Difference between revisions of "GChemPaint/C3/Aromatic-Molecular-Structures/English"

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2. Convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Benzene'''  
 
2. Convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Benzene'''  
  
−
3. Substitute Hydrogen of '''Benzene ring''' with other atoms.  
+
3. Substitute '''Hydrogen''' of '''Benzene ring''' with other atoms.  
  
−
4. Substitute Hydrogen of '''Benzene ring''' with group of atoms  
+
4. Substitute '''Hydrogen''' of '''Benzene ring''' with group of atoms  
  
 
5. Merge two molecules
 
5. Merge two molecules
Line 40: Line 40:
  
 
'''Pre-requisites'''
 
'''Pre-requisites'''
−
||To follow this tutorial you should be familiar with,
+
||To follow this tutorial, you should be familiar with '''GChemPaint''' chemical structure editor.
−
 
+
−
'''GChemPaint''' chemical structure editor.
+
  
 
If not, for relevant tutorials,  please visit our website.  
 
If not, for relevant tutorials,  please visit our website.  
Line 50: Line 48:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's first add a six membered cycle to the '''Display area'''.
+
||Let us first add a six membered cycle to the '''Display area'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on '''Add a six membered cycle''' tool>>Click on '''Display area'''.
+
||Click on '''Add a six membered cycle''' tool >> Click on '''Display area'''.
 
||Click on '''Add a six membered cycle''' tool.
 
||Click on '''Add a six membered cycle''' tool.
  
 
Click on the '''Display area'''.
 
Click on the '''Display area'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicy of the existing one''' tool
+
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicy of the existing one''' tool.
  
  
Line 71: Line 69:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the corners.
 
||Point to the corners.
−
||Let's display '''Carbon''' atoms at all the corners of the cycle.
+
||Let us display '''Carbon''' atoms at all the corners of the cycle.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Right click on any one of the corner>>A '''Submenu''' appears  
 
||Right click on any one of the corner>>A '''Submenu''' appears  
−
||Right click on any one of the corner,
+
||Right click on any one of the corners.
  
−
A '''Submenu''' appears.  
+
A submenu appears.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Select '''Atom''' >>click on Display symbol.
 
||Select '''Atom''' >>click on Display symbol.
 
||Select '''Atom''' and then click on '''Display symbol'''.
 
||Select '''Atom''' and then click on '''Display symbol'''.
  
−
Likewise add '''Carbon''' atoms on all corners of the cycle.
+
Likewise, add '''Carbon''' atoms on all corners of the cycle.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Press capital H on the keyboard.
 
||Press capital H on the keyboard.
−
||To add Hydrogen atoms to the bonds,  
+
||To add '''Hydrogen''' atoms to the bonds, press '''H''' on the keyboard.
−
 
+
−
Press H on the keyboard.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool>>Click on all the bond positions.
 
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool>>Click on all the bond positions.
−
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool
+
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool.
  
 
Click on all the bond positions.
 
Click on all the bond positions.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the Hydrogen atoms.
 
||Point to the Hydrogen atoms.
−
||Again, see to it that no two Hydrogens overlap each other.
+
||Again, see to it that no two '''Hydrogens''' overlap each other.
  
 
The obtained structure is '''Cyclohexane(C6H12)'''.
 
The obtained structure is '''Cyclohexane(C6H12)'''.
Line 101: Line 97:
 
||Let's copy and paste the structure.
 
||Let's copy and paste the structure.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Press '''CTRL+A''' to select the structure >>'''CTRL+C''' to copy>> '''CTRL+V''' to paste.
+
||Press '''CTRL+A''' >>'''CTRL+C''' >> '''CTRL+V'''  
 
||Press '''CTRL+A''' to select the structure.
 
||Press '''CTRL+A''' to select the structure.
  
−
'''CTRL+C''' to copy and
+
'''CTRL+C''' to copy and  
−
 
+
 
'''CTRL+V''' to paste the structure.   
 
'''CTRL+V''' to paste the structure.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the structure.
 
||Point to the structure.
−
||Let's convert the second '''Cyclohexane''' structure to  '''Cyclohexene'''.
+
||Let us convert the second '''Cyclohexane''' structure to  '''Cyclohexene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool >>
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool >>
Line 116: Line 111:
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool.
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool.
  
−
Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.
+
Delete one '''hydrogen''' bond from each of the adjacent '''carbon''' atoms.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool>>
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool>>
Line 123: Line 118:
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool.
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool.
  
−
Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
+
Then click on the bond between the deleted '''hydrogen''' bonds.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the structure.
 
||Point to the structure.
Line 131: Line 126:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Cyclohexadiene''' and then to '''Benzene'''.
+
||Let us convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Cyclohexadiene''' and then to '''Benzene'''.
  
−
Ensure that Current element is '''Carbon'''.
+
Ensure that '''Current element''' is '''Carbon'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool >>  
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool >>  
Line 140: Line 135:
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool.
 
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool.
  
−
Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent '''Carbon''' atoms.
+
Delete one '''hydrogen''' bond from each of the adjacent '''Carbon''' atoms.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool.
 
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool.
  
−
Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
+
Then click on the bond between deleted '''hydrogen''' bonds.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the bond.
 
||Point to the bond.
Line 163: Line 158:
  
 
Draw the structures of:  
 
Draw the structures of:  
−
 
+
#'''Cyclobutane''' and convert to '''Cyclobutadiene'''  
−
1.'''Cyclobutane''' and Convert to '''Cyclobutadiene'''  
+
#'''Cyclopentane''' and convert to  '''Cyclopentadiene'''
−
 
+
−
2.'''Cyclopentane''' and Convert to  '''Cyclopentadiene'''.
+
  
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Next let's learn about ''' Benzene''' derivatives.
+
||Next let us learn about ''' Benzene''' derivatives.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Slide Number 6'''
 
||'''Slide Number 6'''
  
 
'''Benzene Derivatives'''
 
'''Benzene Derivatives'''
−
||'''Functional groups''' can substitute hydrogens in '''Benzene''' to derive various chemical compounds
+
||'''Functional groups''' can substitute '''hydrogens''' in '''Benzene''' to derive various chemical compounds
  
−
Functional groups that can substitute Hydrogen of ''Benzene'' are ''' F, Cl, Br, I''' or '''OH, NO2, CH3''' and others.
+
Functional groups that can substitute '''Hydrogen''' of ''Benzene'' are ''' F, Cl, Br, I''' or '''OH, NO2, CH3''' and others.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's copy and paste the Benzene structure twice on the Display area.
+
||Let us copy and paste the '''Benzene''' structure twice on the '''Display area.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Select one or more objects''' tool >>select '''Benzene''' structure.
 
||Click on '''Select one or more objects''' tool >>select '''Benzene''' structure.
Line 190: Line 183:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's Substitute '''Hydrogen''' atom of the first '''Benzene''' structure with F.
+
||Let's Substitute '''Hydrogen''' atom of the first '''Benzene''' structure with '''F'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Press F on the keyboard.
+
||Press '''F''' on the keyboard.
−
||Press F on the keyboard.
+
||Press '''F''' on the keyboard.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool>>
 
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool>>
Line 200: Line 193:
  
 
Point to the structure.
 
Point to the structure.
−
||Click on Add or modify an atom tool.
+
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool.
  
−
Click on Hydrogen to Substitute it with F.
+
Click on '''Hydrogen''' to substitute it with '''F'''.
  
 
The structure obtained is '''Fluorobenzene'''.
 
The structure obtained is '''Fluorobenzene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Next let's Substitute the hydrogen of the second '''Benzene''' with a group of atoms.
+
||Next let's substitute the '''hydrogen''' of the second '''Benzene''' with a group of atoms.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool>>
 
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool>>
Line 214: Line 207:
 
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
 
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
  
−
Click on any one of the Hydrogen atom.
+
Click on any one of the '''Hydrogen''' atom.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to enclosed Hydrogen.
 
||Point to enclosed Hydrogen.
−
||Observe that Hydrogen is enclosed in  a green box with a blinking cursor.
+
||Observe that '''Hydrogen''' is enclosed in  a green box with a blinking cursor.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3.
 
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3.
−
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3 and click anywhere on the ''Display area''.
+
||Remove '''Hydrogen''' and type capital '''CH''' and '''3''' and click anywhere on the ''Display area''.
  
 
The obtained structure is '''Methyl benzene'''.
 
The obtained structure is '''Methyl benzene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on the hydrogen of third Benzene structure.
 
||Click on the hydrogen of third Benzene structure.
−
||Likewise let's click one of the hydrogens of the third '''Benzene''' structure.
+
||Likewise, let's click one of the '''hydrogens''''''Bold text''' of the third '''Benzene''' structure.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Remove ''Hydrogen'' and type capital NO 2  
 
||Remove ''Hydrogen'' and type capital NO 2  
−
||Remove ''Hydrogen'' and type capital NO 2
+
||Remove ''Hydrogen'' and type capital '''N O 2'''
  
 
The obtained structure is '''Nitrobenzene'''.
 
The obtained structure is '''Nitrobenzene'''.
Line 240: Line 233:
 
||Six '''Carbon''' atoms are numbered from 1 to 6 in '''Benzene'''.
 
||Six '''Carbon''' atoms are numbered from 1 to 6 in '''Benzene'''.
  
−
All six positions are equivalent before ''Hydrogen'' is substituted.
+
All six positions are equivalent, before ''Hydrogen'' is substituted.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Slide Number 8'''
 
||'''Slide Number 8'''
  
 
'''Electron Density'''
 
'''Electron Density'''
−
||Electron density of ring changes, when Hydrogen is substituted by a functional group.
+
||Electron density of the ring changes, when '''Hydrogen''' is substituted by a functional group.
  
 
'''Electron density''' is dependent on the '''Substituent'''.
 
'''Electron density''' is dependent on the '''Substituent'''.
Line 254: Line 247:
 
||A '''mono-substituted''' compound of '''Benzene''' can be substituted at positions-
 
||A '''mono-substituted''' compound of '''Benzene''' can be substituted at positions-
  
−
1 and 4- as '''Para'''.
+
* 1 and 4- as '''Para'''.
−
 
+
* 2 and 6- as '''Ortho'''.
−
2 and 6- as '''Ortho'''.
+
* 3 and  5- as '''Meta'''.
−
 
+
−
3 and  5- as '''Meta'''.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
Line 268: Line 259:
 
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
 
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
  
−
Click on the  second Hydrogen position of the ring.
+
Click on the  second '''Hydrogen''' position of the ring.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Type CH3 in the green box
 
||Type CH3 in the green box
Line 281: Line 272:
  
 
Click on the Hydrogen atom.
 
Click on the Hydrogen atom.
−
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
+
||Click on the  fourth '''Hydrogen''' position of the ring.
−
 
+
−
Click on the  fourth Hydrogen position of the ring.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Substitute the ''Hydrogen'' in the green box  with '''COOH'''
 
||Substitute the ''Hydrogen'' in the green box  with '''COOH'''
−
||Substitute ''Hydrogen'' in the green box with '''COOH'''
+
||Substitute '''Hydrogen''' in the green box with '''C O O H'''
  
 
The new structure obtained is '''para-Nitrobenzoic acid'''.
 
The new structure obtained is '''para-Nitrobenzoic acid'''.
Line 294: Line 283:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Likewise Substitute third Hydrogen position with  '''NO_2''' to get '''meta-Dinitrobenzene'''.
+
||Likewise, substitute third '''Hydrogen''' position with  '''N O 2''' to get '''meta-Dinitrobenzene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Slide Number 9'''
 
||'''Slide Number 9'''
Line 301: Line 290:
 
||Here is an assignment.
 
||Here is an assignment.
  
−
Draw seven Benzene structures.
+
Draw seven '''Benzene''' structures.
  
−
Substitute one of the Hydrogens  of:
+
Substitute one of the '''Hydrogens''' of:
  
 
1)first '''Benzene''' with '''Br'''.
 
1)first '''Benzene''' with '''Br'''.
Line 318: Line 307:
  
 
'''Assignment'''
 
'''Assignment'''
−
||Also Substitute:
+
||Also substitute:
  
 
1)two of the '''Hydrogens''' of the sixth '''Benzene''' with  '''Cl''' atoms.  
 
1)two of the '''Hydrogens''' of the sixth '''Benzene''' with  '''Cl''' atoms.  
Line 327: Line 316:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Now let's learn to merge two structures.
+
||Now, let's learn to merge two structures.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||Let's open a new window.
 
||Let's open a new window.
  
−
Ensure that current element is ''Carbon''.
+
Ensure that '''current element''' is ''Carbon''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on the '''Add  a four membered cycle''' tool>>
 
||Click on the '''Add  a four membered cycle''' tool>>
Line 350: Line 339:
 
||Drag it and place it close to the first structure>>
 
||Drag it and place it close to the first structure>>
  
−
Press CTRL+A to select structures.
+
Press CTRL+A.
 
||Drag it and place it close to the first structure,
 
||Drag it and place it close to the first structure,
  
Line 361: Line 350:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on '''Merge two molecules''' tool to merge the molecules.
 
||Click on '''Merge two molecules''' tool to merge the molecules.
−
||Click on '''Merge two molecules''' tool to merge the molecules.
+
||Click on '''Merge two molecules''' tool, to merge the molecules.
  
 
Drag the structure to observe merging.
 
Drag the structure to observe merging.
Line 373: Line 362:
  
 
'''Summary'''
 
'''Summary'''
−
||In this tutorial we have learnt to
+
||In this tutorial, we have learnt to
  
 
1. Convert '''Cyclohexane''' to '''Cyclohexene'''
 
1. Convert '''Cyclohexane''' to '''Cyclohexene'''
Line 379: Line 368:
 
2. Convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Benzene'''
 
2. Convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Benzene'''
  
−
3. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with F
+
3. Substitute '''Hydrogen''' of '''Benzene''' ring with '''F''''''Bold text'''
  
−
4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with CH_3, NO_2 and COOH groups.
+
4. Substitute '''Hydrogen''' of '''Benzene''' ring with '''CH_3, NO_2''' and '''COOH''' groups.
  
 
5. Merge two four membered cycles
 
5. Merge two four membered cycles
Line 392: Line 381:
 
Merge  
 
Merge  
  
−
1.Two Benzene molecules
+
1.Two '''Benzene''' molecules
  
−
2.Two Pentane structures
+
2.Two '''Pentane''' structures
  
−
3.Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane  molecules.
+
3.'''Cyclopentane''' and '''Cyclohexane''' molecules.
  
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
Line 429: Line 418:
 
More information on this Mission is available at this link  
 
More information on this Mission is available at this link  
  
−
'''http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]'''  
+
'''http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro'''  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||This is '''Madhuri Ganapathi''' from '''IIT Bombay''' signing off. Thank you for joining.  
 
||This is '''Madhuri Ganapathi''' from '''IIT Bombay''' signing off. Thank you for joining.  
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 12:55, 19 November 2013

Visual Cue Narration

Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Hello everyone.

Welcome to this tutorial on Aromatic Molecular Structures in GChemPaint.

Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn to

1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene

2. Convert Cyclohexene to Benzene

3. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with other atoms.

4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with group of atoms

5. Merge two molecules

Slide Number 3

System Requirement

Here I am using

Ubuntu Linux OS version 12.04.

GChemPaint version 0.12.10.

Slide Number 4

Pre-requisites

To follow this tutorial, you should be familiar with GChemPaint chemical structure editor.

If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website.

Switch to GChemPaint application. I have opened a new GChemPaint application.
Let us first add a six membered cycle to the Display area.
Click on Add a six membered cycle tool >> Click on Display area. Click on Add a six membered cycle tool.

Click on the Display area.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicy of the existing one tool.


Add two bonds on every corner of the cycle.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.

Add two bonds on every corner of the cycle.

Click and drag the bonds to proper position. Position the bonds in such a way that no two bonds touch each other.

To do so, click and drag the bonds to proper position.

Point to the corners. Let us display Carbon atoms at all the corners of the cycle.
Right click on any one of the corner>>A Submenu appears Right click on any one of the corners.

A submenu appears.

Select Atom >>click on Display symbol. Select Atom and then click on Display symbol.

Likewise, add Carbon atoms on all corners of the cycle.

Press capital H on the keyboard. To add Hydrogen atoms to the bonds, press H on the keyboard.
Click on Add or modify an atom tool>>Click on all the bond positions. Click on Add or modify an atom tool.

Click on all the bond positions.

Point to the Hydrogen atoms. Again, see to it that no two Hydrogens overlap each other.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexane(C6H12).

Let's copy and paste the structure.
Press CTRL+A >>CTRL+C >> CTRL+V Press CTRL+A to select the structure.

CTRL+C to copy and CTRL+V to paste the structure.

Point to the structure. Let us convert the second Cyclohexane structure to Cyclohexene.
Click on the Eraser tool >>

delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.

Click on the Eraser tool.

Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool>>

click the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.

Then click on the bond between the deleted hydrogen bonds.

Point to the structure. A double bond is formed.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexene(C6H10)

Let us convert Cyclohexene to Cyclohexadiene and then to Benzene.

Ensure that Current element is Carbon.

Click on the Eraser tool >>

delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent Carbon atoms.

Click on the Eraser tool.

Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent Carbon atoms.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.

Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.

Point to the bond. A second double bond is formed.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexadiene(C6H8).

Point to the structure. Likewise let's repeat the process to form the third double bond.

The obtained structure is Benzene(C6H6)

Slide Number 5

Assignment

Here is an assignment.

Draw the structures of:

  1. Cyclobutane and convert to Cyclobutadiene
  2. Cyclopentane and convert to Cyclopentadiene

Your completed assignment should look like this.

Next let us learn about Benzene derivatives.
Slide Number 6

Benzene Derivatives

Functional groups can substitute hydrogens in Benzene to derive various chemical compounds

Functional groups that can substitute Hydrogen of Benzene are F, Cl, Br, I or OH, NO2, CH3 and others.

Let us copy and paste the Benzene structure twice on the Display area.
Click on Select one or more objects tool >>select Benzene structure. Click on Select one or more objects tool to select Benzene structure.
Press CTRL+C to copy >> CTRL+V twice to paste. Press CTRL+C to copy and CTRL+V twice to paste the structures.
Let's Substitute Hydrogen atom of the first Benzene structure with F.
Press F on the keyboard. Press F on the keyboard.
Click on Add or modify an atom tool>>

Click on Hydrogen to Substitute it with F.

Point to the structure.

Click on Add or modify an atom tool.

Click on Hydrogen to substitute it with F.

The structure obtained is Fluorobenzene.

Next let's substitute the hydrogen of the second Benzene with a group of atoms.
Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>

Click on the Hydrogen atom.

Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.

Click on any one of the Hydrogen atom.

Point to enclosed Hydrogen. Observe that Hydrogen is enclosed in a green box with a blinking cursor.
Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3. Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3 and click anywhere on the Display area.

The obtained structure is Methyl benzene.

Click on the hydrogen of third Benzene structure. Likewise, let's click one of the hydrogens'Bold text' of the third Benzene structure.
Remove Hydrogen and type capital NO 2 Remove Hydrogen and type capital N O 2

The obtained structure is Nitrobenzene.

Let's now see Carbon positions in the Benzene ring.
Slide Number 7

Benzene Ring Positions

Six Carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to 6 in Benzene.

All six positions are equivalent, before Hydrogen is substituted.

Slide Number 8

Electron Density

Electron density of the ring changes, when Hydrogen is substituted by a functional group.

Electron density is dependent on the Substituent.

Slide Number 9

Carbon Positions

A mono-substituted compound of Benzene can be substituted at positions-
  • 1 and 4- as Para.
  • 2 and 6- as Ortho.
  • 3 and 5- as Meta.
Let's now substitute Methylbenzene structure with another Methyl group.
Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>

Click on the Hydrogen atom.

Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.

Click on the second Hydrogen position of the ring.

Type CH3 in the green box Substitute Hydrogen in the green box with CH3.

The new structure obtained is ortho-Xylene.

Let's substitute Nitrobenzene structure with a Carboxylic(COOH) group.
Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>

Click on the Hydrogen atom.

Click on the fourth Hydrogen position of the ring.
Substitute the Hydrogen in the green box with COOH Substitute Hydrogen in the green box with C O O H

The new structure obtained is para-Nitrobenzoic acid.

Press CTRL+Z Press CTRL+Z to undo the process.
Likewise, substitute third Hydrogen position with N O 2 to get meta-Dinitrobenzene.
Slide Number 9

Assignment

Here is an assignment.

Draw seven Benzene structures.

Substitute one of the Hydrogens of:

1)first Benzene with Br.

2)second Benzene with I.

3)third Benzene with OH.

4)fourth Benzene with NH2.

5)fifth Benzene with C2H5.

Slide Number 10

Assignment

Also substitute:

1)two of the Hydrogens of the sixth Benzene with Cl atoms.

2)first and fourth Hydrogen positions of the seventh Benzene with COOH group.

Your completed assignment should look like this.

Now, let's learn to merge two structures.
Let's open a new window.

Ensure that current element is Carbon.

Click on the Add a four membered cycle tool>>

Click on the Display area twice.

Click on Add a four membered cycle tool.

Click on the Display area twice.

Click on Select one or more objects tool.

Click on the second structure.

Click on Select one or more objects tool.

Click on the second structure.

Drag it and place it close to the first structure>>

Press CTRL+A.

Drag it and place it close to the first structure,

such that they touch each other.

Press CTRL+A to select the structures.

Point to the tool Merge two molecules tool becomes active.
Click on Merge two molecules tool to merge the molecules. Click on Merge two molecules tool, to merge the molecules.

Drag the structure to observe merging.

<pause>

Let's summarize what we have learnt.
Slide Number 11

Summary

In this tutorial, we have learnt to

1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene

2. Convert Cyclohexene to Benzene

3. Substitute Hydrogen' of Benzene ring with F'Bold text

4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with CH_3, NO_2 and COOH groups.

5. Merge two four membered cycles

Slide Number 12

Assignment

Here is an assignment.

Merge

1.Two Benzene molecules

2.Two Pentane structures

3.Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane molecules.

Your completed assignment should look like this.

Slide Number 13

Acknowledgement

Watch the video available at this URL.

http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_ Tutorial

It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project

If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

Slide Number 14 The Spoken Tutorial Project Team:

Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials

Gives certificates to those who pass an on-line test

For more details, please write to

contact@spoken-tutorial.org

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