Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C2/Conductivity/English"

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(Created page with " '''Conductivity''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, b...")
 
 
(3 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
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'''Conductivity'''
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'''Conductivity'''
  
  
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'''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.'''
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'''Keywords''': PhET simulation, Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.  
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{|border=1
 
{|border=1
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'''Title Slide'''
 
'''Title Slide'''
−
||Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Conductivity.'''
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||Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Conductivity'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Slide Number 2'''
 
||'''Slide Number 2'''
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'''System Requirement'''
 
'''System Requirement'''
−
||Here I am using
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||Here I am using,
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
'''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''.
+
−
 
+
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'''Java Version 1.8'''.
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−
 
+
  
 +
* '''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''.
 +
* '''Java Version 1.8'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 50: Line 47:
  
  
−
Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET simulations.
+
Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET simulations'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 5'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 5'''
  
−
'''Link for PhET simulation'''
+
'''PhET simulations'''
−
 
+
−
point to
+
−
 
+
  
 +
Point to
 
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about'''
 
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about'''
−
|| Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.
+
|| Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''.
  
  
 
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about'''
 
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about'''
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
 
|| '''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
−
|| I have downloaded the '''Conductivity simulation '''to my '''Downloads''' folder.
+
|| I have downloaded the '''Conductivity simulation ''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
 
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
−
|| To open the simulation double click on the file.
+
|| To open the simulation, double-click on the file.
−
 
+
−
 
+
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
 
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
−
|| This is the interface of '''Conductivity simulation.'''
+
|| This is the interface of '''Conductivity simulation'''.
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on main panel.
 
|| Cursor on main panel.
Line 94: Line 86:
  
 
Cursor on the block.
 
Cursor on the block.
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
|| The main panel consists of a circuit.
 
|| The main panel consists of a circuit.
−
 
  
 
The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage.
 
The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage.
Line 111: Line 99:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on left panel.
 
|| Cursor on left panel.
 +
 +
Point to the two bands.
 +
 +
 +
Point to the lower band.
 +
 +
 +
Point to the higher band.
 +
 +
 +
Point to the gap.
  
 
|| The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands.
 
|| The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands.
Line 123: Line 122:
 
The gap between the two bands is known as bandgap.
 
The gap between the two bands is known as bandgap.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Point to the lower band.
 +
||We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state.
  
 +
|-
 +
|| Cursor on '''Materials''' panel on the right.
 +
Point one by one.
  
  
−
We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state.
+
Cursor on shine the light checkbox.
−
 
+
−
|-
+
−
|| Cursor on Materials.
+
−
 
+
−
Cursor on shine the light.
+
  
−
|| On the right panel we can see the Materials section.
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|| On the right panel we can see the '''Materials''' section.
  
  
−
It has Metal, Plastic, and Photoconductor radio buttons.
+
It has '''Metal''', '''Plastic''' and '''Photoconductor''' radio buttons.
  
  
−
On the right panel t he “Shine the light†option is available.
+
On the right panel the '''Shine The Light''' option is available.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.2 volts.
  
 +
|| Let us leave the default selection of material as '''Metal'''.
  
  
−
Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.5 volts.
+
Click the up arrow in the '''Battery Voltage''' box to increase the voltage to 0.2 volts.
  
−
 
+
|-
−
|| Let us leave the default selection of material as Metal.
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||Point to the circuit.
−
 
+
||Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit.
−
 
+
−
Click the up arrow in the battery voltage box to increase the voltage to 0.2 volts.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit.
+
  
  
 
It means current is flowing through the circuit.
 
It means current is flowing through the circuit.
−
 
+
|-
−
 
+
||Point to the valence band in the left panel.
−
Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band.
+
||Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|| Let us now pause the simulation.
 
|| Let us now pause the simulation.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
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|| Point to the circuit.
  
−
 
+
Point to the circuit.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
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Click the play button.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
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Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage
+
−
to 0.5 V.
+
 
|| This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity.
 
|| This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity.
  
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Observe that electrons are present in the circuit, but are not moving.
 
Observe that electrons are present in the circuit, but are not moving.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Click the '''Play''' button at the bottom.
 +
||Now click the '''Play''' button.
  
−
Now click the '''Play''' button.
+
|-
−
 
+
||Only narration
−
 
+
||The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage.
−
The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage.
+
−
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V.
 
|| Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V.
 +
|| Let's increase the voltage to 2 volts and observe.
  
−
 
+
|-
−
 
+
||Point to the circuit.
−
|| Let’s increase the voltage to 2 volts and observe.
+
||As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases.
+
  
  
 
The electrons now move faster and also move to higher energy levels.
 
The electrons now move faster and also move to higher energy levels.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:| Cursor on left panel.
+
|| Only narration.
−
 
+
||This makes metal good conductors of electricity.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
| | The gap between the valence band and the conduction band is negligible in metals.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
So they overlap each other.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
This makes metals good conductors of electricity.
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:| Click on the Plastic radio button.
+
|| Click on the '''Plastic''' radio button.
−
 
+
−
 
+
  
  
 
Point to band gap in the left panel.
 
Point to band gap in the left panel.
−
 
+
|| Let us change the material to '''Plastic'''.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Point to Voltage box: 2 V.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.
+
−
| | Let us change the material to Plastic.
+
  
  
 
Observe that the energy gap between the two bands has increased.
 
Observe that the energy gap between the two bands has increased.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Point to the circuit and to Voltage box: 2 V.
 +
||We do not see the movement of electrons, even at high voltage.
  
−
We do not see the movement of electrons, even at high voltage.  
+
|-
−
 
+
||Click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.
−
 
+
||Now let us click the '''Shine The Light ''' checkbox.
−
Now let us click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.
+
  
  
 
Observe that even after shining light electrons are not moving.
 
Observe that even after shining light electrons are not moving.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | Cursor on left panel.
+
|| Cursor on left panel >> band gap.
−
 
+
|| The band gap for '''plastic''' is high.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
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+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
| | The band gap for plastic is very high.
+
  
  
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−
Hence Plastic is a non-conductor.
+
Hence '''plastic''' is a non-conductor.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | Uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box.
+
|| Uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box.
 +
|| Let us uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box.
  
 +
|-
 +
|| Click on the '''Photoconductor''' radio button.
 +
|| Let us change the material to '''Photoconductor'''.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Point to Voltage box: 2 V.
 +
||Even at high voltage no movement of electrons is seen.
  
−
| | Let us uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | Click on the Photoconductor radio button.
+
||Click the '''Shine The Light''' check box.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Point to Voltage box: 2 V.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Click the Shine The Light check box.
+
  
  
 
Point to the movement of electrons.
 
Point to the movement of electrons.
  
 +
||Let us shine the light now.
  
  
 +
We can now see the movement of electrons as light strikes the '''photoconductor'''.
  
−
Point to the electrons in the higher energy level.
+
|-
−
 
+
||Point to the electrons in the energy bands in the left panel.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
| | Let us change the material to Photoconductor.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Even at high voltage no movement of electrons is seen.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Let us shine the light now.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
We can now see the movement of electrons as light strikes the photoconductor.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band.
+
−
 
+
  
 +
||Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | Cursor on Left panel.
+
|| Cursor on Left panel.
−
| | Band gap for a photoconductor is less than plastic and more than metal.
+
|| Band gap for a '''photoconductor''' is less than '''plastic''' and more than metal.
  
  
 
Hence when light strikes the material it excites electrons to high energy levels.
 
Hence when light strikes the material it excites electrons to high energy levels.
  
−
 
+
|-
−
This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap.
+
||Only narration
 +
||This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap.
  
  
 
Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities.
 
Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| |  
+
||Only Narration
−
| | With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
+
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
  
 
Let's summarise.
 
Let's summarise.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | '''Slide Number 11'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
  
 
'''Summary'''
 
'''Summary'''
−
| | In this tutorial we have learnt how,
+
|| In this tutorial we have learnt how,
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.</div>
+
−
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Large band gap in plastics do not allow conductivity.</div>
+
−
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">S<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">hining light on a photoconductor causes it to conduct electricity.</div>
+
  
 +
* Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.
 +
* Large band gap in '''plastics''' do not allow conductivity.
 +
* Shining light on a '''photoconductor''' causes it to conduct electricity.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | '''Slide Number 12'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 7'''
  
 
'''Assignment'''
 
'''Assignment'''
−
| | Here is an assignment for you.
+
| Here is an assignment for you.
−
 
+
  
 
Check if,
 
Check if,
−
 
+
* The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.
−
 
+
* Photoconductors conduct electricity when voltage is decreased after shining the light.
−
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.</div>
+
−
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Photoconductors conduct electricity when battery voltage is decreased.</div>
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | '''Slide''': 13
+
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
  
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
−
| | The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.  
+
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.  
  
  
 
Please download and watch it.  
 
Please download and watch it.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | '''Slide''': 14
+
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
  
 
'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 
'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
−
| | We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.  
+
|| We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.  
  
  
 
For more details, please contact us.  
 
For more details, please contact us.  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | '''Slide''': 15
+
|| '''Slide Number 10'''
  
 
'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
 
'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
−
 
+
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
−
Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
+
−
 
+
−
Please visit this site
+
−
 
+
−
Choose the minute and second where you have the question.
+
−
 
+
−
Explain your question briefly
+
−
 
+
−
The spoken tutorial project will ensure an answer.
+
−
 
+
−
You will have to register on this website to ask questions.
+
−
| | Please post your timed queries in this forum.
+
 
|-
 
|-
−
| | '''Slide''': 16
+
|| '''Slide Number 11'''
  
−
'''Acknowledgement '''
+
'''Acknowledgements '''
−
| | Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India  
+
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| |  
+
|| '''Slide Number 12'''
−
| | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.
+
 
 +
'''Thank you'''
 +
|| This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.
  
 
Thank you for joining.
 
Thank you for joining.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
<div style="margin-left:0.811cm;margin-right:0cm;"></div>
 

Latest revision as of 13:10, 23 January 2023

Conductivity


Author: Vidhi Thakur


Keywords: PhET simulation, Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.


Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Conductivity.
Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn how,
  • Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.
  • Large band gap in plastics do not allow conductivity.
  • Shining light on a photoconductor causes it to conduct electricity.
Slide Number 3

System Requirement

Here I am using,
  • Windows 11 (64 bit).
  • Java Version 1.8.
Slide Number 4

Pre-requisites


https://spoken-tutorial.org

To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.


Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET simulations.

Slide Number 5

PhET simulations

Point to https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about

Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.


https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about

Point to the file in the Downloads folder. I have downloaded the Conductivity simulation to my Downloads folder.
Double click the file to open To open the simulation, double-click on the file.
Cursor on the interface. This is the interface of Conductivity simulation.
Cursor on main panel.


Cursor on input box.



Cursor on electrons.



Cursor on the block.


The main panel consists of a circuit.

The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage.


Electrons represented as blue spheres are seen throughout the circuit.


A block of material is attached to the circuit at the bottom of the simulation.

Cursor on left panel.

Point to the two bands.


Point to the lower band.


Point to the higher band.


Point to the gap.

The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands.


Low energy band is valence band and high energy band is conduction band.


The material conducts electricity when electrons are present in the conduction band.


The gap between the two bands is known as bandgap.

Point to the lower band. We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state.
Cursor on Materials panel on the right.

Point one by one.


Cursor on shine the light checkbox.

On the right panel we can see the Materials section.


It has Metal, Plastic and Photoconductor radio buttons.


On the right panel the Shine The Light option is available.

Cursor on torch. At the bottom, we have a torch to shine light.
Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.2 volts. Let us leave the default selection of material as Metal.


Click the up arrow in the Battery Voltage box to increase the voltage to 0.2 volts.

Point to the circuit. Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit.


It means current is flowing through the circuit.

Point to the valence band in the left panel. Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band.
Click on the Pause button. Let us now pause the simulation.
Point to the circuit.

Point to the circuit.

This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity.


Observe that electrons are present in the circuit, but are not moving.

Click the Play button at the bottom. Now click the Play button.
Only narration The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage.
Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V. Let's increase the voltage to 2 volts and observe.
Point to the circuit. As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases.


The electrons now move faster and also move to higher energy levels.

Only narration. This makes metal good conductors of electricity.
Click on the Plastic radio button.


Point to band gap in the left panel.

Let us change the material to Plastic.


Observe that the energy gap between the two bands has increased.

Point to the circuit and to Voltage box: 2 V. We do not see the movement of electrons, even at high voltage.
Click the Shine The Light checkbox. Now let us click the Shine The Light checkbox.


Observe that even after shining light electrons are not moving.

Cursor on left panel >> band gap. The band gap for plastic is high.


So current does not flow in the circuit even after shining the light.


Hence plastic is a non-conductor.

Uncheck the Shine The Light check box. Let us uncheck the Shine The Light check box.
Click on the Photoconductor radio button. Let us change the material to Photoconductor.
Point to Voltage box: 2 V. Even at high voltage no movement of electrons is seen.
Click the Shine The Light check box.


Point to the movement of electrons.

Let us shine the light now.


We can now see the movement of electrons as light strikes the photoconductor.

Point to the electrons in the energy bands in the left panel. Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band.
Cursor on Left panel. Band gap for a photoconductor is less than plastic and more than metal.


Hence when light strikes the material it excites electrons to high energy levels.

Only narration This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap.


Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities.

Only Narration With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let's summarise.

Slide Number 6

Summary

In this tutorial we have learnt how,
  • Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.
  • Large band gap in plastics do not allow conductivity.
  • Shining light on a photoconductor causes it to conduct electricity.
Slide Number 7

Assignment

Here is an assignment for you.

Check if,

  • The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.
  • Photoconductors conduct electricity when voltage is decreased after shining the light.
Slide Number 8

About Spoken Tutorial Project

The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.


Please download and watch it.

Slide Number 9

Spoken tutorial workshops

We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.


For more details, please contact us.

Slide Number 10

Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial

Please post your timed queries in this forum.
Slide Number 11

Acknowledgements

Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
Slide Number 12

Thank you

This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.

Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig, Nancyvarkey, Vidhithakur

Retrieved from "https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php?title=PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C2/Conductivity/English&oldid=56132"