Difference between revisions of "GChemPaint/C3/Aromatic-Molecular-Structures/English"

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</font>
 
</font>
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 2
+
||'''Slide Number 2'''
−
Learning Objectives
+
 
 +
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
||In this tutorial, we will learn to
 
||In this tutorial, we will learn to
 +
 
1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene
 
1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene
  
Line 15: Line 17:
  
 
4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with group of atoms  
 
4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with group of atoms  
−
 
  
 
5. Merge two molecules
 
5. Merge two molecules
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 3
+
||'''Slide Number 3'''
−
System Requirement
+
 
 +
'''System Requirement'''
 
||Here I am using
 
||Here I am using
−
Ubuntu Linux OS version. 12.04
+
 
−
GChemPaint version 0.12.10
+
'''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version. 12.04
 +
 
 +
'''GChemPaint''' version 0.12.10
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 4
+
||'''Slide Number 4'''
−
Pre-requisites
+
 
 +
'''Pre-requisites'''
 
||To follow this tutorial you should be familiar with,
 
||To follow this tutorial you should be familiar with,
  
 
GChemPaint chemical structure editor.
 
GChemPaint chemical structure editor.
 +
 
If not, for relevant tutorials,  please visit our website.  
 
If not, for relevant tutorials,  please visit our website.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Switch to GChemPaint application.
+
||Switch to '''GChemPaint''' application.
−
||I have opened a new GChemPaint application.  Switch to GChemPaint application.
+
||I have opened a new '''GChemPaint''' application.  Switch to '''GChemPaint''' application.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||Let's first add a six membered cycle to the Display area.
 
||Let's first add a six membered cycle to the Display area.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add a six membered cycle tool>>Click on Display area.
+
||Click on '''Add a six membered cycle''' tool>>Click on '''Display area'''.
−
||Click on Add a six membered cycle tool.
+
||Click on '''Add a six membered cycle''' tool.
−
Click on the Display area.
+
 
 +
Click on the '''Display area'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicy of the existing one tool
 
||Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicy of the existing one tool
Line 48: Line 55:
 
Add two bonds on every corner of the cycle.
 
Add two bonds on every corner of the cycle.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||
+
||Click and drag the bonds to proper position.
−
Click and drag the bonds to proper position.
+
 
||Position the bonds in such a way that no two bonds touch each other.
 
||Position the bonds in such a way that no two bonds touch each other.
 +
 
To do so, click and drag the bonds to proper position.
 
To do so, click and drag the bonds to proper position.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's display carbon atoms at the corners of the cycle.
+
||Let's display '''Carbon''' atoms at the corners of the cycle.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Right click on any one of the corner>>A submenu appears  
+
||Right click on any one of the corner>>A '''Submenu''' appears  
 
||Right click on any one of the corner,
 
||Right click on any one of the corner,
−
A submenu appears.  
+
A '''Submenu''' appears.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Select Atom >>click on Display symbol.
+
||Select '''Atom''' >>click on Display symbol.
−
||Select Atom and then click on Display symbol.
+
||Select '''Atom''' and then click on '''Display symbol'''.
−
Likewise add Carbon atoms at all corners of the cycle.
+
 
 +
Likewise add '''Carbon''' atoms at all corners of the cycle.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Press capital H on the keyboard.
 
||Press capital H on the keyboard.
 
||To add Hydrogen atoms to the bonds,  
 
||To add Hydrogen atoms to the bonds,  
 +
 
Press H on the keyboard.
 
Press H on the keyboard.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add or modify an atom tool>>Click on all the bond positions.
+
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool>>Click on all the bond positions.
−
||Click on Add or modify an atom tool
+
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool
 +
 
 
Click on all the bond positions.
 
Click on all the bond positions.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the Hydogen atoms.
 
||Point to the Hydogen atoms.
 
||Again, see to it that no two Hydrogens overlap each other.
 
||Again, see to it that no two Hydrogens overlap each other.
−
The obtained structure is Cyclohexane(C6H12).
+
 
 +
The obtained structure is '''Cyclohexane(C6H12)'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||Let's copy and paste the structure
 
||Let's copy and paste the structure
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Press CTRL+A to select the structure >>Press CTRL+C  to copy>>Press CTRL+V and paste  
+
||Press '''CTRL+A''' to select the structure >>Press '''CTRL+C''' to copy>>Press '''CTRL+V''' and paste  
−
||Press CTRL+A to select the structure.
+
||Press '''CTRL+A''' to select the structure.
−
Press CTRL+C  to copy and
+
 
−
Press CTRL+V and paste.   
+
Press '''CTRL+C''' to copy and
 +
 
 +
Press '''CTRL+V''' and paste.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the structure.
 
||Point to the structure.
−
||Let's convert the second Cyclohexane structure to  Cyclohexene.
+
||Let's convert the second '''Cyclohexane''' structure to  '''Cyclohexene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on the Eraser tool >> delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.
+
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool >>
−
||Click on the Eraser tool.
+
 
 +
delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.
 +
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool.
 +
 
 
Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.
 
Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool>>click the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
+
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool>>
−
||Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.
+
 
 +
click the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
 +
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool.
 +
 
 
Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
 
Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the structure.
 
||Point to the structure.
 
||A double bond is formed.
 
||A double bond is formed.
−
The obtained structure is Cyclohexene(C6H10)
+
 
 +
The obtained structure is '''Cyclohexene(C6H10)'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's convert Cyclohexene to Cyclohexadiene and then to Benzene.
+
||Let's convert '''Cyclohexene''' to '''Cyclohexadiene''' and then to '''Benzene'''.
−
Ensure that Current element is Carbon.
+
 
 +
Ensure that Current element is '''Carbon'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on the Eraser tool >> delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.
+
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool >>  
−
||Click on the Eraser tool.
+
 
 +
delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.
 +
||Click on the '''Eraser''' tool.
 +
 
 
Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.
 
Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool
+
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool
−
||Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.
+
||Click on '''Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one''' tool.
 +
 
 
Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
 
Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the bond.
 
||Point to the bond.
 
||A second double bond is formed.
 
||A second double bond is formed.
−
The obtained structure is Cyclohexadiene(C6H8)
+
 
 +
The obtained structure is '''Cyclohexadiene(C6H8)'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||Likewise let's repeat the process to form the third double bond.
 
||Likewise let's repeat the process to form the third double bond.
−
The obtained structure is Cyclohexatriene or Benzene(C6H6)
+
The obtained structure is '''Cyclohexatriene''' or '''Benzene(C6H6)'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 5
+
||'''Slide Number 5'''
−
Assignment
+
 
 +
'''Assignment'''
 
||Here is an assignment.
 
||Here is an assignment.
 +
 
Draw the structures of:  
 
Draw the structures of:  
−
1.Cyclobutane and Convert  to Cyclobutadiene  
+
 
−
2.Cyclopentane and Convert  to  Cyclopentadiene.
+
1.'''Cyclobutane''' and Convert  to '''Cyclobutadiene'''
 +
 
 +
2.'''Cyclopentane''' and Convert  to  '''Cyclopentadiene'''.
 +
 
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's now learn about Benzene derivatives.
+
||Let's now learn about''' Benzene''' derivatives.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 6
+
||'''Slide Number 6'''
−
Benzene Derivatives
+
 
−
||Functional groups can substitute hydrogens in Benzene to derive various chemical compounds
+
'''Benzene Derivatives'''
 +
||'''Functional groups''' can substitute hydrogens in '''Benzene''' to derive various chemical compounds
  
 
Functional groups that can substitute Hydrogen of Benzene are F, Cl, Br, I or OH, NO2, CH3.
 
Functional groups that can substitute Hydrogen of Benzene are F, Cl, Br, I or OH, NO2, CH3.
Line 139: Line 171:
 
||Let's copy and paste the Benzene structure twice on the Display area.
 
||Let's copy and paste the Benzene structure twice on the Display area.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Select one or more objects tool >>select Benzene structure.
+
||Click on '''Select one or more objects''' tool >>select '''Benzene''' structure.
−
||Click on Select one or more objects tool to select Benzene structure.
+
||Click on '''Select one or more objects tool''' to select '''Benzene''' structure.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Press CTRL+C to copy >> Press CTRL+V twice to paste.
+
||Press '''CTRL+C''' to copy >> Press '''CTRL+V''' twice to paste.
−
||Press CTRL+C to copy and Press CTRL+V twice to paste.
+
||Press '''CTRL+C''' to copy and Press '''CTRL+V''' twice to paste.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Drag the overlapping structures aside
 
||Drag the overlapping structures aside
Line 149: Line 181:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's Substitute Hydrogen atom of the first Benzene structure with F.
+
||Let's Substitute '''Hydrogen''' atom of the first '''Benzene''' structure with F.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||
 
 
||Press F on the keyboard.
 
||Press F on the keyboard.
 
||Press F on the keyboard.
 
||Press F on the keyboard.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add or modify an atom tool>>Click on H to Substitute it with F.
+
||Click on '''Add or modify an atom''' tool>>
 +
 
 +
Click on H to Substitute it with F.
 
||Click on Add or modify an atom tool.
 
||Click on Add or modify an atom tool.
 +
 
Click on H to Substitute it with F.
 
Click on H to Substitute it with F.
−
The structure obtained is Fluorobenzene.
+
 
 +
The structure obtained is '''Fluorobenzene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Next let's Substitute the hydrogen of the second Benzene with a group of atoms.
+
||Next let's Substitute the hydrogen of the second '''Benzene''' with a group of atoms.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>Click on the Hydrogen atom.
+
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool>>
−
||Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.
+
 
 +
Click on the Hydrogen atom.
 +
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
 +
 
 
Click on any one of the Hydrogen atom.
 
Click on any one of the Hydrogen atom.
 
|-
 
|-
Line 172: Line 210:
 
||Delete Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3.
 
||Delete Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3.
 
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3 and click anywhere on the Display area.
 
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3 and click anywhere on the Display area.
 +
 
The obtained structure is Methyl benzene.
 
The obtained structure is Methyl benzene.
 
|-
 
|-
Line 179: Line 218:
 
||Delete Hydrogen and type capital NO and 2 in  a green box
 
||Delete Hydrogen and type capital NO and 2 in  a green box
 
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital NO and 2 in  a green box
 
||Remove Hydrogen and type capital NO and 2 in  a green box
 +
 
The obtained structure is Nitrobenzene.
 
The obtained structure is Nitrobenzene.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 7  
+
||'''Slide Number 7'''
−
Benzene Ring Positions
+
 
 +
'''Benzene Ring Positions'''
 
||
 
||
−
Let's now see Carbon positions in the Benzene ring.
+
Let's now see '''Carbon''' positions in the '''Benzene ring'''.
−
Six Carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to 6 in Benzene.
+
 
 +
Six '''Carbon''' atoms are numbered from 1 to 6 in '''Benzene'''.
  
 
All the six positions are equivalent before Hydrogen is substituted.
 
All the six positions are equivalent before Hydrogen is substituted.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 8
+
||'''Slide Number 8'''
−
Electron Density
+
 
 +
'''Electron Density'''
 
||Electron density of ring changes, when Hydrogen is substituted by a functional group.
 
||Electron density of ring changes, when Hydrogen is substituted by a functional group.
  
−
Electron density of the ring is dependent on the substituent.
+
'''Electron density''' of the ring is dependent on the '''Substituent'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 9
+
||'''Slide Number 9'''
−
Carbon Positions
+
−
||A mono-substituted compound of Benzene can be substituted at-
+
  
−
1 & 4- called as Para positions  
+
'''Carbon Positions'''
−
2 & 6- called as Ortho positions
+
||A '''mono-substituted''' compound of '''Benzene''' can be substituted at-
−
3 & 5- called as Meta positions.
+
 
 +
1 & 4- called as '''Para''' positions  
 +
2 & 6- called as '''Ortho''' positions
 +
3 & 5- called as '''Meta''' positions.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's now substitute Methylbenzene structure with another Methyl group.   
+
||Let's now substitute '''Methylbenzene''' structure with another '''Methyl''' group.   
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>Click on the Hydrogen atom.   
+
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool>>
−
||Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.
+
 
 +
Click on the Hydrogen atom.   
 +
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
 +
 
 
Click on the  second Hydrogen position of the ring.
 
Click on the  second Hydrogen position of the ring.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||
+
||Type CH3 in the green box
−
||
+
||Substitute Hydrogen in the green box  with '''CH3'''.
−
Substitute Hydrogen in the green box  with CH3.
+
 
−
The new structure obtained is ortho-Xylene.
+
The new structure obtained is '''ortho-Xylene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Let's substitute Nitrobenzene with a Carboxylic(COOH)  group.  
+
||Let's substitute '''Nitrobenzene''' with a '''Carboxylic(COOH)''' group.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>Click on the Hydrogen atom.
+
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool>>
−
||Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.
+
 
 +
Click on the Hydrogen atom.
 +
||Click on '''Add or modify a group of atoms''' tool.
 +
 
 
Click on the  fourth Hydrogen position of the ring.
 
Click on the  fourth Hydrogen position of the ring.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Substitute the Hydrogen in the green box  with COOH
+
||Substitute the Hydrogen in the green box  with '''COOH'''
 
||Substitute Hydrogen in the green box with COOH
 
||Substitute Hydrogen in the green box with COOH
−
The new structure obtained is para-Nitrobenzoic acid.
+
 
 +
The new structure obtained is '''para-Nitrobenzoic acid'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Press CTRL+Z
+
||Press '''CTRL+Z'''
−
||Press CTRL+Z to undo the process.
+
||Press '''CTRL+Z''' to undo the process.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||Likewise Substitute third Hydrogen position with  NO_2 to get meta-Dinitrobenzene.
+
||Likewise Substitute third Hydrogen position with  NO_2 to get '''meta-Dinitrobenzene'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 9
+
||'''Slide Number 9'''
−
Assignment
+
 
 +
'''Assignment'''
 
||Here is an assignment.
 
||Here is an assignment.
 +
 
Draw seven Benzene structures.
 
Draw seven Benzene structures.
 +
 
Substitute one of the Hydrogens  of:
 
Substitute one of the Hydrogens  of:
−
1)first Benzene with Br.
+
 
−
2)second Benzene with I.
+
1)first '''Benzene''' with '''Br'''.
−
3)third Benzene with  OH.
+
 
−
4)fourth Benzene with NH2
+
2)second '''Benzene''' with '''I'''.
−
5)fifth Benzene with C2H5 .
+
 
 +
3)third '''Benzene''' with  '''OH'''.
 +
 
 +
4)fourth '''Benzene''' with '''NH2'''.
 +
 
 +
5)fifth '''Benzene''' with '''C2H5'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 10
+
||'''Slide Number 10'''
−
Assignment
+
 
 +
'''Assignment'''
 
||Also Substitute:
 
||Also Substitute:
−
1)two of the hydrogens of the 6th Benzene with  Cl atoms.  
+
 
−
2)1 and 4 Hydrogen positions of the 7th Benzene with COOH  group.
+
1)two of the '''Hydrogens''' of the 6th '''Benzene''' with  '''Cl''' atoms.  
 +
 
 +
2)1 and 4 '''Hydrogen''' positions of the 7th '''Benzene''' with '''COOH''' group.
  
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
 
Your completed assignment should look like this.
Line 254: Line 316:
 
||Now let's learn to merge two structures.
 
||Now let's learn to merge two structures.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||
+
||Click on '''Create  a new file''' icon on the toolbar.
−
Click on Create  a new file icon on the toolbar.
+
 
||Let's open a new window.
 
||Let's open a new window.
−
Click on Create  a new file icon on the toolbar.
+
 
 +
Click on '''Create  a new file''' icon on the toolbar.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on the Add  a four membered cycle tool>>Click on the Display area.
+
||Click on the '''Add  a four membered cycle''' tool>>
 +
 
 +
Click on the '''Display area'''.
 
||Click on Add a four membered cycle tool.
 
||Click on Add a four membered cycle tool.
−
Click on the Display area twice.
+
 
 +
Click on the '''Display area''' twice.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Select one or more objects tool >>select the second structure.
+
||Click on '''Select one or more objects''' tool >>
−
||Click on Select one or more objects tool to select the second structure.
+
 
 +
select the second structure.
 +
||Click on '''Select one or more objects''' tool to select the second structure.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Drag the structure and place it close to the first structure>>Press CTRL+A to select structures.
+
||Drag the structure and place it close to the first structure>>
−
||Drag the structure and place it close to the first structure such that they touch each other.
+
 
−
Press CTRL+A to select the structures.
+
Press CTRL+A to select structures.
 +
||Drag the structure and  
 +
 
 +
place it close to the first structure such that they touch each other.
 +
 
 +
Press '''CTRL+A''' to select the structures.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Point to the tool
 
||Point to the tool
 
||Merge two molecules tool becomes active.
 
||Merge two molecules tool becomes active.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on Merge two molecules tool to merge the molecules.
+
||Click on '''Merge two molecules''' tool to merge the molecules.
−
||Click on Merge two molecules tool to merge the molecules.
+
||Click on '''Merge two molecules''' tool to merge the molecules.
 +
 
 
Drag the structure to observe the merging.
 
Drag the structure to observe the merging.
 +
 
<pause>
 
<pause>
 
|-
 
|-
Line 281: Line 355:
 
||Let's summarize what we have learnt.
 
||Let's summarize what we have learnt.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 11
+
||'''Slide Number 11'''
−
Summary
+
 
 +
'''Summary'''
 
||In this tutorial we have learnt to
 
||In this tutorial we have learnt to
 +
 
1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene
 
1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene
 +
 
2. Convert Cyclohexene to Benzene  
 
2. Convert Cyclohexene to Benzene  
 +
 
3. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with F
 
3. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with F
 +
 
4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with CH_3, NO_2.
 
4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with CH_3, NO_2.
 +
 
5. Merge two four membered cycles
 
5. Merge two four membered cycles
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 12
+
||'''Slide Number 12'''
−
Assignment
+
 
 +
'''Assignment'''
 
||As an assignment  
 
||As an assignment  
 +
 
1. Merge two Benzene molecules
 
1. Merge two Benzene molecules
 +
 
2. Merge two Pentane structures
 
2. Merge two Pentane structures
 +
 
3. Merge Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane   
 
3. Merge Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane   
 +
 
Your completed assignment should look like this
 
Your completed assignment should look like this
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 13
+
||'''Slide Number 13'''
−
Acknowledgement  
+
 
 +
'''Acknowledgement'''
 
||Watch the video available at this URL.
 
||Watch the video available at this URL.
−
http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_ Tutorial
+
 
 +
'''http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_ Tutorial'''
 +
 
 
It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project
 
It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project
 +
 
If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it  
 
If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide Number 14
+
||'''Slide Number 14'''
 
||The Spoken Tutorial Project Team:  
 
||The Spoken Tutorial Project Team:  
 +
 
Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
 
Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
 +
 
Gives certificates to those who pass an on-line test  
 
Gives certificates to those who pass an on-line test  
 +
 
For more details, please write to  
 
For more details, please write to  
−
contact@spoken-tutorial.org  
+
 
 +
'''contact@spoken-tutorial.org'''
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Slide number 15
+
||'''Slide number 15'''
 
||Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project  
 
||Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project  
 +
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
−
More information on this Mission is available at this link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]  
+
 
 +
More information on this Mission is available at this link  
 +
 
 +
'''http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
−
||
+
||This is '''Madhuri Ganapathi''' from '''IIT Bombay''' signing off. Thank you for joining.  
−
This is Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay signing off. Thank you for joining.  
+
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 17:10, 11 October 2013

Visual Cue Narration

Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn to

1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene

2. Convert Cyclohexene to Benzene

3. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with other atoms

4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with group of atoms

5. Merge two molecules

Slide Number 3

System Requirement

Here I am using

Ubuntu Linux OS version. 12.04

GChemPaint version 0.12.10

Slide Number 4

Pre-requisites

To follow this tutorial you should be familiar with,

GChemPaint chemical structure editor.

If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website.

Switch to GChemPaint application. I have opened a new GChemPaint application. Switch to GChemPaint application.
Let's first add a six membered cycle to the Display area.
Click on Add a six membered cycle tool>>Click on Display area. Click on Add a six membered cycle tool.

Click on the Display area.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicy of the existing one tool Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.

Add two bonds on every corner of the cycle.

Click and drag the bonds to proper position. Position the bonds in such a way that no two bonds touch each other.

To do so, click and drag the bonds to proper position.

Let's display Carbon atoms at the corners of the cycle.
Right click on any one of the corner>>A Submenu appears Right click on any one of the corner,

A Submenu appears.

Select Atom >>click on Display symbol. Select Atom and then click on Display symbol.

Likewise add Carbon atoms at all corners of the cycle.

Press capital H on the keyboard. To add Hydrogen atoms to the bonds,

Press H on the keyboard.

Click on Add or modify an atom tool>>Click on all the bond positions. Click on Add or modify an atom tool

Click on all the bond positions.

Point to the Hydogen atoms. Again, see to it that no two Hydrogens overlap each other.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexane(C6H12).

Let's copy and paste the structure
Press CTRL+A to select the structure >>Press CTRL+C to copy>>Press CTRL+V and paste Press CTRL+A to select the structure.

Press CTRL+C to copy and

Press CTRL+V and paste.

Point to the structure. Let's convert the second Cyclohexane structure to Cyclohexene.
Click on the Eraser tool >>

delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.

Click on the Eraser tool.

Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool>>

click the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.

Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.

Point to the structure. A double bond is formed.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexene(C6H10)

Let's convert Cyclohexene to Cyclohexadiene and then to Benzene.

Ensure that Current element is Carbon.

Click on the Eraser tool >>

delete one of the hydrogen bonds of the adjacent carbon atoms.

Click on the Eraser tool.

Delete one hydrogen bond from each of the adjacent carbon atoms.

Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool Click on Add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool.

Then click on the bond between deleted hydrogen bonds.

Point to the bond. A second double bond is formed.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexadiene(C6H8).

Likewise let's repeat the process to form the third double bond.

The obtained structure is Cyclohexatriene or Benzene(C6H6)

Slide Number 5

Assignment

Here is an assignment.

Draw the structures of:

1.Cyclobutane and Convert to Cyclobutadiene

2.Cyclopentane and Convert to Cyclopentadiene.

Your completed assignment should look like this.

Let's now learn about Benzene derivatives.
Slide Number 6

Benzene Derivatives

Functional groups can substitute hydrogens in Benzene to derive various chemical compounds

Functional groups that can substitute Hydrogen of Benzene are F, Cl, Br, I or OH, NO2, CH3.

Let's copy and paste the Benzene structure twice on the Display area.
Click on Select one or more objects tool >>select Benzene structure. Click on Select one or more objects tool to select Benzene structure.
Press CTRL+C to copy >> Press CTRL+V twice to paste. Press CTRL+C to copy and Press CTRL+V twice to paste.
Drag the overlapping structures aside Position the structures side by side on the Display area.
Let's Substitute Hydrogen atom of the first Benzene structure with F.
Press F on the keyboard. Press F on the keyboard.
Click on Add or modify an atom tool>>

Click on H to Substitute it with F.

Click on Add or modify an atom tool.

Click on H to Substitute it with F.

The structure obtained is Fluorobenzene.

Next let's Substitute the hydrogen of the second Benzene with a group of atoms.
Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>

Click on the Hydrogen atom.

Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.

Click on any one of the Hydrogen atom.

Point to enclosed Hydrogen. Observe that Hydrogen is enclosed in a green box with a blinking cursor.
Delete Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3. Remove Hydrogen and type capital CH and 3 and click anywhere on the Display area.

The obtained structure is Methyl benzene.

Click on the hydrogen of third Benzene structure. Likewise let's click one of the hydrogens of third Benzene structure.
Delete Hydrogen and type capital NO and 2 in a green box Remove Hydrogen and type capital NO and 2 in a green box

The obtained structure is Nitrobenzene.

Slide Number 7

Benzene Ring Positions

Let's now see Carbon positions in the Benzene ring.

Six Carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to 6 in Benzene.

All the six positions are equivalent before Hydrogen is substituted.

Slide Number 8

Electron Density

Electron density of ring changes, when Hydrogen is substituted by a functional group.

Electron density of the ring is dependent on the Substituent.

Slide Number 9

Carbon Positions

A mono-substituted compound of Benzene can be substituted at-

1 & 4- called as Para positions 2 & 6- called as Ortho positions 3 & 5- called as Meta positions.

Let's now substitute Methylbenzene structure with another Methyl group.
Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>

Click on the Hydrogen atom.

Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.

Click on the second Hydrogen position of the ring.

Type CH3 in the green box Substitute Hydrogen in the green box with CH3.

The new structure obtained is ortho-Xylene.

Let's substitute Nitrobenzene with a Carboxylic(COOH) group.
Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool>>

Click on the Hydrogen atom.

Click on Add or modify a group of atoms tool.

Click on the fourth Hydrogen position of the ring.

Substitute the Hydrogen in the green box with COOH Substitute Hydrogen in the green box with COOH

The new structure obtained is para-Nitrobenzoic acid.

Press CTRL+Z Press CTRL+Z to undo the process.
Likewise Substitute third Hydrogen position with NO_2 to get meta-Dinitrobenzene.
Slide Number 9

Assignment

Here is an assignment.

Draw seven Benzene structures.

Substitute one of the Hydrogens of:

1)first Benzene with Br.

2)second Benzene with I.

3)third Benzene with OH.

4)fourth Benzene with NH2.

5)fifth Benzene with C2H5.

Slide Number 10

Assignment

Also Substitute:

1)two of the Hydrogens of the 6th Benzene with Cl atoms.

2)1 and 4 Hydrogen positions of the 7th Benzene with COOH group.

Your completed assignment should look like this.

Now let's learn to merge two structures.
Click on Create a new file icon on the toolbar. Let's open a new window.

Click on Create a new file icon on the toolbar.

Click on the Add a four membered cycle tool>>

Click on the Display area.

Click on Add a four membered cycle tool.

Click on the Display area twice.

Click on Select one or more objects tool >>

select the second structure.

Click on Select one or more objects tool to select the second structure.
Drag the structure and place it close to the first structure>>

Press CTRL+A to select structures.

Drag the structure and

place it close to the first structure such that they touch each other.

Press CTRL+A to select the structures.

Point to the tool Merge two molecules tool becomes active.
Click on Merge two molecules tool to merge the molecules. Click on Merge two molecules tool to merge the molecules.

Drag the structure to observe the merging.

<pause>

Let's summarize what we have learnt.
Slide Number 11

Summary

In this tutorial we have learnt to

1. Convert Cyclohexane to Cyclohexene

2. Convert Cyclohexene to Benzene

3. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with F

4. Substitute Hydrogen of Benzene ring with CH_3, NO_2.

5. Merge two four membered cycles

Slide Number 12

Assignment

As an assignment

1. Merge two Benzene molecules

2. Merge two Pentane structures

3. Merge Cyclopentane and Cyclohexane

Your completed assignment should look like this

Slide Number 13

Acknowledgement

Watch the video available at this URL.

http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_ Tutorial

It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project

If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

Slide Number 14 The Spoken Tutorial Project Team:

Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials

Gives certificates to those who pass an on-line test

For more details, please write to

contact@spoken-tutorial.org

Slide number 15 Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project

It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India

More information on this Mission is available at this link

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]

This is Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay signing off. Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig, Nancyvarkey

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