11
 
|07:11
−
|Now type ls space minus minus all and press enter.
+
|Now type '''ls''' space minus minus '''all''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:19
 
|07:19
−
|Again, type clear to clear the terminal .
+
|Again, type '''clear''' to clear the terminal .
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:23
 
|07:23
−
|Now type ls space minus d and press enter.
+
|Now type '''ls''' space minus '''d''' (-d) and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:32
 
|07:32
−
|At this point it is enough to understand how the command's behavior changes with change of options
+
|At this point, it is enough to understand how the command's behavior changes with change of options
 
|-
 
|-
 
|07:40
 
|07:40
Line 214: Line 214:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:01
 
|08:01
−
|The man command provides documentation on just about every available command on the system.
+
|The '''man''' command provides documentation on just about every available command on the system.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:08
 
|08:08
−
|For instance, to know about say, the ls command, all you have to do is to go to the terminal  
+
|For instance, to know about say, the '''ls''' command, all you have to do is to go to the terminal  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:16
 
|08:16
−
|and type man command with ls as argument that is type man space ls and press enter
+
|and type 'man' command with 'ls' as '''argument''' that is type: '''man''' space '''ls''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:30
 
|08:30
−
|Press q to come out.
+
|Press '''q''' to come out.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:35
 
|08:35
−
|man is the system’s manual pager. Each argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function.
+
|'''man''' is the system’s manual pager. Each argument given to '''man''' is normally the name of a program, utility or function.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:43
 
|08:43
Line 232: Line 232:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:49
 
|08:49
−
|A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual.
+
|A section, if provided, will direct '''man''' to look only in that section of the manual.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|08:55
 
|08:55
−
|The default is to search in all of the available sections, following a pre-defined order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.  
+
|The default is to search in all of the available sections, following a predefined order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:07
 
|09:07
−
|You can use man command to know more about the command man itself.  
+
|You can use '''man''' command to know more about the command '''man''' itself.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:14
 
|09:14
−
|Go to the terminal and type man space man and press enter.
+
|Go to the terminal and type: '''man''' space '''man''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:23
 
|09:23
−
|Press q to come out of it.
+
|Press '''q''' to come out of it.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:26
 
|09:26
−
|man command has many options.
+
|'''man''' command has many options.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:30
 
|09:30
−
|Here let me tell the most useful ones. Sometimes we know what we want to do but do not know the exact command. Then what can we do?  
+
|Here, let me tell the most useful ones. Sometimes we know what we want to do but do not know the exact command. Then what can we do?  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:41
 
|09:41
−
|man provides the -k option which takes a keyword and return a list of commands and their brief purpose.  
+
|'''man''' provides the '''-k''' option which takes a keyword and returns a list of commands and their brief purpose.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:50
 
|09:50
Line 259: Line 259:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|09:56
 
|09:56
−
| so we can go to the command prompt and type man space minus k space directories and press enter.  
+
| so we can go to the command prompt and type '''man''' space minus '''k''' space '''directories''' and press Enter.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:12
 
|10:12
Line 265: Line 265:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:17
 
|10:17
−
|The same thing can be achieved using apropos command.  
+
|The same thing can be achieved using '''apropos''' command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:21
 
|10:21
−
|Type at the command prompt apropos space directories and press enter to see the output.
+
|Type at the command prompt: '''apropos''' space '''directories''' and press Enter to see the output.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:36
 
|10:36
−
|Some times we do not need too much details. We only need to know what a command does.  
+
|Sometimes we do not need too much details. We only need to know what a command does.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:40
 
|10:40
−
|In that case we can use the whatis command or man -f. Both give one line description about the command.  
+
|In that case we can use the '''whatis''' command or '''man -f'''. Both give one line description about the command.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:52
 
|10:52
−
|Go to the terminal type clear to clear the terminal window
+
|Go to the terminal, type '''clear''' to clear the terminal window.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10:58
 
|10:58
−
|now type whatis space ls and press enter
+
|Now type '''whatis''' space '''ls''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:06
 
|11:06
Line 286: Line 286:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:13
 
|11:13
−
|Then we use the minus help option.  
+
|Then we use the '''minus''' help option.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:18
 
|11:18
−
|Go to the command prompt and type ls space minus minus help and press enter
+
|Go to the command prompt and type: '''ls''' space minus minus '''help''' and press Enter.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:29
 
|11:29
−
|I will scroll up so that u can see all the options on this manual page  
+
|I will scroll up so that you can see all the options on this '''manual page'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:45
 
|11:45
−
|Thats it for this part of the Linux Spoken tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.  
+
|That's it for this part of the Linux Spoken tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11:56
 
|11:56
Line 301: Line 301:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12:00
 
|12:00
−
|  This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off. Good bye  
+
|  This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place) signing off. Good bye.
  
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 17:08, 8 March 2015

Time Narration
00:00 Dear friends, welcome to a spoken tutorial on the Linux Operating System.
00:05 In this tutorial, we will study some basic commands.
00:10 I am using Ubuntu 10.04.
00:12 We assume that you know how to get started with the Linux operating system.
00:17 If you are interested, it is available through another spoken tutorial, on the website http://spoken-tutorial.org.
00:26 In this tutorial, we will see what are commands and what is a command interpreter.
00:33 Then we will learn about how to find help in Linux using the man command.
00:39 Now the first question is, "what are commands?".
00:43 In simplest terms we can say that Linux commands are words that when keyed in cause some actions to take place.
00:52 Linux commands are seldom more than four character in length like ls, who, ps etc.
00:59 The commands are in "lower case" and they are "case sensitive". Let us see an example.
01:05 Go to the Applications menu.
01:08 Select Accessories and then click on Terminal from the available options.
01:14 or press Ctrl Alt t on your keyboard to open a terminal window.
01:20 Now we can see a prompt ($) and a cursor blinking next to it. This is where we need to type in a command.
01:29 Type in the words who and press Enter.
01:34 We can see the name of the users logged in. Actually we have just executed a command called who which shows "who are logged into" the system.
01:47 But which entity is converting these commands which are nothing more than a few letters into actions?
01:54 This is the job of the Command Interpreter, also called the shell.
01:59 We can define a shell as a program that acts as the interface between us and the Linux system,
02:08 allowing us to enter commands for the operating system to execute.
02:13 On Linux it’s quite feasible to have multiple shells installed, with different users able to pick the one they prefer.
02:22 On Linux, the standard shell that is always installed as /bin/sh is called bash, the GNU Bourne-Again SHell, from the GNU suite of tools.
02:35 The commands we would be covering in this tutorial are generic and can run on most of the Linux shells with slight variations.
02:44 Nevertheless, we would be using the bash as the shell for demonstration in this tutorial.
02:51 It is because bash is the most popular shell and portable to almost all UNIX.
02:58 Other shells include the Bourne shell which is the original Unix shell, C Shell and Korn shell
03:08 To see which shell we are using,
03:11 go to the terminal and type the command: echo space dollar in capital SHELL and press Enter.
03:27 Normally the output is /bin/bash which gives us the bash shell.
03:34 There are ways by which we can activate different shells. Those will be covered in an advanced tutorial.
03:42 Commands are actually files containing programs, often written in C.
03:47 These files are contained in directories. To find out where a command is stored, we can use the type command.
03:55 Type at the command prompt: typespace ps and press Enter.
04:03 This shows that ps is actually a file stored in the /bin directory.
04:09 When we key in a command at the command prompt, the shell searches for a file matching the command name in a list of directories.
04:18 If it is found, then the program corresponding to that file is executed, else a “command not found” error is given.
04:27 The list of directories searched is specified by the PATH variable, as we will see later.
04:34 For now, if we want to see this list, just type the command echo space dollar PATH
04:44 in capital and press Enter.
04:52 Talking of commands, there is one important thing that we need to know.
04:57 Linux commands are of two types: External commands and internal commands.
05:02 Now external commands are those which exist as separate files/programs.
05:07 Most commands in Linux are of this nature. But there are some commands whose implementation is written within the shell and they do not exist as separate files.
05:18 These are internal commands.
05:20 The echo command which we will see later, is in fact an internal command.
05:25 Go to the terminal and type at the command:
05:33 type space echo and press Enter.
05:40 The output shows echo is a shell built-in.
05:43 So instead of giving a file name it shows that the echo command's implementation is internal to the shell. So it is called internal command.
05:56 Another important thing which we need to understand is the structure of commands.
06:01 Commands can be of one word or multiple words, separated by white spaces.
06:08 In the second case the first word is the actual name of the command while the other words are the arguments.
06:16 Arguments can be options or expressions or file names.
06:20 A command can perform different tasks depending on the option specified.
06:26 They are generally preceded by a single or double minus sign(-), called short and long option, respectively.
06:35 Go to the terminal window and type the commands and see their outputs.
06:40 Type clear to clear the terminal window.
06:44 Then type ls and press Enter.
06:49 Again, type clear and press Enter.
06:55 Type ls space minus a (-a) and Enter.
07:04 Type clear to clear the terminal window.
07:11 Now type ls space minus minus all and press Enter.
07:19 Again, type clear to clear the terminal .
07:23 Now type ls space minus d (-d) and press Enter.
07:32 At this point, it is enough to understand how the command's behavior changes with change of options
07:40 In Linux we have a larger number of commands,
07:45 each of which have many different options.
07:48 Commands can also be combined together as we will see later. So how do we keep so much in mind?
07:55 In reality you don't have to. This is because of the excellent online help facility available in Linux.
08:01 The man command provides documentation on just about every available command on the system.
08:08 For instance, to know about say, the ls command, all you have to do is to go to the terminal
08:16 and type 'man' command with 'ls' as argument that is type: man space ls and press Enter.
08:30 Press q to come out.
08:35 man is the system’s manual pager. Each argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or function.
08:43 The manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed.
08:49 A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual.
08:55 The default is to search in all of the available sections, following a predefined order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
09:07 You can use man command to know more about the command man itself.
09:14 Go to the terminal and type: man space man and press Enter.
09:23 Press q to come out of it.
09:26 man command has many options.
09:30 Here, let me tell the most useful ones. Sometimes we know what we want to do but do not know the exact command. Then what can we do?
09:41 man provides the -k option which takes a keyword and returns a list of commands and their brief purpose.
09:50 For example, create a directory, we may not know the exact command,
09:56 so we can go to the command prompt and type man space minus k space directories and press Enter.
10:12 Now we can search each of these commands to see what we actually need.
10:17 The same thing can be achieved using apropos command.
10:21 Type at the command prompt: apropos space directories and press Enter to see the output.
10:36 Sometimes we do not need too much details. We only need to know what a command does.
10:40 In that case we can use the whatis command or man -f. Both give one line description about the command.
10:52 Go to the terminal, type clear to clear the terminal window.
10:58 Now type whatis space ls and press Enter.
11:06 Some commands have many options. We may want to obtain a list of the different options that a command has.
11:13 Then we use the minus help option.
11:18 Go to the command prompt and type: ls space minus minus help and press Enter.
11:29 I will scroll up so that you can see all the options on this manual page.
11:45 That's it for this part of the Linux Spoken tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.
11:56 More information on the same is available at the following link .
12:00 This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place) signing off. Good bye.

Contributors and Content Editors

Minal, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14

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