Difference between revisions of "C-and-C++/C2/Functions/English"

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*What is a '''function'''
 
*What is a '''function'''
  
*Syntax of '''function'''
+
*Syntax of a '''function'''
  
 
*Significance of '''return statement'''
 
*Significance of '''return statement'''
  
We will do this through some examples.
+
We will do this through examples.
  
 
We will also see some common errors and their solutions.
 
We will also see some common errors and their solutions.
Line 69: Line 69:
  
 
This is called as '''functions without arguments'''.
 
This is called as '''functions without arguments'''.
 +
 +
And
  
 
This is called as '''functions with arguments'''.
 
This is called as '''functions with arguments'''.
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| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Before using any '''function''', it must be defined.
 
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Before using any '''function''', it must be defined.
  
Here we have declared a''' function''' called '''add'''.
+
Here we have defined a''' function''' called '''add'''.
  
 
Note that '''add function''' is without any '''arguments'''.
 
Note that '''add function''' is without any '''arguments'''.
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| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| There are two types of functions-
 
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| There are two types of functions-
  
*'''User-defined''' that is our '''add function'''
+
*'''User-defined''' that is our '''add function''' and
  
 
*'''Pre-defined''' that is '''printf''' and '''main function'''
 
*'''Pre-defined''' that is '''printf''' and '''main function'''
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| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now click on '''Save'''.
 
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now click on '''Save'''.
  
Now let us execute the program.
+
Let us execute the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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'''./fun'''
 
'''./fun'''
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To compile the program, type
+
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To compile, type
  
 
'''gcc function.c -o fun'''
 
'''gcc function.c -o fun'''
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int add(int a, int b)
 
int add(int a, int b)
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will just change a few things here.
+
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will change a few things here.
  
 
Type  
 
Type  
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'''Output'''
 
'''Output'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We see the output is displayed as
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed as
  
 
'''Sum is 9'''
 
'''Sum is 9'''
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|-
 
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Press '''Shift, Ctrl''' and '''S''' keys >> type
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|First Press '''Shift, Ctrl''' and '''S''' keys simultaneously>> type
  
 
'''function.cpp''' in Name field  >> Click on "Save"
 
'''function.cpp''' in Name field  >> Click on "Save"
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'''<nowiki><<sum <<”\n”</nowiki>'''
 
'''<nowiki><<sum <<”\n”</nowiki>'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now, type two opening '''angle brackets''' here.
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now, type two opening '''angle brackets'''
  
 
After '''sum ''', again type two opening '''angle brackets'''.
 
After '''sum ''', again type two opening '''angle brackets'''.
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Delete this closing bracket.
 
Delete this closing bracket.
  
Click on''' Save'''.
+
Now Click on''' Save'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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'''Output'''
 
'''Output'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here the output is displayed as:  
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed as:  
  
 
'''Sum is 9'''
 
'''Sum is 9'''
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|-
 
|-
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now let's come back to our program.
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now come back to our program.
  
 
Let us fix the error.
 
Let us fix the error.
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|-
 
|-
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|  
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us compile the program as before.
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Compile the program as before.
  
 
Yes! it is working.
 
Yes! it is working.
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'''4'''
 
'''4'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us see another common error which we can come across.
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will see another common error which we can come across.
  
 
Suppose here we pass only one parameter.
 
Suppose here we pass only one parameter.
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|-
 
|-
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor
 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| On the editor
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch back to the program.
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch back to our program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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Click on '''Save''' .
 
Click on '''Save''' .
  
Switch back to the '''terminal'''.  
+
Switch to the '''terminal'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
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About the Spoken Tutorial Project
 
About the Spoken Tutorial Project
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Watch the video available at  
+
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Watch the video available at the link shown below
  
 
http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial
 
http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial
Line 582: Line 584:
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
  
More information on this Mission is available at: http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro
+
More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro
  
 
|-
 
|-

Latest revision as of 11:55, 30 January 2014

Title of script: Functions in C and C++

Author: Ashwini R. Patil

Keywords: Functions, return statement, Video Tutorial


Visual Cue
Narration


Slide 1 Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Functions in C and C++
Slide 2


In this tutorial we will learn,
  • What is a function
  • Syntax of a function
  • Significance of return statement

We will do this through examples.

We will also see some common errors and their solutions.

Slide 3


To record this tutorial, I am using
  • Ubuntu Operating system version 11.10
  • gcc and g++ Compiler version 4.6.1
Slide 4 Let us start with the introduction to functions

A function is a self-contained program executing a specific task.

Every program consists of one or more functions.

Once executed, the control will be returned back from where it was accessed.

Slide 5 Let us see the syntax for function.


ret-type defines the type of data that the function returns.

fun_name defines the name of the function.

parameters is the list of variable names and their types.

Slide 6 We can specify an empty parameter list.

This is called as functions without arguments.

And

This is called as functions with arguments.

Let us see a program using void.

I have already typed the program on the editor.

So I will open it.

Point the cursor on the filename

function.c

Note that our filename is function.

And I have saved the file with the extentsion .c

Let me explain the code.

Highlight

#include <stdio.h>

This is our header file.
Highlight

void add()

Before using any function, it must be defined.

Here we have defined a function called add.

Note that add function is without any arguments.

And the return type is void.

There are two types of functions-
  • User-defined that is our add function and
  • Pre-defined that is printf and main function
Highlight

int a = 2;

int b = 3;

Here we have initialized a and b by assigning them values as 2 and 3
Highlight

int c = a + b;

Here we have declared a variable c.

Then we add the values of a and b.

The result is stored in c.

Highlight

printf("Value of C is %d\n",c);

Then we print the result.
Highlight

void main()

This is our main function.
Highlight

add();

Here we call the add function.

The addition operation will be performed and the result will be printed.

Now click on Save.

Let us execute the program.

Press Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously Please open the terminal window by pressing Ctrl, Alt and T keys simultaneously.
Type

gcc function.c -o fun

Type

./fun

To compile, type

gcc function.c -o fun

To execute, type

./fun

Highlight

Output

We see the output is displayed as

Sum of a and b is 5

On the editor Now come back to our program.

Functions contains special identifiers called as parameters or arguments.

Let us see the same example with arguments.

Type

int add(int a, int b)

I will change a few things here.

Type

int add(int a, int b)

Here we have declared a function add.

int a and int b are the arguments of the function add.

Delete

int a=2;

int b=3;

Let us delete this.

No need to initialize a and b here.

Delete printf statement.

Type int main()

Delete the printf statement.

Type int main()

Type

int sum;

Let us declare a variable sum here.

Type int sum;

Highlight

sum = add(5,4);

Then type

sum = add(5,4);

Here we call the add function.

Then we pass the parameters as 5 and 4.

5 will be stored in a and 4 will be stored in b.

The addition operation will be performed.
Let us now print the result.

Hence type here

printf(“Sum is %d\n”,sum);

Delete this, as we have already called the function above.
Type

return 0;

A non-void function must use a return statement that returns a value.

Click on Save Click on Save
On the terminal Let us execute the program.

Come back to our terminal.

Type

gcc function.c -o fun

Type

./fun

Now compile the program as before.

Let us execute.

Highlight

Output

The output is displayed as

Sum is 9

Now let us see how to execute the same program in C++.

Come back to our program.

Let me change a few things here.

First Press Shift, Ctrl and S keys simultaneously>> type

function.cpp in Name field >> Click on "Save"

First press Shift, Ctrl and S keys simultaneously.

Now save the file with .cpp extension.

Click on Save.

Type

<iostream>

First we will change the header file as

<iostream>

Type

using namespace std;

We will include the using statement here.
The function declaration is same in C++.

So there is no need to change anything here.

Type

cout<<

Now replace the printf statement with cout statement, as we use cout<< function to print a line in C++.
 %d We don't need the format specifier and \n here.

Delete the comma.

Type

<<sum <<”\n”

Now, type two opening angle brackets

After sum , again type two opening angle brackets.

Within double quotes, type backslash n.

Delete this closing bracket.

Now Click on Save.

On the terminal Let us compile the program.

Come back to the terminal.

Type

g++ function.cpp -o fun1


Type

./fun1

Type

g++ function.cpp -o fun1

Here we have fun1, this is because we don't want to overwrite the output file fun.

Press Enter.

Type

./fun1

Highlight

Output

The output is displayed as:

Sum is 9

Errors


Type

x


Now we will see the common errors which we can come across.

Suppose here, we type x in the place of 4.

I will retain the rest of the code as it is.

Click on save Click on Save.
On the terminal Let us compile the program.
Highlight


error

We see an error at line no. 10.

x was not declared in this scope.

This is because x is a character variable. It was not declared anywhere.

And our add function has integer variable as an argument.

So, there is a mismatch in return type and return value.

On the editor Now come back to our program.

Let us fix the error.

Type 4 Type 4 at line no. 10.
Click on Save Click on Save.

Let us execute again.

On the terminal Let me clear the prompt.
Compile the program as before.

Yes! it is working.

Error 2

Delete

4

Now we will see another common error which we can come across.

Suppose here we pass only one parameter.

Delete 4.

Click on Save Click on Save
On the terminal Switch to the terminal. Let us compile.
Highlight

Error

We see an error at line no 10.

too few arguments to function 'int add (int, int)'

On the editor Switch back to our program.
You can see here we have two parameters -

int a and int b.

And here we are passing only one parameter.

Hence it is giving an error.

Click on Save Let us fix the error.

Type 4.

Click on Save .

Switch to the terminal.

On the terminal Let us execute again.
Yes it is working!

Come back to our slides.

Slide 7 To summarise, in this tutorial we have learnt -
  • Function
  • Syntax of function
  • Function without arguments
    • Eg- void add()
  • Function with arguments
    • Eg- int add(int a, int b)
Slide 10

Assignment

As an assignment-

Write a program to calculate the square of a number.

Slide 11

About the Spoken Tutorial Project

Watch the video available at the link shown below

http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial

It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project

If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

Slide 12

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

The Spoken Tutorial Project Team
  • Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
  • Gives certificates to those who pass an online test

For more details, please write to

contact@spoken-tutorial.org

Slide 13


Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project

It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India

More information on this Mission is available at the link shown below http://spoken-tutorial.org\NMEICT-Intro

This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay

Thank You for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Ashwini, Nancyvarkey, Priyacst