Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Sugar-and-Salt-solutions/English"

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(Created page with "'''Sugar and Salt Solutions''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: '''PhET simulation''', '''Sugar, Salts, solute, molarity, concentration, evaporation, Conductivity,...")
 
 
(8 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 16: Line 16:
  
 
'''Title Slide'''
 
'''Title Slide'''
−
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''Sugar and Salt solutions.'''
+
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''Sugar and Salt solutions'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 2'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 2'''
Line 25: Line 25:
 
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,
 
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,
  
 +
Change in concentration of the solution on:
 +
* addition of a solute
 +
* addition of a solvent
 +
* evaporation
 +
|-
  
−
*Change in concentration of the solution on:
+
|| '''Slide Number 3'''
−
*addition of a solute
+
−
*addition of a solvent
+
−
*evaporation
+
  
 +
'''Learning Objectives'''
  
−
Conductivity of a solution
+
|| Conductivity of a solution
  
 
Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
 
Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 3'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
  
 
'''System Requirement'''
 
'''System Requirement'''
Line 42: Line 45:
  
  
−
'''Windows 11 (64 bit).'''
+
'''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''
−
 
+
−
'''Java version 1.8'''
+
  
 +
'''Java version 1.8'''.
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||'''Slide Number 4'''
+
||'''Slide Number 5'''
  
 
'''Pre-requisites'''
 
'''Pre-requisites'''
 +
'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]'''
 +
 
||To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
 
||To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
  
  
−
Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.
+
Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.
−
 
+
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||'''Slide Number 5'''
+
||'''Slide Number 6'''
  
 
'''Link for PhET simulation'''
 
'''Link for PhET simulation'''
Line 68: Line 71:
  
 
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions'''
 
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions'''
−
||'''Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.'''
 
  
 +
||Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.
  
−
'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions'''
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
 
||'''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
−
||I have downloaded'''Sugar and Salt Solutions'''simulation, to my'''Downloads'''folder.
+
||I have downloaded '''Sugar and Salt Solutions''' simulation, to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Double click the file to open'''
 
||'''Double click the file to open'''
Line 81: Line 83:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Cursor on the interface.'''
 
||'''Cursor on the interface.'''
−
||This is the interface of'''Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation'''
+
||This is the interface of '''Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on simulation interface.
 
|| Cursor on simulation interface.
Line 87: Line 89:
  
 
Move the cursor on the tabs, '''Macro, Micro and Water'''.
 
Move the cursor on the tabs, '''Macro, Micro and Water'''.
−
 
  
  
Line 96: Line 97:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on Macro interface.
 
|| Cursor on Macro interface.
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
 
|| '''Macro '''tab opens first by default.
 
|| '''Macro '''tab opens first by default.
  
  
 
The main panel shows a container with inlet and outlet water faucets.
 
The main panel shows a container with inlet and outlet water faucets.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Show the location of inlet and outlet Faucets.
 
|| Show the location of inlet and outlet Faucets.
Line 116: Line 113:
  
  
−
The markings show 0 Litre, 1 Litre and 2 Litres.
+
The markings show 0 '''Litre''', 1 '''Litre''' and 2 '''Litres'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Show salt shaker.
 
|| Show salt shaker.
Line 122: Line 119:
  
 
Shake the salt dispenser to add salt to the container.
 
Shake the salt dispenser to add salt to the container.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
−
|| On the right, we see '''Solute''', '''Concentration '''and''' Conductivity '''panels.
+
|| On the right, we see '''Solute''', '''Concentration ''' and ''' Conductivity '''panels.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
Line 130: Line 128:
  
 
Point to the options.
 
Point to the options.
−
|| From the '''Solute''' panel, the solute type can be selected.
+
|| The '''Solute''' panel shows '''Salt''' and '''Sugar''' radio buttons.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
The '''Solute''' panel shows '''Salt''' and '''Sugar''' radio buttons.
+
  
 
From here we can select the solute type.
 
From here we can select the solute type.
Line 155: Line 150:
  
 
Drag the Evaporation slider from none to lots.
 
Drag the Evaporation slider from none to lots.
−
|| At the bottom we see '''Evaporation''' panel with a slider.  
+
|| At the bottom we see '''Evaporation''' panel with a slider.
−
 
+
−
 
+
  
  
Line 164: Line 157:
  
 
Observe the change in the concentration in the '''Concentration''' panel.
 
Observe the change in the concentration in the '''Concentration''' panel.
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
As water evaporates the concentration of the salt increases.
 
As water evaporates the concentration of the salt increases.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Cursor to the bottom of container
+
|| Cursor to the bottom of container.
 
|| There is a '''Remove salt '''button at the bottom of the container.  
 
|| There is a '''Remove salt '''button at the bottom of the container.  
  
Line 179: Line 168:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button.
 
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button.
−
|| '''Reset All '''button resets the simulation to default parameters.
+
|| '''Reset All ''' button resets the simulation to default parameters.
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the water container.
 
|| Cursor on the water container.
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
Click on the show value check box.
 
Click on the show value check box.
Line 201: Line 184:
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser.  
 
|| Shake the salt dispenser.  
 
|| Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.
 
|| Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 7'''
  
  
−
'''Definition of concentration'''
+
'''Concentration and Molarity'''
  
  
−
 
+
|| Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given solution.  
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
||  
+
−
 
+
−
Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given solution.  
+
  
  
 
Molarity is one way of expressing concentration.  
 
Molarity is one way of expressing concentration.  
  
 +
|-
  
−
Molarity = Number of moles of the solute/Volume of the solution in litres(L)
+
||'''Slide Number 8'''
  
−
Molarity (M) = n/Vyes after recording the concentration as a slide with tableThe show values values check box shows various values of molarity.
 
  
−
Using the molarity we can calculate the amount of salt added.
 
  
−
We can show a table here with different molarities and the respective weights.
+
'''Molarity'''
 +
|| Molarity is equal to Number of moles of the solute by Volume of solution in litres(L)
  
−
 
+
Molarity(M) is equal to n by V(n/V).
−
 
+
−
|-
+
−
||
+
−
||
+
−
|-
+
−
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
+
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on concentration panel
 
|| Cursor on concentration panel
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
Shake the dispenser to add salt
 
Shake the dispenser to add salt
−
|| On adding salt, concentration increases as seen in the concentration panel.
+
|| On adding salt, concentration increases as seen in the '''Concentration''' panel.
  
  
 
I will record the change in concentration.
 
I will record the change in concentration.
−
|-
 
−
|| '''Slide Number 7'''
 
−
 
−
'''Calculations'''
 
−
|| Solute in the shaker is 100 g
 
−
 
−
Molecular weight of sodium chloride(NaCl) is 58.44 g/mol
 
−
 
−
Molarity = Weight /(Molecular wt x V)
 
−
 
−
Molarity = 100 / (58.44 x 1)
 
−
 
−
Molarity <nowiki>= 1.72 M(molar)</nowiki>
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on concentration panel
 
|| Cursor on concentration panel
Line 271: Line 223:
  
  
−
Let’s tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.
+
Let's tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
  
 
'''Table 1'''
 
'''Table 1'''
 
|| Here I have calculated the amount of solute for different concentrations.
 
|| Here I have calculated the amount of solute for different concentrations.
−
|-
+
 
−
||
+
−
||
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Drag the slider on the inlet Faucet.
 
||Drag the slider on the inlet Faucet.
−
||Let’s add some water to the container till the 1.5 litres mark.okayhere you can specify how much water is added as the container is graduated.
+
||Let's add some water to the container till the 1.5 litres mark.
  
  
Line 297: Line 248:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on Evaporation panel.
 
|| Cursor on Evaporation panel.
−
 
−
 
  
  
Line 308: Line 257:
  
  
−
I will drag the evaporation slider from '''none '''to''' lots '''to decrease the volume.
+
I will drag the evaporation slider from '''none ''' to ''' lots ''' to decrease the volume.
  
  
Line 314: Line 263:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor to the green electrode
 
|| Cursor to the green electrode
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
Cursor to red electrode
 
Cursor to red electrode
−
 
  
  
Line 326: Line 271:
 
|| Let us now check the '''Conductivity''' panel.
 
|| Let us now check the '''Conductivity''' panel.
  
−
It has a circuit with a green negatively charged anode.
+
It consists of a circuit with a green negatively charged anode.
  
  
Line 332: Line 277:
  
  
−
A bulb is connected to a battery to observe the luminescence conductivity.  
+
A bulb is connected to a battery to observe the conductivity.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
−
 
−
 
  
  
Line 342: Line 285:
  
  
−
 
+
Cursor towards the bulb.
−
 
+
−
Cursor towards the blub
+
 
|| Now let us observe the conductivity of the solution.
 
|| Now let us observe the conductivity of the solution.
  
Line 359: Line 300:
  
  
−
 
+
|| Let's add more salt to the container.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
|| Let’s add more salt to the container.
+
  
  
 
The bulb glows brighter as the concentration of salt in the solution increases.
 
The bulb glows brighter as the concentration of salt in the solution increases.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 379: Line 315:
  
 
Click on the show values checkbox
 
Click on the show values checkbox
−
||Click on the'''Reset All '''button.
+
||Click on the '''Reset All ''' button.
  
  
−
Let us select the '''Show values''' checkbox in the Concentration panel.
+
Let us select the '''Show values''' checkbox in the right panel.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the water container.
 
|| Cursor on the water container.
 +
|| Now let us observe the concentration of sugar in water.
  
  
−
 
+
Click on the '''Sugar '''radio button to select sugar as solute.
−
|| Let us observe the concentration of sugar in water.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Click on the'''Sugar '''radio button to select sugar as solute.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Shake the sugar dispenser.
 
|| Shake the sugar dispenser.
−
|| Let’s add sugar to the container.  
+
|| Let's add sugar to the container.  
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on concentration panel
 
|| Cursor on concentration panel
−
 
−
 
  
  
Line 407: Line 338:
  
  
−
Let’s add more sugar to the container and record the concentration.
+
Let's add more sugar to the container and record the concentration.
  
  
−
Let’s tabulate the results.
+
Let's tabulate the results.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 10'''
  
 
'''Table 2'''
 
'''Table 2'''
Line 421: Line 352:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
Drag the circuit inside the solution
 
Drag the circuit inside the solution
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
Cursor towards the blub
 
Cursor towards the blub
−
|| Let us observe the conductivity of sugar solution.
+
|| Now let us observe the conductivity of the solution.
  
  
−
Drag and place the circuit inside the solution.
+
Let us drag and place the conductivity circuit inside the solution.
  
  
Line 440: Line 366:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the solution and bulb.
 
|| Point to the solution and bulb.
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
 
|| This is because sugar does not dissociate into ions.
 
|| This is because sugar does not dissociate into ions.
  
 
Hence cannot conduct electricity.
 
Hence cannot conduct electricity.
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on the micro tab to open.
 
|| Click on the micro tab to open.
−
|| To observe this phenomenon in detail click the '''Micro '''tab to open it.
+
|| To observe this phenomenon in detail click the '''Micro ''' tab to open it.
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
Line 459: Line 380:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
 
|| Cursor on right panel.
−
 
+
|| On the right, you will see '''Solute ''' and '''Concentration ''' panels.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
|| On the right, you will see '''Solute '''and '''Concentration '''panels.
+
  
  
Line 470: Line 386:
  
  
−
Let us look at the '''Concentration''' panel.
+
'''Concentration''' panel, represents sodium as purple spheres and chloride as green spheres.
−
 
+
−
Here sodium ion is shown as a purple sphere and chloride ion as green sphere.
+
  
  
Line 481: Line 395:
  
 
Cursor on pause and slow button
 
Cursor on pause and slow button
−
 
  
  
Line 493: Line 406:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Shake salt shaker in a container,
 
|| Shake salt shaker in a container,
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
Click on the pause button.
 
Click on the pause button.
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
Click the slow-motion button multiple times.
 
Click the slow-motion button multiple times.
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
  
Line 524: Line 428:
  
  
−
On adding the salt to water it dissociates into ions of opposite charges.
+
On adding salt to water it dissociates into ions of opposite charges.
  
  
−
Observe the increase in concentration of the ions in the right panel.
+
Also, observe an increase in concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the right panel.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
Click on the Sucrose option in the solute panel.
 
Click on the Sucrose option in the solute panel.
  
−
Add Sucrose
+
Add Sucrose to the container.
−
to the container.
+
  
  
 
Cursor towards the container.
 
Cursor towards the container.
−
|| Let’s click the '''Reset All''' button to reset the simulation to default parameters.
+
|| Let's click on the '''Reset All''' button to reset the simulation to default parameters.
  
  
Line 547: Line 448:
  
  
−
Let’s add '''Sucrose '''to the container.
+
Let's add '''Sucrose''' to the container.
  
  
−
As observed, '''Sucrose '''does not dissociate into ions.
+
As observed, '''Sucrose ''' does not dissociate into ions.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the molecules in the container.
 
|| Point to the molecules in the container.
Line 559: Line 460:
  
  
−
This explains the conductivity of salts but not sugar.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click the arrow button to show the solutes.
 
|| Click the arrow button to show the solutes.
Line 566: Line 466:
  
 
You can practise with the other solutes present in the panel.
 
You can practise with the other solutes present in the panel.
−
 
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on Periodic table button.
 
|| Cursor on Periodic table button.
−
 
−
 
−
 
  
  
 
Click on the button.
 
Click on the button.
−
 
−
 
  
  
Line 601: Line 495:
  
 
It shows a magnified version of molecular interactions between water molecules.
 
It shows a magnified version of molecular interactions between water molecules.
−
 
  
  
Line 609: Line 502:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
 
|| Cursor on the right panel.
−
 
  
  
Line 633: Line 525:
  
 
Cursor on water partial charges in the container.
 
Cursor on water partial charges in the container.
−
|| On the bottom right panel, you will see the '''Show '''panel.
+
|| On the bottom right panel, you will see the '''Show ''' panel.
  
  
−
It has two options, Water partial charges and Sugar highlight .
+
It has two options, '''Water partial charges''' and '''Sugar highlight'''.
  
  
−
Sugar highlight option is selected by default.
+
'''Sugar highlight''' option is selected by default.
  
  
Line 645: Line 537:
  
  
−
Lets uncheck the '''Sugar highlight '''option.
+
Let's uncheck the '''Sugar highlight ''' option.
  
  
Line 651: Line 543:
  
  
−
Click the '''Water partial charges''' option.
+
Click the '''Water partial charges''' option to see the partial charges on the water molecule.
−
 
+
−
Partial charges are shown on all water molecules.
+
  
  
Line 672: Line 562:
  
 
Click on the Ball and stick model.
 
Click on the Ball and stick model.
−
|| In the right panel, we can also see a '''Sugar in 3D '''button.
+
|| In the right panel, we can also see a '''Sugar in 3D ''' button.
  
  
Line 681: Line 571:
  
  
−
Now Let’s select the Ball and stick option.
+
Now Let's select the '''Ball and stick''' option.
  
  
−
The sticks in the model represent covalent bonds between adjacent atoms.  
+
The sticks in the model represents covalent bonds between adjacent atoms.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on the X button to close.
 
|| Click on the X button to close.
Line 704: Line 594:
  
  
−
|| Now let’s add salt to water and immediately pause the simulation.
+
|| Now let's add salt to water and immediately pause the simulation.
  
  
−
Observe the orientation of water’s partial charges with sodium and chloride ions.
+
Observe the orientation of water's partial charges with sodium and chloride ions.
  
  
Line 718: Line 608:
 
This demonstrates the dissociation at molecular level in the water.
 
This demonstrates the dissociation at molecular level in the water.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||Click on the'''Reset All'''.
+
||Click on the '''Reset All'''.
  
  
 
Click on the water partial charges option.
 
Click on the water partial charges option.
−
||Click on the'''Reset All '''button on the right panel.
+
||Click on the '''Reset All '''button on the right panel.
  
  
−
Select the water partial charges option in the '''Show''' panel.
+
Select the '''water partial charges''' option in the '''Show''' panel.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Add sugar to water and pause the simulation.
 
|| Add sugar to water and pause the simulation.
Line 740: Line 630:
  
  
−
This resists its dissociation in water so no ions are formed.
+
This resists its dissociation in water, so no ions are formed.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 7'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 11'''
  
 
'''Summary'''
 
'''Summary'''
−
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
+
|| With this we have come to the end of this tutorial.
  
 
Let's summarise.
 
Let's summarise.
Line 754: Line 644:
  
 
Change in concentration of the solution on:
 
Change in concentration of the solution on:
−
*addition of a solute
+
* addition of a solute
−
*addition of a solvent
+
* addition of a solvent
−
*evaporation
+
* evaporation
 +
|-
  
 +
||'''Slide Number 12'''
  
 +
'''Summary'''
  
−
Conductivity of a solution.
+
||Conductivity of a solution.
  
 
Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
 
Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 13'''
  
 
'''Assignment'''
 
'''Assignment'''
−
||  
+
|| As an assignment,
−
 
+
−
As an assignment,
+
  
  
Line 777: Line 668:
 
Interpret the possible dissociated ions and predict their conductivity.
 
Interpret the possible dissociated ions and predict their conductivity.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide''': 9
+
|| '''Slide Number 14'''
 +
 
  
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
 
||The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.  
 
||The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.  
−
*Please download and watch it.  
+
* Please download and watch it.  
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide''': 10
+
|| '''Slide Number 15'''
 +
 
  
 
'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 
'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 
||We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.  
 
||We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.  
−
*For more details, please contact us.  
+
* For more details, please contact us.  
  
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide''': 11
+
|| '''Slide Number 16'''
 +
 
  
 
'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
 
'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
Line 808: Line 702:
  
 
You will have to register on this website to ask questions.  
 
You will have to register on this website to ask questions.  
−
|| * <div style="margin-left:1.245cm;margin-right:0cm;">Please post your timed queries in this forum.
+
||  
−
 
+
* Please post your timed queries in this forum.
  
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide''': 17
+
|| '''Slide Number 17'''
  
−
'''Forum '''
 
−
||The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial.
 
−
*Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them.
 
−
*This will help reduce the clutter.
 
−
*With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
 
−
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|| '''Slide''': 12
 
  
 
'''Acknowledgement '''
 
'''Acknowledgement '''
 
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India  
 
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India  
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
||'''Slide Number 18'''
−
||This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE
+
−
*summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay
+
−
*signing off
+
  
 +
'''Thank you'''
 +
||This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off
  
  

Latest revision as of 15:28, 10 January 2023

Sugar and Salt Solutions


Author: Vidhi Thakur


Keywords: PhET simulation, Sugar, Salts, solute, molarity, concentration, evaporation, Conductivity, water partial charges, space fill format and Ball and stick format, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.


Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to this tutorial on Sugar and Salt solutions.
Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives


In this tutorial, we will learn about,

Change in concentration of the solution on:

  • addition of a solute
  • addition of a solvent
  • evaporation
Slide Number 3

Learning Objectives

Conductivity of a solution

Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.

Slide Number 4

System Requirement

Here I am using


Windows 11 (64 bit)

Java version 1.8.


Slide Number 5

Pre-requisites https://spoken-tutorial.org

To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.


Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.


Slide Number 6

Link for PhET simulation

point to


https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions

Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.


Point to the file in the Downloads folder. I have downloaded Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation, to my Downloads folder.
Double click the file to open To open the simulation double click on the file.
Cursor on the interface. This is the interface of Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation
Cursor on simulation interface.


Move the cursor on the tabs, Macro, Micro and Water.


The simulation interface has 3 tabs.


Macro, Micro and Water.

Cursor on Macro interface. Macro tab opens first by default.


The main panel shows a container with inlet and outlet water faucets.

Show the location of inlet and outlet Faucets. Inlet water faucet is placed at the top-left of the container.


Outlet water faucet is placed at the bottom-right of the container.

Cursor on the container. The container is graduated and filled with water.


The markings show 0 Litre, 1 Litre and 2 Litres.

Show salt shaker. A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.

Shake the salt dispenser to add salt to the container.

Cursor on the right panel. On the right, we see Solute, Concentration and Conductivity panels.
Cursor on the right panel.


Point to the options.

The Solute panel shows Salt and Sugar radio buttons.

From here we can select the solute type.

Let us keep the default solute as salt.


Cursor on the right panel.


Click on the show values checkbox

The Concentration panel shows the concentration as a bar graph.


Let us check the Show values checkbox to see the concentration values.

Cursor to bottom panel


Drag the Evaporation slider from none to lots.

At the bottom we see Evaporation panel with a slider.


To evaporate water, drag the slider from none to lots.


Observe the change in the concentration in the Concentration panel.


As water evaporates the concentration of the salt increases.

Cursor to the bottom of container. There is a Remove salt button at the bottom of the container.

On clicking this button salt is removed from the solution.

Click the Reset All button. Reset All button resets the simulation to default parameters.
Cursor on the water container.

Click on the show value check box.

Let us observe the concentration of salt in water.


Let the water level in the container be at 1 litre mark.


Let us check the Show values box.

Shake the salt dispenser. Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.
Slide Number 7


Concentration and Molarity


Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given solution.


Molarity is one way of expressing concentration.

Slide Number 8


Molarity

Molarity is equal to Number of moles of the solute by Volume of solution in litres(L)

Molarity(M) is equal to n by V(n/V).


Cursor on concentration panel


Shake the dispenser to add salt

On adding salt, concentration increases as seen in the Concentration panel.


I will record the change in concentration.

Cursor on concentration panel Let us add more salt and record the change in concentration.


Let's tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.

Slide Number 9

Table 1

Here I have calculated the amount of solute for different concentrations.


Drag the slider on the inlet Faucet. Let's add some water to the container till the 1.5 litres mark.


Observe the concentration in the panel.

Cursor on the simulation. A decrease in concentration is observed.


As per the formula concentration is inversely related to the volume of solution.


Hence on increasing the volume, concentration decreases.

Cursor on Evaporation panel.


Slide the evaporation slider to the right.


Cursor to the concentration panel.

Now let us see the effect of evaporation on concentration.


I will drag the evaporation slider from none to lots to decrease the volume.


We can see an increase in concentration as the volume decreases.

Cursor to the green electrode

Cursor to red electrode


Cursor to bulb and battery

Let us now check the Conductivity panel.

It consists of a circuit with a green negatively charged anode.


The red positively charged electrode acts as a cathode.


A bulb is connected to a battery to observe the conductivity.

Cursor on the right panel.


Drag the circuit inside the solution


Cursor towards the bulb.

Now let us observe the conductivity of the solution.


Let us drag the circuit inside the solution.


The bulb glows now.

Shake the salt dispenser.


Cursor to the bulb


Let's add more salt to the container.


The bulb glows brighter as the concentration of salt in the solution increases.

Point to the bulb. Dissociated salts conduct electricity through ions.

Hence intensity of brightness increases.

Click on Reset all button


Click on the show values checkbox

Click on the Reset All button.


Let us select the Show values checkbox in the right panel.

Cursor on the water container. Now let us observe the concentration of sugar in water.


Click on the Sugar radio button to select sugar as solute.

Shake the sugar dispenser. Let's add sugar to the container.


Cursor on concentration panel


Shake the dispenser to add salt

On adding sugar concentration increases as seen in the Concentration panel.


Let's add more sugar to the container and record the concentration.


Let's tabulate the results.

Slide Number 10

Table 2

Molecular weight of sugar is 342.3 g/mol


Here I have calculated the amount of sugar for different concentrations.

Cursor on right panel.

Drag the circuit inside the solution


Cursor towards the blub

Now let us observe the conductivity of the solution.


Let us drag and place the conductivity circuit inside the solution.


This time the bulb does not glow.

Point to the solution and bulb. This is because sugar does not dissociate into ions.

Hence cannot conduct electricity.

Click on the micro tab to open. To observe this phenomenon in detail click the Micro tab to open it.
Cursor on the interface. In the Micro tab, molecular movement of ions can be observed in the solution.
Cursor on right panel. On the right, you will see Solute and Concentration panels.


The Solute panel shows different solutes.


Concentration panel, represents sodium as purple spheres and chloride as green spheres.


Sucrose is represented as a molecule with white, grey and red spheres.

Cursor on the water container.


Cursor on pause and slow button


I will keep Sodium chloride as the default solute.


On the bottom left pause and slow-motion buttons can be seen.


Slow-motion button can be used to observe the dissociation in slow motion.

Shake salt shaker in a container,


Click on the pause button.


Click the slow-motion button multiple times.


Cursor in right panel

Let us add sodium chloride to the container using the salt shaker.


Click the pause button as soon as the molecules touch the surface of water.


Now click the slow-motion button multiple times to observe slow dissociation.


I will continue to click the button until all the atoms ionize.


On adding salt to water it dissociates into ions of opposite charges.


Also, observe an increase in concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the right panel.

Cursor on the right panel.


Click on the Sucrose option in the solute panel.

Add Sucrose to the container.


Cursor towards the container.

Let's click on the Reset All button to reset the simulation to default parameters.


Now I will change the solute to Sucrose.


Let's add Sucrose to the container.


As observed, Sucrose does not dissociate into ions.

Point to the molecules in the container. Sucrose will not dissociate, as it is a molecular solid with covalent bonding.


So it will not show conductivity as shown by salts.


Click the arrow button to show the solutes. Now slide the solute panel to explore more solutes.


You can practise with the other solutes present in the panel.


Cursor on Periodic table button.


Click on the button.


Close the periodic table box.

The Periodic table button is present in the right panel.


This gives information about the elements present in the selected molecule.


They can be individually identified as metals or non-metals.


Close the periodic table box.

Click on the Water tab.


Cursor on magnified view.

Now click on the Water tab.


It shows a magnified version of molecular interactions between water molecules.


Point to sugar and salt in molecular form. Interface shows salt and sugar as solutes in molecular form.
Cursor on the right panel.


Cursor on options and buttons.



Point to sugar highlight option.


Point to the sugar molecules in the Sugar bucket.


Uncheck the Sugar highlight option.

Point to the sugar molecules in the Sugar bucket.


Click the Water partial charges option.


Cursor on water partial charges in the container.

On the bottom right panel, you will see the Show panel.


It has two options, Water partial charges and Sugar highlight.


Sugar highlight option is selected by default.


Here the sugar molecules are highlighted in yellow colour.


Let's uncheck the Sugar highlight option.


Observe that sugar molecules appear in their default colours.


Click the Water partial charges option to see the partial charges on the water molecule.


Cursor on the button.



Click on the Sugar in 3D button.



Point to the model in the window.


Click on the Ball and stick model.

In the right panel, we can also see a Sugar in 3D button.


Now I will click the Sugar in 3D button.


A window opens with a 3D model of sugar in space fill format.


Now Let's select the Ball and stick option.


The sticks in the model represents covalent bonds between adjacent atoms.

Click on the X button to close. Let us close the window.
Add salt and pause the simulation.


Cursor on the magnified view.



Cursor on negatively charged charges.


Cursor on positively charged charges.


Now let's add salt to water and immediately pause the simulation.


Observe the orientation of water's partial charges with sodium and chloride ions.


Negative partial charges coloured red are aligned around sodium ions.


Positive charges coloured white are aligned around chloride ions.


This demonstrates the dissociation at molecular level in the water.

Click on the Reset All.


Click on the water partial charges option.

Click on the Reset All button on the right panel.


Select the water partial charges option in the Show panel.

Add sugar to water and pause the simulation.


Cursor on magnified view.

Now add sugar to water and immediately pause the simulation.


This time the molecules are not aligned nor do they dissociate.


This is because sugar is a complex molecule with covalent bonds.


This resists its dissociation in water, so no ions are formed.

Slide Number 11

Summary

With this we have come to the end of this tutorial.

Let's summarise.


In this tutorial we have learnt about,


Change in concentration of the solution on:

  • addition of a solute
  • addition of a solvent
  • evaporation
Slide Number 12

Summary

Conductivity of a solution.

Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.

Slide Number 13

Assignment

As an assignment,


Explore more solutes and observe their dissociation in water.


Interpret the possible dissociated ions and predict their conductivity.

Slide Number 14


About Spoken Tutorial Project

The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
  • Please download and watch it.


Slide Number 15


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Slide Number 16


Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial

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Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

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Slide Number 17


Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
Slide Number 18

Thank you

This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off


Thank you for joining.


Contributors and Content Editors

Madhurig, Snehalathak, Vidhithakur

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