Difference between revisions of "PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Salts-and-Solubility/English"
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'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan''' | '''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan''' | ||
| − | '''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial | + | '''Keywords: '''PhET Simulation, Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, spoken tutorial, video tutorial. |
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
'''Learning Objectives''' | '''Learning Objectives''' | ||
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about, | || In this tutorial, we will learn about, | ||
| − | + | * Solubility of different salts. | |
| − | + | * Create a neutral compound from anions and cations. | |
| − | *Solubility of different salts. | + | * Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water. |
| − | + | ||
| − | *Create a neutral compound from anions and cations. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | *Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 37: | Line 29: | ||
'''Learning Objectives''' | '''Learning Objectives''' | ||
| − | || Application of Le Chaterlier’s principle to the dissolution of salts | + | || |
| − | + | * Calculate the '''Molarity''' of solutions. | |
| − | + | * Calculate '''Solubility Product''' of the salts. | |
| − | + | * Application of '''Le Chaterlier’s principle''' to the dissolution of salts. | |
| − | + | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Slide Number 4''' | ||
| + | '''Learning Objectives''' | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | * Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products. | ||
| + | * Use '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 5''' |
'''System Requirement''' | '''System Requirement''' | ||
| − | || Here I am using | + | || Here I am using, |
| − | '''Windows 11 (64 bit) | + | *'''Windows 11 (64 bit)''' |
| − | + | *'''Java version 1.8''' | |
| − | '''Java version 1.8''' | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 6''' |
'''Pre-requisites''' | '''Pre-requisites''' | ||
| + | '''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]''' | ||
| + | || To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in high school science. | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET Simulations'''. | |
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| − | Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations. | + | |
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|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 7''' |
'''Link for PhET simulation''' | '''Link for PhET simulation''' | ||
| − | + | Point to '''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts''' | |
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| − | '''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts''' | + | |
| − | + | ||
| + | || Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || | + | || Point to the file in '''Downloads folder.''' |
| − | || I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility '''simulation | + | || I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility ''' simulation to my '''Downloads''' folder. |
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Double click the file to open''' | || '''Double click the file to open''' | ||
| − | || To open the simulation double click on the file. | + | || To open the simulation double-click on the file. |
|- | |- | ||
|| '''Cursor on the interface.''' | || '''Cursor on the interface.''' | ||
| − | || This is the interface of ''' | + | || This is the interface of '''Salt and Solubility simulation'''. |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || | + | || Cursor moves across the tabs. |
| − | + | || It has 3 tabs. | |
| − | Cursor moves across the tabs. | + | |
| − | || | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | It has 3 tabs. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on Table Salt interface. | || Cursor on Table Salt interface. | ||
| − | + | || '''Table Salt ''' opens first by default. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | || '''Table Salt ''' | + | |
| Line 132: | Line 103: | ||
The markings show from 1x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters to 8x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters. | The markings show from 1x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters to 8x 10<sup>-23</sup> Liters. | ||
| + | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. | || Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container. | || Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | To drain the water from the container, drag the slider on the outlet water tap. | + | ||Drag the slider on the outlet water tap. |
| + | ||To drain the water from the container, drag the slider on the outlet water tap. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Show salt shaker. | || Show salt shaker. | ||
| Line 151: | Line 119: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
| − | || On the right panel you will see the | + | || On the right panel you will see the '''Salt''' and '''Water ''' sections. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
| − | || Salt section gives information about the ions present in the container. | + | || '''Salt''' section gives information about the ions present in the container. |
| − | It shows the number of | + | It shows the number of '''Dissolved''', '''Bound''' and '''Total''' number of ions in the container. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
| − | || The | + | || The '''Water''' section shows the volume of water in the container. |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 180: | Line 146: | ||
|| Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container. | || Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Slide Number 8''' | ||
| + | '''Solubility Product Expression: Sodium Chloride''' | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | * Table salt is scientifically called '''Sodium Chloride'''. | ||
| + | * It ionizes in water as Sodium and Chloride ions. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | ||'''Slide Number 9''' |
| − | + | ||
'''Solubility Product expression of NaCl''' | '''Solubility Product expression of NaCl''' | ||
| + | <sup>NaCl(s) ⇄ Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)</sup> | ||
| + | <sup> [Na+] [Cl-]</sup> | ||
| − | + | 1:1 | |
| − | + | <sup> [Na+]=S, [Cl-]=S</sup> | |
| + | <sup>K</sup><sub>sp</sub><sup> [Na+] [Cl-]</sup> | ||
| + | Solubility Product(<sub>sp</sub>)= SxS= S<sup>2</sup> | ||
| − | |||
| + | ||Here is the '''Solubility Product''' expression of '''Sodium Chloride'''. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ||'''Slide Number 10''' | ||
| − | + | '''Solubility Product expression of NaCl''' | |
| − | + | ||The smaller the '''Solubility Product''', the lower the solubility. | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | The smaller the Solubility Product, the lower the solubility. | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 217: | Line 185: | ||
|| Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres. | || Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | Add more salt to the container and observe the solution. | + | ||Shake the salt dispenser. |
| + | ||Add more salt to the container and observe the solution. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | || Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | ||
| Line 224: | Line 193: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on right panel. | || Cursor on right panel. | ||
| − | || Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the Salt panel on the right. | + | || Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the '''Salt''' panel on the right. |
They are equal in number. | They are equal in number. | ||
| − | The sodium chloride is neutral molecule | + | The sodium chloride is neutral molecule. |
It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. | It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. | ||
| Line 235: | Line 204: | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser. | || Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
| − | + | 87 ions in solution, no bound ions. | |
| − | + | ||
|| Add more salt to the container. | || Add more salt to the container. | ||
| Line 244: | Line 212: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the water container. | || Cursor on the water container. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|| Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water. | || Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water. | ||
The bound ions will be zero until it reaches the saturation level. | The bound ions will be zero until it reaches the saturation level. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | ||Shake the salt dispenser. | |
| − | Add more salt until you see some bound ions in the Salt panel. | + | ||Add more salt until you see some bound ions in the '''Salt''' panel. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the right panel. | || Cursor on the right panel. | ||
| Line 263: | Line 226: | ||
The bound or undissolved ions are in equilibrium with the dissolved ions in solution. | The bound or undissolved ions are in equilibrium with the dissolved ions in solution. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ||Cursor on the right panel. | ||
| − | Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed. | + | 180 dissolved ions. |
| + | ||Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed. | ||
| Line 274: | Line 240: | ||
The ions continuously go back and forth from dissolved to bound state to maintain the equilibrium. | The ions continuously go back and forth from dissolved to bound state to maintain the equilibrium. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the right panel. | || Cursor on the right panel. | ||
| − | || Molar solubility for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel. | + | || '''Molar solubility''' for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel. |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | '''Solubility Product''' can be calculated from the '''Molar Solubility''' value for each salt. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the right panel. | || Cursor on the right panel. | ||
| − | || Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for | + | || Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for '''Sodium Chloride'''. |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | It is 180 in 5 x 10<sup>-23 </sup>liters for '''Sodium Chloride'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 11''' |
'''Calculations: Molar Solubility''' | '''Calculations: Molar Solubility''' | ||
| + | || This slide shows how to calculate '''Molar Solubility''' for '''Sodium Chloride'''. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Slide Number 12''' | ||
| − | + | '''Calculations: Solubility Product of NaCl''' | |
| − | + | ||
| + | || We can also calculate '''Solubility Product''' for sodium chloride using '''Molar solubility''' values. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 13''' |
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| − | + | ||
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| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | '''Calculations: Solubility Product of NaCl''' | ||
| + | ||Please refer to the '''Additional reading material''' for details of calculations. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on Simulation interface. | || Cursor on Simulation interface. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|| Back to the simulation. | || Back to the simulation. | ||
| Line 343: | Line 293: | ||
| − | This is in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. | + | This is in accordance with '''Le Chatelier's principle'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | || Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | ||
| − | || Add more water until all the bound ions completely | + | || Add more water until all the bound ions are completely dissolved. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the simulation. | || Cursor on the simulation. | ||
| − | || Please refer to the | + | || Please refer to the '''Additional material''' link for more information on '''Le Chatelier's principle'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button. | || Click the '''Reset All '''button. | ||
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button. | || Click the '''Reset All '''button. | ||
| − | Practice with a different volume of water in the container. | + | |- |
| + | ||Narration only | ||
| + | ||Practice with a different volume of water in the container. | ||
| Line 368: | Line 320: | ||
|| 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. | || 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || | + | || Cursor on the screen. |
|| The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen. | || The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || Shake the salt dispenser. | + | || Point to the first salt in the list |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
|| The first salt in the list is '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | || The first salt in the list is '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | ||
| Line 377: | Line 332: | ||
A little amount of salt is added to the container with water. | A little amount of salt is added to the container with water. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Cursor on the right panel. | || Cursor on the right panel. | ||
| − | || Notice the ratio of Strontium to Phosphate ions in the right panel. | + | || Notice the ratio of '''Strontium''' to '''Phosphate''' ions in the right panel. |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 14''' |
| − | Solubility Product expression for Strontium | + | '''Solubility Product''' expression for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. |
| − | || This slide shows the Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate. | + | || This slide shows the '''Solubility Product''' expression for '''Strontium phosphate.''' |
| + | |- | ||
| + | ||'''Slide Number 15''' | ||
| − | The stoichiometry is 3 is to 2 (3:2). | + | '''Solubility Product Expression: Srontium Phosphate''' |
| + | || | ||
| + | The '''stoichiometry''' is 3 is to 2 (3:2). | ||
| − | Therefore the | + | Therefore the '''Strontium Phosphate''' molecule consists of: |
| − | 3 atoms of | + | 3 atoms of '''Strontium''' and 2 units of '''Phosphate'''. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser. | || Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times. | || Shake the salt dispenser a few more times. | ||
| − | You will now notice some bound | + | You will now notice some bound '''Strontium''' and '''Phosphate''' ions in the container. |
| − | + | |- | |
| − | Observe the right panel. | + | ||Observe the right panel. |
| + | ||Observe the right panel. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser. | || Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution. | || Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | ||Observe the right panel. | ||
| + | ||The solution is now saturated. The equilibrium is established. | ||
| − | |||
| − | + | At this stage, 45 '''Strontium''' and 30 '''Phosphate''' ions are in dissolved state. | |
| − | At this stage, 45 | + | |
| Line 428: | Line 377: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Observe the right panel. | || Observe the right panel. | ||
| − | || Molar solubility for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel. | + | || '''Molar solubility''' for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel. |
| − | Solubility Product can be calculated from the | + | '''Solubility Product''' can be calculated from the '''Molar Solubility''' value for each salt. |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 16''' |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | ''' Calculations: Molar solubility ''' | ||
| + | || This slide shows how to calculate '''Molar Solubility''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 17''' |
| − | ''' | + | ''' Calculations: Solubility Product''' |
| − | + | ||
| + | || I have calculated the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for '''Strontium Phosphate'''. | ||
| Line 457: | Line 401: | ||
|| Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results. | || Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 18''' |
| − | '''Assignment''' | + | '''Assignment I''' |
|| You can pause the video and do the following: | || You can pause the video and do the following: | ||
| + | * Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water. | ||
| + | * Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | + | ||'''Slide Number 19''' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | '''Assignment II''' | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | * Note the ratio of ions in each salt. | ||
| + | * Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 489: | Line 430: | ||
|| I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. | || I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || Select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10<sup>-19</sup> | + | || Select the '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-19</sup> |
| − | || I will select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10<sup>-19</sup>. | + | || I will select the '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-19</sup>. |
|- | |- | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser. | || Shake the salt dispenser. | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | || Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | ||
| − | + | |- | |
| − | Observe the ratio of dissolved cations and anions. | + | ||Cursor on right panel |
| + | ||Observe the ratio of dissolved cations and anions. | ||
| Line 506: | Line 448: | ||
This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt. | This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt. | ||
| + | |||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || | + | || Select '''Solubility Product''' as 1 x 10<sup>-7</sup>. |
| − | + | || Now increase the '''Solubility Product''' of the salt to 1x10<sup>-7</sup>. | |
| − | Select Solubility Product as 1 x 10<sup>-7</sup>. | + | |
| − | || | + | |
| − | |||
|- | |- | ||
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | || Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | ||
| Line 525: | Line 465: | ||
The number of dissolved ions is more this time. | The number of dissolved ions is more this time. | ||
| − | Hence, solubility is more when Solubility Product value is more. | + | Hence, solubility is more when '''Solubility Product''' value is more. |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 20''' |
'''Summary''' | '''Summary''' | ||
| Line 534: | Line 474: | ||
In this tutorial we have learnt about, | In this tutorial we have learnt about, | ||
| + | * Solubility of different salts | ||
| + | * Created a neutral compound from anions and cations | ||
| + | * Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water. | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Slide Number 21''' | ||
| − | + | '''Summary''' | |
| − | + | || | |
| − | + | * Calculated the '''molarity''' of solutions | |
| − | + | * Calculated '''Solubility Product''' of salts | |
| − | + | * Application of '''Le Chatelier's principle''' to the dissolution of salts | |
| − | + | ||
| − | *Calculated the molarity of solutions | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | *Calculated Solubility Product of salts | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 22''' |
'''Summary''' | '''Summary''' | ||
| − | || | + | || |
| − | + | * Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''. | |
| − | *Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products. | + | * Used '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility. |
| − | + | ||
| − | *Used Solubility Product values to predict solubility. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide Number | + | || '''Slide Number 23''' |
'''Assignment''' | '''Assignment''' | ||
| − | ''' | + | || As an assignment, |
| − | + | * Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and '''Solubility Products'''. | |
| − | |||
| + | |- | ||
| + | || '''Slide Number 24''' | ||
| − | + | '''Assignment''' | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | '''Show table 2.2''' | ||
| + | || As an assignment, | ||
| + | * Calculate the '''Molar Solubility''' and '''Solubility Product''' for the salts. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide''' | + | || '''Slide Number 25''' |
'''About Spoken Tutorial Project ''' | '''About Spoken Tutorial Project ''' | ||
| − | ||The video at the following link | + | || |
| − | + | * The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. | |
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| − | + | ||
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| + | * Please download and watch it. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide''' | + | || '''Slide Number 26''' |
| − | + | ||
'''Spoken tutorial workshops ''' | '''Spoken tutorial workshops ''' | ||
| − | ||We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates. | + | || |
| − | *For more details, please contact us. | + | * We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates. |
| − | + | * For more details, please contact us. | |
|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide''' | + | || '''Slide Number 27''' |
'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial ''' | '''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial ''' | ||
| − | + | || Please post your timed queries in this forum. | |
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|- | |- | ||
| − | || '''Slide''' | + | || '''Slide Number 28''' |
| − | ''' | + | '''Acknowledgements ''' |
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India | || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | | + | || '''Slide Number 29''' |
| + | |||
| + | '''Thank you''' | ||
|| The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay. | || The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay. | ||
| − | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE | + | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay, signing off. |
| − | + | ||
| − | summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay | + | |
| − | + | ||
| − | signing off | + | |
Thank you for joining. | Thank you for joining. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 12:29, 10 January 2023
Salts and Solubility
Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan
Keywords: PhET Simulation, Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.
| Visual Cue | Narration |
| Slide Number 1
Title Slide |
Welcome to this tutorial on Salts and Solubility |
| Slide Number 2
Learning Objectives |
In this tutorial, we will learn about,
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| Slide Number 3
Learning Objectives |
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Learning Objectives |
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| Slide Number 5
System Requirement |
Here I am using,
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| Slide Number 6
Pre-requisites |
To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
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| Slide Number 7
Link for PhET simulation Point to https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts |
Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation. |
| Point to the file in Downloads folder. | I have downloaded the Salts & Solubility simulation to my Downloads folder. |
| Double click the file to open | To open the simulation double-click on the file. |
| Cursor on the interface. | This is the interface of Salt and Solubility simulation. |
| Cursor moves across the tabs. | It has 3 tabs. |
| Cursor on Table Salt interface.
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Table Salt opens first by default.
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| Show the location of inlet and outlet taps. | Inlet water tap is placed at the top-left of the container.
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| Cursor on container. | The container is graduated and is filled with water.
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| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap. | Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container. |
| Drag the slider on the outlet water tap. | To drain the water from the container, drag the slider on the outlet water tap. |
| Show salt shaker. | A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.
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| Cursor on right panel. | On the right panel you will see the Salt and Water sections. |
| Cursor on right panel. | Salt section gives information about the ions present in the container.
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| Cursor on right panel. | The Water section shows the volume of water in the container. |
| Cursor on Reset All button. | Click on the Reset All button on the right panel.
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| Cursor on the water container. | Let us see how table salt dissolves in water.
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| Shake the salt shaker. | Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container. |
| Slide Number 8
Solubility Product Expression: Sodium Chloride |
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Solubility Product expression of NaCl NaCl(s) ⇄ Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) [Na+] [Cl-] 1:1 [Na+]=S, [Cl-]=S
Solubility Product(sp)= SxS= S2
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Here is the Solubility Product expression of Sodium Chloride. |
| Slide Number 10
Solubility Product expression of NaCl |
The smaller the Solubility Product, the lower the solubility. |
| Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres. |
| Shake the salt dispenser. | Add more salt to the container and observe the solution. |
| Cursor on sodium and chloride ions. | As soon as the salt touches the water it dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions. |
| Cursor on right panel. | Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the Salt panel on the right.
The sodium chloride is neutral molecule. It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion. |
| Shake the salt dispenser.
87 ions in solution, no bound ions. |
Add more salt to the container.
Observe the right panel. Wait for a few seconds for the solution to reach equilibrium. |
| Cursor on the water container. | Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.
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| Shake the salt dispenser. | Add more salt until you see some bound ions in the Salt panel. |
| Cursor on the right panel. | The salt solution has now reached saturation level.
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| Cursor on the right panel.
180 dissolved ions. |
Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed.
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| Cursor on the water container. | Observe the ions in the container.
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| Cursor on the right panel. | Molar solubility for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel.
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| Cursor on the right panel. | Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for Sodium Chloride.
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| Slide Number 11
Calculations: Molar Solubility |
This slide shows how to calculate Molar Solubility for Sodium Chloride. |
| Slide Number 12
Calculations: Solubility Product of NaCl
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We can also calculate Solubility Product for sodium chloride using Molar solubility values. |
| Slide Number 13
Calculations: Solubility Product of NaCl |
Please refer to the Additional reading material for details of calculations. |
| Cursor on Simulation interface. | Back to the simulation.
The number of bound ions increases in the solution. |
| Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | Add some water to the container.
Observe the ions in the panel as well as in the container. |
| Cursor on the simulation. | The number of dissolved ions increases with dilution.
This is because the bound ions now dissolve in the extra added water.
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| Drag the slider on the inlet tap. | Add more water until all the bound ions are completely dissolved. |
| Cursor on the simulation. | Please refer to the Additional material link for more information on Le Chatelier's principle. |
| Click the Reset All button. | Click the Reset All button. |
| Narration only | Practice with a different volume of water in the container.
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| Click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab. | Next click on Slightly Soluble Salts tab.
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| Cursor on the right panel. | 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here. |
| Cursor on the screen. | The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the Table Salt screen. |
| Point to the first salt in the list
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The first salt in the list is Strontium Phosphate.
Shake the salt dispenser. A little amount of salt is added to the container with water. |
| Cursor on the right panel. | Notice the ratio of Strontium to Phosphate ions in the right panel. |
| Slide Number 14
Solubility Product expression for Strontium Phosphate. |
This slide shows the Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate. |
| Slide Number 15
Solubility Product Expression: Srontium Phosphate |
The stoichiometry is 3 is to 2 (3:2). Therefore the Strontium Phosphate molecule consists of: 3 atoms of Strontium and 2 units of Phosphate. |
| Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.
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| Observe the right panel. | Observe the right panel. |
| Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution. |
| Observe the right panel. | The solution is now saturated. The equilibrium is established.
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| Observe the right panel. | Molar solubility for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel.
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Calculations: Molar solubility |
This slide shows how to calculate Molar Solubility for Strontium Phosphate. |
| Slide Number 17
Calculations: Solubility Product
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I have calculated the Molar Solubility and Solubility Product for Strontium Phosphate.
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| Cursor on the simulation interface. | Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results. |
| Slide Number 18
Assignment I |
You can pause the video and do the following:
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| Slide Number 19
Assignment II |
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| Click on Design a Salt tab. | Now click on Design a Salt tab at the top of the simulation. |
| Cursor on the simulation interface. | Here we can creatively design a salt using the different charges for cation and anion. |
| Cursor on the right panel. | On the right panel using the drop-down buttons select the charges of your choice. |
| Select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. | I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1. |
| Select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19 | I will select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19. |
| Shake the salt dispenser. | Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. |
| Cursor on right panel | Observe the ratio of dissolved cations and anions.
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| Select Solubility Product as 1 x 10-7. | Now increase the Solubility Product of the salt to 1x10-7. |
| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water. | Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
Observe the number of dissolved ions in the right panel. |
| Cursor on the right panel. | Notice the solubility of the salt.
Hence, solubility is more when Solubility Product value is more. |
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Summary |
Let us summarize.
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Summary |
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Summary |
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Assignment
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As an assignment,
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Assignment Show table 2.2 |
As an assignment,
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About Spoken Tutorial Project |
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Spoken tutorial workshops |
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Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial |
Please post your timed queries in this forum.
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Acknowledgements |
Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India |
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Thank you |
The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.
Thank you for joining. |
