Difference between revisions of "Apps-On-Physics/C2/Keplers-laws/English"

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{|border=1
 
{|border=1
 
|-
 
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'''Learning objective '''
 
'''Learning objective '''
−
|| In this tutorial we will demonstrate,
+
|| In this tutorial we will,
  
−
*'''Kepler's First Law '''and
+
Verify Kepler's first law using Kepler's first law simulation.
−
*'''Kepler's Second Law'''
+
 
 +
Calculate Aphelion and Perihelion distances.
 +
 
 +
Verify Kepler's second law using Kepler's second law simulation.
  
−
'''apps'''.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 3'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 3'''
Line 25: Line 26:
 
|| Here I am using,
 
|| Here I am using,
  
−
*'''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version 16.04
+
* '''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version 16.04
−
*'''Firefox web browser''' version 62.0.3
+
* '''Firefox web browser''' version 62.0.3
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
Line 36: Line 37:
  
 
For pre-requisitie tutorials please visit this site.
 
For pre-requisitie tutorials please visit this site.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| '''Slide Number 5'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 5'''
−
 
−
'''Learning Goals'''
 
−
|| Using these '''Apps''' we will,
 
−
* Demonstrate '''Kepler's first law'''.
 
−
* Calculate '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.
 
−
* Demonstrate '''Kepler's second law'''.
 
−
|-
 
−
|| '''Slide Number 6'''
 
  
 
'''Link for Apps on physics '''.
 
'''Link for Apps on physics '''.
  
 
'''https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen'''
 
'''https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen'''
−
|| Use the given link to download the '''apps'''.
+
|| Use the given link to download the '''Apps'''.
  
 
'''https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen'''
 
'''https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen'''
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the Downloads folder.
 
|| Point to the Downloads folder.
 
|| I have already downloaded '''Apps on Physics''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 
|| I have already downloaded '''Apps on Physics''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 +
 +
|-
 +
||'''Slide Number 6'''
 +
 +
'''Apps on Physics'''
 +
 +
|| In this tutorial we will use,
 +
 +
* '''Kepler's First Law''' and
 +
* '''Kepler's Second Law''' '''Apps'''.
 +
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Double click on '''html5phen''' folder.
 
|| Double click on '''html5phen''' folder.
  
 
Double click on '''phen''' folder.
 
Double click on '''phen''' folder.
−
|| Double click on '''html5phen '''folder, then double click on '''phen''' folder.
+
|| Double click on '''html5phen''' folder, then double click on '''phen''' folder.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Right click on''' keplerlaw1_en.htm''' file.
+
|| Right-click on''' keplerlaw1_en.htm''' file.
  
 
Select option '''Open With Firefox web Browser''' option.
 
Select option '''Open With Firefox web Browser''' option.
−
|| Right click on''' keplerlaw1_en.htm '''file.
+
|| Right-click on''' keplerlaw1_en.htm '''file.
  
 
Select the option '''Open With Firefox web Browser'''.
 
Select the option '''Open With Firefox web Browser'''.
Line 72: Line 78:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to show the law in Pink colour.
 
|| Point to show the law in Pink colour.
−
|| Here is the''' Kepler's First Law of undisturbed planetary motion'''.
+
|| Here is the '''Kepler's First Law of undisturbed planetary motion'''.
  
−
It states that, '''The orbit of each planet is an ellipse and the Sun is at one focus'''.
+
It states that, The orbit of each planet is an ellipse and the Sun is at one focus.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Scroll down the screen.
 
|| Scroll down the screen.
Line 86: Line 92:
 
Point and show '''Mercury'''.
 
Point and show '''Mercury'''.
 
|| From the drop down list select any planet or '''Halley's Comet'''.
 
|| From the drop down list select any planet or '''Halley's Comet'''.
 +
 
By default '''Mercury''' is selected.
 
By default '''Mercury''' is selected.
 
|-
 
|-
Line 105: Line 112:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Under '''Distance from the Sun''' point to '''Currently'''.
 
|| Under '''Distance from the Sun''' point to '''Currently'''.
−
|| Since the planet is revolving around the sun, its current distance  changes continuosly.
+
|| Since the planet is revolving around the Sun, its current distance  changes continuously.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to '''Minimum''' and '''Maximum Distance from the Sun'''.
 
|| Point to '''Minimum''' and '''Maximum Distance from the Sun'''.
Line 112: Line 119:
  
 
Point to '''Maximum''' value.
 
Point to '''Maximum''' value.
−
|| The '''Mercury's Minimum''' and '''Maximum''' '''Distance from the Sun''' is measured.
+
||'''Mercury's Minimum''' and '''Maximum Distance from the Sun''' is measured.
  
 
'''Minimum''' measured value is '''0.307 AU'''.
 
'''Minimum''' measured value is '''0.307 AU'''.
Line 124: Line 131:
  
 
'''Elliptical orbit''',
 
'''Elliptical orbit''',
−
'''Axes '''and  
+
'''Axes''' and  
 
'''Connecting lines'''.
 
'''Connecting lines'''.
 
|-
 
|-
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|| Click on '''Elliptical orbit''' check-box.
 
|| Click on '''Elliptical orbit''' check-box.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Point to the orbit and poisitons of''' Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion'''.
+
|| Point to the orbit and positions of''' Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion'''.
 
|| Observe that the orbit now has two positions, namely '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion'''.
 
|| Observe that the orbit now has two positions, namely '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| Click on '''Pause ''' button.
+
|| Click on '''Pause''' button.
−
|| Click on '''Pause ''' button to pause the simulation.
+
|| Click on '''Pause''' button to pause the simulation.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to the''' Maximum''' and '''Minimum''' under '''Distance from the Sun'''.
 
|| Point to the''' Maximum''' and '''Minimum''' under '''Distance from the Sun'''.
Line 149: Line 156:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on '''Resume''' button.
 
|| Click on '''Resume''' button.
−
|| Click on the '''Resume''' button.
+
|| Click on '''Resume''' button.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Select the  '''Axes''' check-box.
 
|| Select the  '''Axes''' check-box.
Line 157: Line 164:
 
|| Here we can see that semi-major axis and semi-minor axis are drawn.
 
|| Here we can see that semi-major axis and semi-minor axis are drawn.
 
|-
 
|-
−
||  
+
|| Cursor on the interface.
−
|| Let us calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distance of Mercury using the formula.
+
|| Let us calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances of Mercury using the formula.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 7'''
  
−
'''Aphelion and Perihelion Distance'''
+
'''Aphelion and Perihelion Distances'''
  
 
'''R<sub>a</sub><nowiki>=a(1+e)  </nowiki>R<sub>p</sub><nowiki>=a(1-e)</nowiki>'''
 
'''R<sub>a</sub><nowiki>=a(1+e)  </nowiki>R<sub>p</sub><nowiki>=a(1-e)</nowiki>'''
Line 175: Line 182:
  
 
'''e is eccentricity'''
 
'''e is eccentricity'''
−
|| Formula to calculate '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distance is:
+
|| Formula to calculate '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances:
  
 
'''R<sub>a</sub><nowiki>=a(1+e)</nowiki>''' '''R<sub>p</sub><nowiki>=a(1-e)</nowiki>'''  
 
'''R<sub>a</sub><nowiki>=a(1+e)</nowiki>''' '''R<sub>p</sub><nowiki>=a(1-e)</nowiki>'''  
Line 181: Line 188:
 
Where,
 
Where,
  
−
*R<sub>a</sub> is '''Aphelion''' distance.
+
* R<sub>a</sub> is '''Aphelion''' distance.
  
−
*R<sub>p </sub>is '''Perihelion''' distance.
+
* R<sub>p </sub>is '''Perihelion''' distance.
  
−
*a is semi-major axis.
+
* a is semi-major axis.
  
−
*e is '''eccentricity'''.
+
* e is '''eccentricity'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 8'''
  
 
'''Tabular Column'''
 
'''Tabular Column'''
−
|| Let us make a tabular column to show Planets, '''Eccentricity, Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.
+
|| Let us make a tabular column to show planets, '''Eccentricity''', '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 10'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
  
−
'''Aphelion and Perihelion Distance'''
+
'''Aphelion and Perihelion Distances'''
  
 
'''R<sub>a</sub><nowiki>=a(1+e) </nowiki>'''
 
'''R<sub>a</sub><nowiki>=a(1+e) </nowiki>'''
Line 211: Line 218:
 
||Let us calculate the '''Maximum''' and '''Minimum''' distance of Mercury from the Sun.
 
||Let us calculate the '''Maximum''' and '''Minimum''' distance of Mercury from the Sun.
  
−
Substitute the values of semi-major axis and '''eccentricity''' in the formula from the  '''App '''.
+
Substitute the values of '''Semi-major axis''' and '''eccentricity''' in the formula from the  '''App'''.
  
 
These are the calculated values of the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.
 
These are the calculated values of the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.
Line 222: Line 229:
 
|| Open drop down list and select Venus.
 
|| Open drop down list and select Venus.
 
|| From the drop down I will select Venus.
 
|| From the drop down I will select Venus.
 +
 
Observe that the values have changed for Venus.
 
Observe that the values have changed for Venus.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 11'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 10'''
 
'''Tabular Column'''
 
'''Tabular Column'''
  
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And entered these values in the table.
 
And entered these values in the table.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 12'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 11'''
  
 
'''Assignment'''
 
'''Assignment'''
  
−
Calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perhelion''' distances for the other planets.
+
Calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perhelion''' distances of the other planets.
  
 
Use the values of semi-major axis and '''eccentricity''' shown in the '''App'''.
 
Use the values of semi-major axis and '''eccentricity''' shown in the '''App'''.
Line 243: Line 251:
 
|| As an assignment  
 
|| As an assignment  
  
−
*Calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perhelion''' distances of the other planets.
+
* Calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perhelion''' distances of the other planets.
  
−
*Use the values of semi-major axis and '''eccentricity''' shown in the '''App'''.
+
* Use the values of semi-major axis and '''eccentricity''' shown in the '''App'''.
  
−
*Complete the table and verify the values with the ones shown in the '''App'''.
+
* Complete the table and verify the values with the ones shown in the '''App'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Click on the drop down list and select the '''Halley’s comet'''.
 
|| Click on the drop down list and select the '''Halley’s comet'''.
Line 261: Line 269:
 
|| This is because the numerical '''eccentricity''' of the '''Halley’s comet''' is close to 1.
 
|| This is because the numerical '''eccentricity''' of the '''Halley’s comet''' is close to 1.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| point to semimajor and semiminor axis.
+
|| point to semi-major and semi-minor axis.
 
|| Therefore there is a large difference in the values of semi-major and semi-minor axis.
 
|| Therefore there is a large difference in the values of semi-major and semi-minor axis.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 13'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 12'''
  
 
'''Halley’s Comet'''
 
'''Halley’s Comet'''
Line 277: Line 285:
 
|| Let us know more about Halley’s comet.
 
|| Let us know more about Halley’s comet.
  
−
*Halley’s comet is a periodic comet.
+
* Halley’s comet is a periodic comet.
  
−
*It returns to Earth’s vicinity in about every 75 years.
+
* It returns to Earth’s vicinity in about every 75 years.
  
−
*A comet appears as a bright head with a long tail.
+
* A comet appears as a bright head with a long tail.
  
−
*The tail of a comet is always directed away from the Sun.
+
* The tail of a comet is always directed away from the Sun.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  
 
||  
 
|| Now we will move on to the next '''App'''.
 
|| Now we will move on to the next '''App'''.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| To open the screen right click on '''keplerlaw2_en.htm''' and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
+
|| To open the '''App''' right click on '''keplerlaw2_en.htm''' file and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
−
|| To open the screen right click on '''keplerlaw2_en.htm''' and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
+
|| To open the '''App''' right click on '''keplerlaw2_en.htm''' file and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Point to Kepler's second law within the pink box.
 
|| Point to Kepler's second law within the pink box.
−
|| The '''App''' opens with '''Kepler's second law of the undisturbed planetary motion'''.
+
|| The '''App''' opens with '''Kepler's Second Law of the undisturbed planetary motion'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Highlight the Law from the simulation.
 
|| Highlight the Law from the simulation.
 
|| The law states that,
 
|| The law states that,
  
−
'''The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time'''.
+
The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Scroll down the screen.
 
||Scroll down the screen.
Line 338: Line 346:
 
Planets far away from Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.
 
Planets far away from Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.
 
||  
 
||  
−
*Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun so it moves with a greater velocity.
+
* Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun so it moves with a greater velocity.
  
−
*Now I will show the velocity for  Jupiter.
+
* Now I will show the velocity for  Jupiter.
  
−
*Select Jupiter from the drop down list.
+
* Select Jupiter from the drop down list.
  
−
*Jupiter has less velocity than that of Mercury.
+
* Jupiter has less velocity than that of Mercury.
  
−
*Planets far away from the Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.
+
* Planets far away from the Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| cursor on the interface.
 
|| cursor on the interface.
Line 368: Line 376:
 
|| Notice that as we increase the area, time increases.
 
|| Notice that as we increase the area, time increases.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 15'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 13'''
  
 
'''Orbital period'''
 
'''Orbital period'''
Line 381: Line 389:
 
Observe that the sweep time for each '''sector''' in '''Saturn''' is same.
 
Observe that the sweep time for each '''sector''' in '''Saturn''' is same.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 16'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 14'''
  
 
'''Assignment'''
 
'''Assignment'''
  
−
'''Select planets Venus and Uranus from the drop down list'''.
+
Select planets Venus and Uranus from the drop down list.
  
−
'''Observe the difference in the velocity'''.
+
Observe the difference in the velocity.
  
−
'''Explain your observation'''.
+
Explain your observation.
 
|| As an assignment
 
|| As an assignment
  
Line 401: Line 409:
 
|| Let us summarise
 
|| Let us summarise
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 17'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 15'''
  
 
'''Summary'''
 
'''Summary'''
 
|| Using these '''Apps''' we have,
 
|| Using these '''Apps''' we have,
  
−
*Demonstrated '''Kepler's First Law'''.
+
* Verified Kepler's first law using Kepler's first law simulation.
  
−
*Calculated '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distance.
+
* Calculated Aphelion and Perihelion distances.
 +
 
 +
* Verified Kepler's second law using Kepler's second law simulation.
  
−
*Demonstrated '''Kepler's Second Law'''.
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 18'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 16'''
  
  
Line 418: Line 427:
 
|| These Apps were created by Walter Fendt and his team.
 
|| These Apps were created by Walter Fendt and his team.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 18'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 17'''
  
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''.
 
'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''.
Line 426: Line 435:
 
Please download and watch it.
 
Please download and watch it.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 19'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 18'''
  
 
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''.
 
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''.
  
−
|| The&nbsp;'''Spoken Tutorial Project&nbsp;'''team conducts workshops and gives certificates.
+
|| The&nbsp;'''Spoken Tutorial Project&nbsp;''' team conducts workshops and gives certificates.
  
 
For more details, please write to us.
 
For more details, please write to us.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 20'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 19'''
  
 
'''Forum for specific questions:'''
 
'''Forum for specific questions:'''
Line 445: Line 454:
  
 
Someone from our team will answer them
 
Someone from our team will answer them
−
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
+
|| Please post your timed queries on this forum.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| '''Slide Number 21'''
+
|| '''Slide Number 20'''
  
 
'''Acknowledgement'''
 
'''Acknowledgement'''

Latest revision as of 12:48, 5 June 2020

Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title Slide

Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Kepler's Law.
Slide Number 2

Learning objective

In this tutorial we will,

Verify Kepler's first law using Kepler's first law simulation.

Calculate Aphelion and Perihelion distances.

Verify Kepler's second law using Kepler's second law simulation.

Slide Number 3

System Requirements

Here I am using,
  • Ubuntu Linux OS version 16.04
  • Firefox web browser version 62.0.3
Slide Number 4

Pre-requities

https://spoken-tutorial.org

To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with Apps on Physics.

For pre-requisitie tutorials please visit this site.

Slide Number 5

Link for Apps on physics .

https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen

Use the given link to download the Apps.

https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen

Point to the Downloads folder. I have already downloaded Apps on Physics to my Downloads folder.
Slide Number 6

Apps on Physics

In this tutorial we will use,
  • Kepler's First Law and
  • Kepler's Second Law Apps.
Double click on html5phen folder.

Double click on phen folder.

Double click on html5phen folder, then double click on phen folder.
Right-click on keplerlaw1_en.htm file.

Select option Open With Firefox web Browser option.

Right-click on keplerlaw1_en.htm file.

Select the option Open With Firefox web Browser.

Kepler's First Law App opens in the browser.

Point to show the law in Pink colour. Here is the Kepler's First Law of undisturbed planetary motion.

It states that, The orbit of each planet is an ellipse and the Sun is at one focus.

Scroll down the screen. Let us scroll down the screen.
Point to the green panel. The green control panel shows the parameters that we can change.
Click on drop down list and point the planets and Halley's Comet.

Point and show Mercury.

From the drop down list select any planet or Halley's Comet.

By default Mercury is selected.

Point to Semimajor axis. Here we can change the Semimajor axis from 0.1 to 100 AU.
Highlight the wordings from the interface. These lengths are in astronomical units.

1AU = 1.495 X 10^11 m

This is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.

Point to Numerical eccentricity. The Numerical eccentricity should be less than 1.
Point to Semiminor axis and Distance from the Sun. The App automatically calculates the Semiminor axis and Distance from the Sun.
Under Distance from the Sun point to Currently. Since the planet is revolving around the Sun, its current distance changes continuously.
Point to Minimum and Maximum Distance from the Sun.

Point to Minimum value.

Point to Maximum value.

Mercury's Minimum and Maximum Distance from the Sun is measured.

Minimum measured value is 0.307 AU.

And Maximum measured value is 0.467 AU.

Move the cursor at the bottom of the green panel and point to Elliptical orbit.

Axes and Connecting lines check-box.

At the bottom of the green panel there are three check-boxes.

Elliptical orbit, Axes and Connecting lines.

Click on Elliptical orbit check-box. Click on Elliptical orbit check-box.
Point to the orbit and positions of Aphelion and Perihelion. Observe that the orbit now has two positions, namely Aphelion and Perihelion.
Click on Pause button. Click on Pause button to pause the simulation.
Point to the Maximum and Minimum under Distance from the Sun. Aphelion is the Maximum distance and Perihelion is the Minimum distance from the Sun.
Click on Connecting lines check-box. Select Connecting lines check-box.
Point to F and F prime. Here we can see the foci F and F prime of the elliptical orbit.
Point to the connecting lines and foci. Note that the connecting lines between the planet and the foci are drawn.
Click on Resume button. Click on Resume button.
Select the Axes check-box. Select the Axes check-box.
Point to the lines. Here we can see that semi-major axis and semi-minor axis are drawn.
Cursor on the interface. Let us calculate the Aphelion and Perihelion distances of Mercury using the formula.
Slide Number 7

Aphelion and Perihelion Distances

Ra=a(1+e) Rp=a(1-e)

Where,

Ra is Aphelion distance (Maximum)

Rp is Perihelion distance(Minimum)

a is semimajor axis

e is eccentricity

Formula to calculate Aphelion and Perihelion distances:

Ra=a(1+e) Rp=a(1-e)

Where,

  • Ra is Aphelion distance.
  • Rp is Perihelion distance.
  • a is semi-major axis.
  • e is eccentricity.
Slide Number 8

Tabular Column

Let us make a tabular column to show planets, Eccentricity, Aphelion and Perihelion distances.
Slide Number 9

Aphelion and Perihelion Distances

Ra=a(1+e)

=0.387(1+0.206)

=0.466 AU

Rp=a(1-e)

=0.387(1-0.206)

=0.307 AU

Let us calculate the Maximum and Minimum distance of Mercury from the Sun.

Substitute the values of Semi-major axis and eccentricity in the formula from the App.

These are the calculated values of the Aphelion and Perihelion distances.

Now we will compare these values with the ones shown in the App.

Highlight the values of Minimum and Maximum distance. Observe that the values are comparable.
Open drop down list and select Venus. From the drop down I will select Venus.

Observe that the values have changed for Venus.

Slide Number 10

Tabular Column

Point to values of Minimum and Maximum distance.

Similarly I have calculated the Maximum and Minimum distance for Venus.

And entered these values in the table.

Slide Number 11

Assignment

Calculate the Aphelion and Perhelion distances of the other planets.

Use the values of semi-major axis and eccentricity shown in the App.

Complete the table and verify the values with the ones shown in the App.

As an assignment
  • Calculate the Aphelion and Perhelion distances of the other planets.
  • Use the values of semi-major axis and eccentricity shown in the App.
  • Complete the table and verify the values with the ones shown in the App.
Click on the drop down list and select the Halley’s comet. From the drop down list select Halley’s comet.
Point to show the orbit. Observe that the orbit of Halley’s comet is different from the other planets.
Point to the sun. It's orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical.
Point to numerical eccentricity. This is because the numerical eccentricity of the Halley’s comet is close to 1.
point to semi-major and semi-minor axis. Therefore there is a large difference in the values of semi-major and semi-minor axis.
Slide Number 12

Halley’s Comet

Halley’s comet is a periodic comet.

It returns to Earth’s vicinity in about every 75 years.

A comet appears as a bright head with a long tail.

The tail of a comet is always directed away from the Sun.

Let us know more about Halley’s comet.
  • Halley’s comet is a periodic comet.
  • It returns to Earth’s vicinity in about every 75 years.
  • A comet appears as a bright head with a long tail.
  • The tail of a comet is always directed away from the Sun.
Now we will move on to the next App.
To open the App right click on keplerlaw2_en.htm file and Open With Firefox Web Browser. To open the App right click on keplerlaw2_en.htm file and Open With Firefox Web Browser.
Point to Kepler's second law within the pink box. The App opens with Kepler's Second Law of the undisturbed planetary motion.
Highlight the Law from the simulation. The law states that,

The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.

Scroll down the screen. Scroll down to see the interface.
At the bottom of the green panel point to

Distance from the Sun and Velocity.

In the green control panel, App measures the Distance from the Sun and Velocity.
Point to Currently under Velocity. The current velocity of the planet is changing continuously as the planet is revolving.
Point to the Minimum and Maximum velocity. The Minimum and Maximum velocity of the planet is measured here.
Point to the Sectors and Vector of velocity check-boxes. At the bottom there are two check-boxes, Sectors and Vector of velocity.
Point to Sectors.

Drag and show the change.

By default Sectors is selected.

Next to the Sectors check-box, a slider is provided to change the area of the sector.

Click on Vector of velocity check-box. Select Vector of velocity.
Point to the vector. Here the black velocity vector shows the direction of velocity of the planet.
Point to show the Maximum velocity. The maximum velocity with which Mercury revolves is 59.1 km/s.
Point to the value of velocity.

From the drop down select Jupiter and point to the velocity.

Planets far away from Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.

  • Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun so it moves with a greater velocity.
  • Now I will show the velocity for Jupiter.
  • Select Jupiter from the drop down list.
  • Jupiter has less velocity than that of Mercury.
  • Planets far away from the Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.
cursor on the interface. This is because the Sun’s gravitational pull is stronger on the planets that are close to it.
Point to the two clocks.

Point to the “T “ to show the unit.

Observe the pink and green digital clocks.

They record the time when the planet sweeps the sectors.

This time is expressed in orbital period.

Drag the sector to show the changes. Let’s drag the sector slider to maximum.
Point to the clocks. Notice that as we increase the area, time increases.
Slide Number 13

Orbital period

The Orbital period is the time taken by the celestial object to go around the orbit of another celestial object.
Select Saturn from the drop down list.

Point to the pink and green clock which shows the sweep time.

Select the Saturn from the drop down list.

Observe that the sweep time for each sector in Saturn is same.

Slide Number 14

Assignment

Select planets Venus and Uranus from the drop down list.

Observe the difference in the velocity.

Explain your observation.

As an assignment

Select planets Venus and Uranus from the drop down list.

Observe the difference in the velocity.

Explain your observation.

Let us summarise
Slide Number 15

Summary

Using these Apps we have,
  • Verified Kepler's first law using Kepler's first law simulation.
  • Calculated Aphelion and Perihelion distances.
  • Verified Kepler's second law using Kepler's second law simulation.
Slide Number 16


Acknowledgement

These Apps were created by Walter Fendt and his team.
Slide Number 17

About Spoken Tutorial project.

The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

Slide Number 18

Spoken Tutorial workshops.

The Spoken Tutorial Project  team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.

Slide Number 19

Forum for specific questions:

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question. Explain your question briefly

Someone from our team will answer them

Please post your timed queries on this forum.
Slide Number 20

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
This is Himanshi Karwanje from IIT-Bombay.

Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Karwanjehimanshi95, Madhurig, Nancyvarkey, Snehalathak

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