Difference between revisions of "R/C2/Operations-on-Matrices-and-Data-Frames/English"

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Line 4: Line 4:
  
 
'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, matrices, data frames, adding row, adding column, video tutorial  
 
'''Keywords''': R, RStudio, matrices, data frames, adding row, adding column, video tutorial  
−
 
  
 
{| border =1
 
{| border =1
Line 19: Line 18:
 
Learning Objectives
 
Learning Objectives
 
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how to:  
 
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how to:  
−
* Perform operations on matrices  
+
* Perform operations on '''matrices'''
 
* Add rows or columns to a '''data frame'''
 
* Add rows or columns to a '''data frame'''
  
Line 38: Line 37:
  
 
|| This tutorial is recorded on
 
|| This tutorial is recorded on
−
* '''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version '''16.04'''
+
* '''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version 16.04
−
* '''R''' version '''3.4.4'''
+
* '''R''' version 3.4.4
−
* '''RStudio''' version '''1.1.456'''
+
* '''RStudio''' version 1.1.456
  
−
Install''' R''' version '''3.2.0''' or higher.  
+
Install''' R''' version 3.2.0 or higher.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Show slide  
 
|| Show slide  
Line 54: Line 53:
  
 
Highlight '''CaptaincyData.csv '''and '''myMatrix.R''' in the folder '''MatrixOps'''
 
Highlight '''CaptaincyData.csv '''and '''myMatrix.R''' in the folder '''MatrixOps'''
−
|| I have downloaded and moved these files to '''MatrixOps '''folder''' '''in '''myProject''' folder on the '''Desktop'''.  
+
|| I have downloaded and moved these files to '''MatrixOps '''folder' in '''myProject''' folder on the '''Desktop'''.  
  
 
I have also set '''MatrixOps''' folder as my '''Working directory'''.  
 
I have also set '''MatrixOps''' folder as my '''Working directory'''.  
Line 73: Line 72:
 
|| Recall that, we had created a matrix named '''matrixA.'''
 
|| Recall that, we had created a matrix named '''matrixA.'''
  
−
This matrix was extracted as a subset from the '''captaincy''' '''data frame'''.  
+
This '''matrix''' was extracted as a subset from the '''captaincy data frame'''.  
  
 
We will use '''matrixA''' here also.  
 
We will use '''matrixA''' here also.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight the '''Source''' button
 
|| Highlight the '''Source''' button
−
|| Run this '''script''' '''myMatrix.R''' to load the values in the '''Workspace'''.  
+
|| Run this '''script myMatrix.R''' to load the values in the '''Workspace'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight '''captaincy''' in the '''Source''' window  
 
|| Highlight '''captaincy''' in the '''Source''' window  
Line 86: Line 85:
 
|| I will resize the '''Source''' window.  
 
|| I will resize the '''Source''' window.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
|| Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment '''window''' '''
+
|| Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment '''window.
 
|| Now let us learn how to find the inverse of '''matrixA'''.  
 
|| Now let us learn how to find the inverse of '''matrixA'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 113: Line 112:
  
 
Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment''' window  
 
Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Environment''' window  
−
|| Now let us calculate the sum of all the elements in '''matrixA'''.
+
|| Now let us calculate the sum of all the '''elements''' in '''matrixA'''.
  
−
First, we shall use '''nested for''' loops for calculating this sum.  
+
First, we shall use '''nested for loops''' for calculating this sum.  
  
 
Also, we shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way.
 
Also, we shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way.
Line 121: Line 120:
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
  
−
'''#''' '''Calculating sum using for loop '''
+
'''# Calculating sum using for loop '''
−
|| let us add a comment '''Calculating sum using for loop '''in the '''script'''.  
+
|| Let us add a '''comment - Calculating sum using for loop '''in the '''script'''.  
  
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using for loop'''. Press '''Enter'''.  
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using for loop'''. Press '''Enter'''.  
Line 131: Line 130:
 
|| To calculate the time taken, we record the present time.  
 
|| To calculate the time taken, we record the present time.  
  
−
In the '''Source''' window, type '''startTime''' then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''')''' '''keys simultaneously.  
+
In the '''Source''' window, type '''start Time''' with capital T.
  
−
Next, type''' Sys''' dot '''time''' followed by parentheses.  
+
Then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''') keys simultaneously.
 +
 
 +
Next, type''' Sys''' dot '''time''' followed by '''parentheses'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight '''Sys.time''' in the '''Source''' window
 
|| Highlight '''Sys.time''' in the '''Source''' window
−
|| '''Sys.time()''' is used to find the absolute date-time value in the current time zone.  
+
|| '''Sys.time()''' is used to find the absolute date-time value in the current time.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
  
 
'''totalSum <- 0'''
 
'''totalSum <- 0'''
−
|| Let us initialise a variable '''totalSum'''.  
+
|| Let us initialise a '''variable totalSum'''.  
  
−
In the '''Source''' window, type '''totalSum''' then press '''Alt '''and''' -'''('''hyphen''')''' '''keys simultaneously.  
+
In the '''Source''' window, type '''totalSum''' then press '''Alt '''and''' -'''('''hyphen''') keys simultaneously.  
  
−
Then type 0.  
+
Then type zero.  
  
−
This variable will store the sum of elements in '''matrixA'''.  
+
This '''variable''' will store the sum of '''elements''' in '''matrixA'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
Line 154: Line 155:
  
 
'''}'''
 
'''}'''
−
|| We will create two '''for''' loops to iterate through the rows and columns of the '''matrixA'''.
+
|| Now, we will create two '''for loops''' to iterate through the rows and columns of the '''matrixA'''.
  
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''for '''in parentheses''' i''' space '''in''' space 1 '''colon '''3 space
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''for '''in parentheses''' i''' space '''in''' space 1 '''colon '''3 space
Line 167: Line 168:
  
 
'''}'''
 
'''}'''
−
|| Press '''Enter''' just after the opening curly bracket and type the following command.  
+
|| Press '''Enter''' just after the opening curly bracket and type the following '''command'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
  
 
'''print(totalSum)'''
 
'''print(totalSum)'''
−
|| Press Enter after the closing curly bracket of outer loop '''for(i in 1:3)'''.  
+
|| Press '''Enter''' after the closing curly bracket of outer '''loop for(i in 1:3)'''.  
  
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''print totalSum''' in''' parentheses'''.  
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''print totalSum''' in''' parentheses'''.  
Line 183: Line 184:
 
|| Now, we record the current time again.  
 
|| Now, we record the current time again.  
  
−
Type '''endTime '''then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''')''' '''keys simultaneously.  
+
Type '''endTime '''then press '''Alt '''and '''-'''('''hyphen''') keys simultaneously.  
  
 
Now type '''Sys''' dot '''time''' parentheses. Press '''Enter'''.  
 
Now type '''Sys''' dot '''time''' parentheses. Press '''Enter'''.  
  
−
Type '''endTime '''space minus sign space''' startTime''' to know the total time taken and save the '''script'''.
+
Type '''endTime '''space minus sign space''' startTime''' to know the total time taken.
  
−
I am resizing the '''Source '''window.
+
And save the '''script'''.
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
||
 +
|| I am resizing the '''Source '''window.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
  
 
Highlight the sum in '''Console''' window
 
Highlight the sum in '''Console''' window
−
|| Run the block of code from the comment line '''Calculating sum using for loop '''to the end.  
+
|| Run the block of code from the '''comment line Calculating sum using for loop '''to the end.  
  
 
The '''totalSum''' is evaluated to be 237.
 
The '''totalSum''' is evaluated to be 237.
Line 201: Line 206:
  
 
Highlight the time taken in '''Console''' window
 
Highlight the time taken in '''Console''' window
−
|| The time taken to calculate the sum of elements in '''matrixA''' using '''for''' loop is approximately 8 milliseconds.  
+
|| The time taken to calculate the sum of '''elements''' in '''matrixA''' using '''for loop''' is approximately 8 milliseconds.  
  
 
However, it may vary from system to system.  
 
However, it may vary from system to system.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Source''' window
 
|| Highlight '''matrixA''' in the '''Source''' window
−
|| Now, let us calculate the sum of all elements in '''matrixA''' using the '''sum''' function.  
+
|| Now, let us calculate the sum of all '''elements''' in '''matrixA''' using the '''sum function'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
||  
 
||  
Line 213: Line 218:
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
  
−
'''#''' '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''
+
'''# Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''
−
|| In the script '''myMatrix.R''', add a comment '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''.  
+
|| In the script '''myMatrix.R''', add a '''comment Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''.  
  
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''.
 
In the '''Source''' window, type '''# hash''' space '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function'''.
Line 227: Line 232:
  
 
'''endTime - startTime '''
 
'''endTime - startTime '''
−
|| Now, type the following commands.  
+
|| Now, type the following '''commands'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| [RStudio]
 
|| [RStudio]
  
 
Highlight the time taken in the '''Console''' window
 
Highlight the time taken in the '''Console''' window
−
|| Save the script and run the block of code from the comment line '''Calculating sum using inbuilt function '''to the end.  
+
|| Save the '''script''' and run the block of code from the '''comment line Calculating sum using inbuilt function '''to the end.  
  
−
The time taken to calculate the sum of elements using '''sum''' function is 1.6 milliseconds.  
+
The time taken to calculate the sum of '''elements''' using '''sum function''' is 1.6 milliseconds.  
  
−
Whereas, it took 8 milliseconds to calculate the same sum using '''for''' loop.  
+
Whereas, it took 8 milliseconds to calculate the same sum using '''for loop'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
 
|| Cursor on the interface.
−
|| So, it is advisable to use inbuilt functions of '''R'''.  
+
|| So, it is advisable to use '''inbuilt functions''' of '''R'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Cursor on the interface
 
|| Cursor on the interface
Line 249: Line 254:
  
 
'''colSums(matrixA) '''
 
'''colSums(matrixA) '''
−
|| In the '''Source''' window, type '''rowSums matrixA '''in parentheses.''' '''
+
|| In the '''Source''' window, type '''rowSums matrixA '''in parentheses.
  
−
Next, type''' colSums matrixA '''in parentheses.''' '''
+
Next, type''' colSums matrixA '''in parentheses.
  
 
Save the '''script''' and run these two lines to see the corresponding sums on the '''Console'''.
 
Save the '''script''' and run these two lines to see the corresponding sums on the '''Console'''.
Line 273: Line 278:
  
 
'''captaincy <- rbind(captaincy, data.frame(names="Kohli", Y = 2016, played = 30, won = 20, lost = 9, victory = 20/30))'''
 
'''captaincy <- rbind(captaincy, data.frame(names="Kohli", Y = 2016, played = 30, won = 20, lost = 9, victory = 20/30))'''
−
|| In the '''Source''' window, type the following command. Press '''Enter '''after the comma for better visibility. .  
+
|| In the '''Source''' window, type the following '''command'''. Press '''Enter '''.
 +
 
 +
Press '''Enter '''after the comma for better visibility. .  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
||  
 
||  
Line 279: Line 286:
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight '''captaincy '''in the Source window
 
|| Highlight '''captaincy '''in the Source window
−
|| We have used '''rbind()''' function with the following arguments* name of the '''data frame''' to which we want to add the new row. Here, it is '''captaincy'''.  
+
|| We have used '''rbind() function''' with the following '''arguments'''
−
* the row to be added as an argument to '''data.frame()'''.
+
* name of the '''data frame''' to which we want to add the new row. Here, it is '''captaincy'''.  
 +
* the row to be added as an '''argument''' to '''data.frame()'''.
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight '''data.frame''' in the '''Source '''window  
 
|| Highlight '''data.frame''' in the '''Source '''window  
−
|| To '''data.frame()''' function, we provide the values according to the columns of the actual data frame.* '''names''' = “Kohli”
+
|| To '''data.frame() function''', we provide the values according to the columns of the actual '''data frame'''.
 +
* '''names''' = “Kohli”
 
* '''Y''' = 2016
 
* '''Y''' = 2016
 
* '''played''' = 30  
 
* '''played''' = 30  
Line 306: Line 315:
  
 
'''defeat <- captaincy$lost / captaincy$played'''
 
'''defeat <- captaincy$lost / captaincy$played'''
−
|| Now let us create a new column named '''defeat''' from the '''captaincy data frame'''.  
+
|| Now let us create a new column named '''defeat''' in the '''captaincy data frame'''.  
  
 
Click on the '''script myMatrix.R'''.  
 
Click on the '''script myMatrix.R'''.  
  
−
In the '''Source''' window, type''' '''the following command Press '''Enter'''.  
+
In the '''Source''' window, type the following '''command'''.
 +
 
 +
Press '''Enter'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''captaincy <- cbind(captaincy, defeat)'''
 
|| '''captaincy <- cbind(captaincy, defeat)'''
Line 316: Line 327:
 
|| Now we add '''defeat''' as a new column in '''captaincy data frame'''.  
 
|| Now we add '''defeat''' as a new column in '''captaincy data frame'''.  
  
−
In the '''Source''' window, type''' '''the following command Press '''Enter'''.  
+
In the '''Source''' window, type the following '''command''' Press '''Enter'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight '''cbind '''in the '''Source '''window
 
|| Highlight '''cbind '''in the '''Source '''window
−
|| We have used '''cbind()''' function with following two arguments:* name of the '''data frame''' to which we want to add the new column. Here, it is '''captaincy'''.  
+
|| We have used '''cbind() function''' with following two '''arguments''':
 +
* name of the '''data frame''' to which we want to add the new column. Here, it is '''captaincy'''.  
 
* name of the column to be added. Here, it is '''defeat'''.  
 
* name of the column to be added. Here, it is '''defeat'''.  
  
Line 328: Line 340:
 
Save the '''script''' and run the block of code starting from the declaration of '''defeat '''to the end.
 
Save the '''script''' and run the block of code starting from the declaration of '''defeat '''to the end.
  
−
One column of '''defeat''' is added in the '''captaincy data frame'''.  
+
'''defeat''' column is added in the '''captaincy data frame'''.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
||  
 
||  
Line 346: Line 358:
  
 
|| We now suggest an assignment.
 
|| We now suggest an assignment.
−
* Consider 2 vectors c(9,10,11,12) and c(13,14,15,16).  
+
* Consider 2 '''vectors''' c(9,10,11,12) and c(13,14,15,16).  
−
* Create a 4 by 2 matrix from these two vectors.  
+
* Create a 4 by 2 '''matrix''' from these two '''vectors'''.  
−
* Add another vector c(17,18,19,20) as a column to the previous matrix.
+
* Add another '''vector''' c(17,18,19,20) as a column to the previous '''matrix'''.
  
 
For solutions, please refer to the '''Additional materials''' section on this website.
 
For solutions, please refer to the '''Additional materials''' section on this website.

Latest revision as of 17:46, 19 March 2019

Title of script: Operations on Matrices and Data Frames

Author: Shaik Sameer (IIIT Vadodara) and Sudhakar Kumar (IIT Bombay)

Keywords: R, RStudio, matrices, data frames, adding row, adding column, video tutorial

Visual Cue Narration
Show slide

Opening slide

Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Operations on Matrices and Data Frames.
Show slide

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn how to:
  • Perform operations on matrices
  • Add rows or columns to a data frame
Show slide

Pre-requisites

To understand this tutorial, you should know
  • Data frames and Matrices in R
  • R script in RStudio
  • How to set working directory in RStudio

If not, please locate the relevant tutorials on R on this website.

Show slide

System Specifications

This tutorial is recorded on
  • Ubuntu Linux OS version 16.04
  • R version 3.4.4
  • RStudio version 1.1.456

Install R version 3.2.0 or higher.

Show slide

Download Files

For this tutorial, we will use the data frame CaptaincyData.csv and the script file myMatrix.R.

Please download these files from the Code files link of this tutorial.

[Computer screen]

Highlight CaptaincyData.csv and myMatrix.R in the folder MatrixOps

I have downloaded and moved these files to MatrixOps folder' in myProject folder on the Desktop.

I have also set MatrixOps folder as my Working directory.

Let us switch to RStudio.
Click myMatrix.R in RStudio

Point to myMatrix.R in Rstudio

Open the script myMatrix.R in RStudio.

For this, click on the script myMatrix.R

Script myMatrix.R opens in Rstudio.

Highlight matrixA in the Source widow Recall that, we had created a matrix named matrixA.

This matrix was extracted as a subset from the captaincy data frame.

We will use matrixA here also.

Highlight the Source button Run this script myMatrix.R to load the values in the Workspace.
Highlight captaincy in the Source window captaincy data frame opens in the Source window.
I will resize the Source window.
Highlight matrixA in the Environment window. Now let us learn how to find the inverse of matrixA.
Click on the script myMatrix.R
[RStudio]

solve(matrixA)

In the Source window, type solve, within parentheses matrixA.

Press Enter.

Press Enter at the end of every command.

Press Ctrl + S >> Press Ctrl+Enter keys. Save the script and run this line.
Highlight the output in the Console window The inverse of matrixA in shown in the Console window.
For more information on calculating inverse of a matrix in R, please refer to the Additional materials section on this website.
[RStudio]

Highlight matrixA in the Environment window

Now let us calculate the sum of all the elements in matrixA.

First, we shall use nested for loops for calculating this sum.

Also, we shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way.

[RStudio]

# Calculating sum using for loop

Let us add a comment - Calculating sum using for loop in the script.

In the Source window, type # hash space Calculating sum using for loop. Press Enter.

[RStudio]

startTime <- Sys.time()

To calculate the time taken, we record the present time.

In the Source window, type start Time with capital T.

Then press Alt and -(hyphen) keys simultaneously.

Next, type Sys dot time followed by parentheses.

Highlight Sys.time in the Source window Sys.time() is used to find the absolute date-time value in the current time.
[RStudio]

totalSum <- 0

Let us initialise a variable totalSum.

In the Source window, type totalSum then press Alt and -(hyphen) keys simultaneously.

Then type zero.

This variable will store the sum of elements in matrixA.

[RStudio]

for(i in 1:3) {

}

Now, we will create two for loops to iterate through the rows and columns of the matrixA.

In the Source window, type for in parentheses i space in space 1 colon 3 space

Now type opening curly bracket. RStudio automatically adds a closing curly bracket.

[RStudio]

for(j in 1:3) {

totalSum <- totalSum + matrixA[i,j]

}

Press Enter just after the opening curly bracket and type the following command.
[RStudio]

print(totalSum)

Press Enter after the closing curly bracket of outer loop for(i in 1:3).

In the Source window, type print totalSum in parentheses.

[RStudio]

endTime <- Sys.time()

endTime - startTime

Now, we record the current time again.

Type endTime then press Alt and -(hyphen) keys simultaneously.

Now type Sys dot time parentheses. Press Enter.

Type endTime space minus sign space startTime to know the total time taken.

And save the script.

I am resizing the Source window.
[RStudio]

Highlight the sum in Console window

Run the block of code from the comment line Calculating sum using for loop to the end.

The totalSum is evaluated to be 237.

[RStudio]

Highlight the time taken in Console window

The time taken to calculate the sum of elements in matrixA using for loop is approximately 8 milliseconds.

However, it may vary from system to system.

Highlight matrixA in the Source window Now, let us calculate the sum of all elements in matrixA using the sum function.
We shall estimate the time taken to calculate the sum in this way also.
[RStudio]

# Calculating sum using inbuilt function

In the script myMatrix.R, add a comment Calculating sum using inbuilt function.

In the Source window, type # hash space Calculating sum using inbuilt function.

[RStudio]

startTime <- Sys.time()

sum(matrixA)

endTime <- Sys.time()

endTime - startTime

Now, type the following commands.
[RStudio]

Highlight the time taken in the Console window

Save the script and run the block of code from the comment line Calculating sum using inbuilt function to the end.

The time taken to calculate the sum of elements using sum function is 1.6 milliseconds.

Whereas, it took 8 milliseconds to calculate the same sum using for loop.

Cursor on the interface. So, it is advisable to use inbuilt functions of R.
Cursor on the interface Let us learn how to calculate sum of each row and sum of each column.
[RStudio]

rowSums(matrixA)

colSums(matrixA)

In the Source window, type rowSums matrixA in parentheses.

Next, type colSums matrixA in parentheses.

Save the script and run these two lines to see the corresponding sums on the Console.

I am resizing the Console window to see the output properly.
Now let us learn how to add rows and columns to an existing data frame.
Click on the captaincy data frame.
Highlight captaincy data frame in the Source window Let us add a new row to the captaincy data frame.
Click on the script myMatrix.R
[RStudio]

captaincy <- rbind(captaincy, data.frame(names="Kohli", Y = 2016, played = 30, won = 20, lost = 9, victory = 20/30))

In the Source window, type the following command. Press Enter .

Press Enter after the comma for better visibility. .

I am resizing the Source window
Highlight captaincy in the Source window We have used rbind() function with the following arguments
  • name of the data frame to which we want to add the new row. Here, it is captaincy.
  • the row to be added as an argument to data.frame().
Highlight data.frame in the Source window To data.frame() function, we provide the values according to the columns of the actual data frame.
  • names = “Kohli”
  • Y = 2016
  • played = 30
  • won = 20
  • lost = 9
  • victory = 20/30
[RStudio]

View(captaincy)

Highlight new row in the Source window

In the Source window, type View within parentheses captaincy

Save the script and run the last two lines of code.

One new row with the details of Kohli is added in the captaincy data frame.

[RStudio]

defeat <- captaincy$lost / captaincy$played

Now let us create a new column named defeat in the captaincy data frame.

Click on the script myMatrix.R.

In the Source window, type the following command.

Press Enter.

captaincy <- cbind(captaincy, defeat) Now we add defeat as a new column in captaincy data frame.

In the Source window, type the following command Press Enter.

Highlight cbind in the Source window We have used cbind() function with following two arguments:
  • name of the data frame to which we want to add the new column. Here, it is captaincy.
  • name of the column to be added. Here, it is defeat.
View(captaincy) Now type View, captaincy in parentheses

Save the script and run the block of code starting from the declaration of defeat to the end.

defeat column is added in the captaincy data frame.

Let us summarize what we have learnt.
Show slide

Summary

In this tutorial, we have learned how to:
  • Perform operation on matrices
  • Add rows or columns to a data frame
Show slide

Assignment

We now suggest an assignment.
  • Consider 2 vectors c(9,10,11,12) and c(13,14,15,16).
  • Create a 4 by 2 matrix from these two vectors.
  • Add another vector c(17,18,19,20) as a column to the previous matrix.

For solutions, please refer to the Additional materials section on this website.

Show slide

About the Spoken Tutorial Project

The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

Show slide

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials and give certificates.

Please contact us.

Show Slide

Forum to answer questions

Please post your timed queries in this forum.
Show Slide

Forum to answer questions

Please post your general queries in this forum.
Show Slide

Textbook Companion

The FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

For more details, please visit these sites.

Show Slide

Acknowledgement

The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India
Show Slide

Thank You

The script for this tutorial was contributed by Shaik Sameer (FOSSEE Fellow 2018).

This is Sudhakar Kumar from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

Contributors and Content Editors

Nancyvarkey, Sudhakarst

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