Difference between revisions of "BASH/C2/String-and-File-attributes/English-timed"

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'''Title of script:''' '''String and File Attributes''' '''comparison in Bash'''
 
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'''Author:''' Ashwini Patil
 
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'''Keywords: video tutorial, ==, !=, string compare, file attributes.'''
 
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{| border=1  
 
{| border=1  
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!Time  
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|'''Time'''
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!Narration  
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|'''Narration'''
  
 
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|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 00:13
 
| 00:13
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| * '''String comparison''' and '''File attributes comparison'''.
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|'''String''' comparison and '''File attributes''' comparison.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 00:25
 
| 00:25
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| * '''Ubuntu Linux''' '''12.04''' Operating System and  
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|'''Ubuntu Linux''' '''12.04''' Operating System and  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 00:30
 
| 00:30
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| * '''GNU BASH''' version '''4.1.10'''
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|'''GNU BASH''' version '''4.1.10'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 00:56
 
| 00:56
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| 2) Second: != (not equal to) operator.
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| 2) Second: != (not equal to) operator
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|  01:06
 
|  01:06
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|  I have a simple program here that checks the user ID.
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|  I have a simple program here that checks the '''user ID'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 01:31
 
| 01:31
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|  '''whoami''' '''command''' gives the '''username''' of the current '''user.'''
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|  '''whoami''' command gives the '''username''' of the current '''user.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|  01:44
 
|  01:44
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| We have used '''not-equal to''' operator here to compare the '''strings'''.
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| We have used '''not-equal to''' operator here to compare the strings.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 01:57
 
| 01:57
 
| '''“You have no permission to run 'strcompare dot sh' as non-root user.”'''
 
| '''“You have no permission to run 'strcompare dot sh' as non-root user.”'''
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|-
 
|-
 
| 02:05
 
| 02:05
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| Here '''$0 (dollar zero)''' is the '''zeroth''' argument which is a 'file-name' itself.
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| Here, '''$0 (dollar zero)''' is the zeroth '''argument''' which is a 'file-name' itself.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  02:13
 
|  02:13
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|  If the user is the '''root user''', it will '''echo -''' '''“Welcome root!”'''.
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|  If the user is the '''root user''', it will '''echo -''' “Welcome root!”.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 02:23
 
| 02:23
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| And here with '''fi ''' we end the '''if statement.'''
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| And here with '''"fi" ''' we end the '''if statement.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 02:38  
 
| 02:38  
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| A successful command returns a '''0 (zero)'''.
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| A successful command returns a '''0 '''(zero).
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 02:42
 
| 02:42
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| An erroneous command returns a '''non-zero''' '''value.'''
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| An erroneous command returns a non-zero '''value.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
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|   02:56
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|02:56
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|   Now, let's '''execute''' the program.
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|Now, let's '''execute''' the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|   02:58  
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|02:58  
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| Open the '''terminal''' by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt''' and '''T''' keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
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|Open the '''terminal window''' by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt''' and '''T''' keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|  03:12
 
|  03:12
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| Type '''whoami'''.
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| Type: '''whoami'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 03:37
 
| 03:37
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|  The output is displayed as:
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|  The '''output''' is displayed as:
  
 
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|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 03:47  
 
| 03:47  
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|  Now let's execute the same '''program''' as '''root user.'''
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|  Now let's execute the same program as '''root user.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|  03:58
 
|  03:58
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|  It will prompt for an password.   
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|  It will prompt for a password.   
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|  04:29
 
|  04:29
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|  '''-(hyphen) f''' command checks whether the file exists or not.
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|  '''-(hyphen) f''' command checks whether the file exists or not
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  04:33
 
|  04:33
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| And whether it is a normal file.
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| and whether it is a normal file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
|  05:07
 
|  05:07
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| '''File exists and is a normal file'''.
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| '''"File exists and is a normal file"'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 05:35   
 
| 05:35   
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| |Let us replace  '''- (hyphen) f''' attrib with '''- (hyphen) s''' attribute.
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| |Let us replace  '''- (hyphen) f''' attribute with '''- (hyphen) s''' attribute.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
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|   05:47
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|05:47
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|   Now, replace the first '''echo statement''' with:
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|Now, replace the first '''echo statement''' with:
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  05:51
 
|  05:51
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|  ''' “File exists and is not empty”'''.
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|  ''' “File exists and is not empty”'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 05:54
 
| 05:54
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| And the second '''echo statement''' with:
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| and the second '''echo statement''' with:
  
 
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|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 06:13
 
| 06:13
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| The output is '''File is empty.'''
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| The output is '''"File is empty".'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  06:17
 
|  06:17
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|   Now, let us see another file attribute which will check the '''write permission''' of any file.
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|Now, let us see another file attribute which will check the '''write permission''' of any file.
  
 
|-
 
|-
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|  06:32
 
|  06:32
 
|  Now replace the first '''echo statement''' with:
 
|  Now replace the first '''echo statement''' with:
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|-
 
|-
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|-
 
|-
 
| 07:21   
 
| 07:21   
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| '''User doesn't have write permission to this file.'''
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| '''"User doesn't have write permission to this file".'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 07:26   
 
| 07:26   
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|  Now, let us see another example based on file attributes.
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|  Now, let us see another example based on '''file attribute'''s.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 07:31   
 
| 07:31   
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| In this example, we will check whether '''file1''' is newer than '''file2.'''
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| In this example, we will check whether 'file1' is newer than 'file2'.
  
 
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|-
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|  07:40
 
|  07:40
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| Note that our file-name is '''fileattrib2 dot sh'''
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| Note that our file-name is '''fileattrib2 dot sh'''.
  
 
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|-
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|  07:48
 
|  07:48
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|  Here we have two variables '''file1''' and '''file2.'''
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|  Here we have two variables '''file1''' and '''file2'''.
  
 
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|-
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|-
 
|  07:58  
 
|  07:58  
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|  Here we check whether '''file1'''  is newer than '''file2.'''
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|  Here, we check whether '''file1'''  is newer than '''file2.'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:04  
 
| 08:04  
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|  If the '''condition''' is '''True''', we print '''file1 is newer than  file2.'''
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|  If the '''condition''' is '''True''', we print '''"file1 is newer than  file2".'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 08:09  
 
| 08:09  
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| '''Else''', '''file2 is newer than  file1.'''
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| Else, '''"file2 is newer than  file1".'''
  
 
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|-
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| 08:21  
 
| 08:21  
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| If the '''condition''' is '''True''', we print '''file1 is older than  file2.'''
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| If the '''condition''' is '''True''', we print '''"file1 is older than  file2".'''
  
 
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| 08:27  
 
| 08:27  
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| Else, we print '''file2 is older than  file1.'''
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| Else, we print '''"file2 is older than  file1".'''
  
 
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| 08:42  
 
| 08:42  
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| Type: '''echo within double quotes Hiii after the double quotes greater than sign empty one dot sh'''. Press '''Enter'''.
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| Type: '''echo within double quotes hiii after the double quotes greater than sign empty one dot sh'''. Press '''Enter'''.
  
 
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| 08:57   
 
| 08:57   
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| Type: '''chmod plus x fileattrib2 dot sh'''
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| Type: '''chmod plus x fileattrib2 dot sh'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|  09:03
 
|  09:03
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|  Now type '''dot slash fileattrib2 dot sh'''
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|  Now, type: '''dot slash fileattrib2 dot sh'''.
  
 
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|  09:15
 
|  09:15
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| '''file2 is older than file1'''
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| '''file2 is older than file1'''.
  
 
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|-
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|  09:27
 
|  09:27
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|  Type: echo within double quotes '''How are you''' after the quotes (greater than sign) >'''empty2 dot sh'''.  
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|  Type: echo within double quotes '''How are you''' after the quotes greater than sign (>)'''empty2 dot sh'''.  
  
 
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|  09:55  
 
|  09:55  
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| '''file2 is newer than file1'''
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| '''"file2 is newer than file1"'''
  
 
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|  09:59  
 
|  09:59  
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| And '''file1 is older than file2'''.
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| And '''"file1 is older than file2"'''.
  
 
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| 10:08
 
| 10:08
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| In this tutorial, we learnt:
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| In this tutorial, we learned:
  
 
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| 10:11
 
| 10:11
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|* '''String comparison'''
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|'''String''' comparison'''file attributes'''
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+
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|-
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| 10:12
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|* '''file attributes'''
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|-
 
|-
 
| 10:14
 
| 10:14
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|* '''==(equal to equal to)'''
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|'''==(equal to equal to)'''
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 10:16
 
| 10:16
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|* '''!= (not equal to)'''
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|'''!= (not equal to)'''* '''-f''' (hyphen f)  
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+
−
|-
+
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| 10:17
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|* '''-f (hyphen f) '''
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|-
 
|-
 
| 10:18
 
| 10:18
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|* '''-s'''(hyphen s)
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|'''-s''' (hyphen s)* '''-w''' (hyphen w)
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+
−
|-
+
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| 10:19
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|* '''-w'''(hyphen w)
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|-
 
|-
 
| 10:21
 
| 10:21
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|* '''-nt'''(hyphen nt)and
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|'''-nt''' (hyphen nt) and '''-ot '''(hyphen ot) '''attribute'''s.
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+
−
|-
+
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| 10:22
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|* '''-ot '''(hyphen ot) attributes.
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|-
 
|-
 
|  10:25
 
|  10:25
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| As an assignment-
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| As an assignment-explore some more attributes.
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+
−
|-
+
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| 10:26
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| explore some more attributes.
+
  
 
|-
 
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| 10:29
 
| 10:29
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| Ex: '''-r '''
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| Ex: '''-r ''', '''-x''' and '''-o'''.
−
'''-x'''and
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−
'''-o'''
+
  
 
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| 11:02
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|11:02
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|   '''Spoken Tutorial''' project is a part of the '''Talk to a Teacher''' project.
+
|'''Spoken Tutorial''' project is a part of the '''Talk to a Teacher''' project.
  
 
|-
 
|-

Latest revision as of 16:19, 23 March 2017

Time Narration
00:01 Dear friends, welcome to the spoken tutorial on String and File Attributes comparison in Bash.
00:10 In this tutorial, we will learn:
00:13 String comparison and File attributes comparison.
00:18 We will do this using a few examples.
00:22 For this tutorial, I am using:
00:25 Ubuntu Linux 12.04 Operating System and
00:30 GNU BASH version 4.1.10
00:34 Please note, GNU Bash version 4 or above is recommended to practice this tutorial.
00:42 Let us start with an introduction.
00:45 There are two ways to compare a string in Bash.
00:49 1) First: using == (equal to equal to) operator
00:53 to compare two equal strings.
00:56 2) Second: != (not equal to) operator
00:59 to compare two not equal strings.
01:03 Let us look at an example.
01:06 I have a simple program here that checks the user ID.
01:11 Open a file in your editor and save it as strcompare dot sh.
01:19 Now type the code as shown here, in your strcompare dot sh file.
01:26 Let me explain the code.
01:28 This is shebang line.
01:31 whoami command gives the username of the current user.
01:36 The if statement checks the output of the variable whoami against the string “root”.
01:44 We have used not-equal to operator here to compare the strings.
01:50 If the current user is not the root user, then it will echo this statement -
01:57 “You have no permission to run 'strcompare dot sh' as non-root user.”
02:05 Here, $0 (dollar zero) is the zeroth argument which is a 'file-name' itself.
02:13 If the user is the root user, it will echo - “Welcome root!”.
02:18 Then we have the exit statement for the program.
02:23 And here with "fi" we end the if statement.
02:28 Let us switch back to our slides to know more about the exit statement.
02:34 Every program returns an exit status.
02:38 A successful command returns a 0 (zero).
02:42 An erroneous command returns a non-zero value.
02:47 It can be interpreted as an error code.
02:51 We can customize return value of the exit statement .
02:56 Now, let's execute the program.
02:58 Open the terminal window by pressing Ctrl+Alt and T keys simultaneously on your keyboard.
03:08 First, let's check the current user of the system.
03:12 Type: whoami.
03:15 Press Enter.
03:17 This will output the name of the current user.
03:21 Now let's make our script executable.
03:25 Type: chmod +x strcompare dot sh
03:32 Type: dot slash strcompare dot sh
03:37 The output is displayed as:
03:39 You have no permission to run dot slash strcompare dot sh as non-root user.
03:47 Now let's execute the same program as root user.
03:52 Type: sudo dot slash strcompare dot sh
03:58 It will prompt for a password.
04:01 Give your password here.
04:04 The output is displayed as: Welcome root!.
04:08 Now, let's learn about the file attributes comparison.
04:13 I already have a working example of the code.
04:17 In this program, we will check whether a given file exists or not.
04:23 file1 is the variable in which we save the path of the file.
04:29 -(hyphen) f command checks whether the file exists or not
04:33 and whether it is a normal file.
04:37 If the condition is True, it will echo "File exists and is a normal file" .
04:44 Else, it will echo "File does not exist" .
04:48 Switch back to the terminal. Let us execute our file.
04:53 Type: chmod plus x fileattrib dot sh
05:00 Type: dot slash fileattrib dot sh
05:05 The output is displayed as:
05:07 "File exists and is a normal file".
05:11 Now we will check whether the file is empty or not.
05:16 Before executing our program, I will create an empty file named as empty dot sh.
05:24 Type: gedit empty dot sh ampersand sign.
05:31 Click on Save, close the file.
05:35 Let us replace - (hyphen) f attribute with - (hyphen) s attribute.
05:41 Replace the filename here as well.
05:45 Type empty dot sh .
05:47 Now, replace the first echo statement with:
05:51 “File exists and is not empty”
05:54 and the second echo statement with:
05:57 “File is empty”.
05:59 Click on Save.
06:01 Come back to the terminal.
06:03 Let me clear the prompt.
06:06 Let's execute.
06:08 Type: dot slash fileattrib dot sh press Enter.
06:13 The output is "File is empty".
06:17 Now, let us see another file attribute which will check the write permission of any file.
06:24 Come back to our program.
06:26 Let us replace the - (hyphen) s attribute with - (hyphen) w.
06:32 Now replace the first echo statement with:
06:36 “User has write permission to this file”.
06:40 And the second echo statement with:
06:43 “User doesn't have write permission to this file”.
06:47 Click on Save.
06:49 I will use a different file for this example.
06:53 I will select a file which is not a readable file or which does not have write permission.
07:01 Let me change the file path to
07:04 “slash etc slash mysql slash debian dot cnf”
07:10 Click on Save.
07:12 Let us execute our program.
07:15 Press the up-arrow key. Press Enter.
07:19 We see that the output is displayed as:
07:21 "User doesn't have write permission to this file".
07:26 Now, let us see another example based on file attributes.
07:31 In this example, we will check whether 'file1' is newer than 'file2'.
07:38 Let us see the program.
07:40 Note that our file-name is fileattrib2 dot sh.
07:46 Let's go through the code.
07:48 Here we have two variables file1 and file2.
07:53 The two files have already been created and are empty.
07:58 Here, we check whether file1 is newer than file2.
08:04 If the condition is True, we print "file1 is newer than file2".
08:09 Else, "file2 is newer than file1".
08:14 This is another if statement.
08:16 Here we check whether file1 is older than file2.
08:21 If the condition is True, we print "file1 is older than file2".
08:27 Else, we print "file2 is older than file1".
08:32 Come back to our terminal.
08:35 First, we will edit empty1 dot sh file.
08:39 I will just add an echo statement in it.
08:42 Type: echo within double quotes hiii after the double quotes greater than sign empty one dot sh. Press Enter.
08:53 Now, let us make our script executable.
08:57 Type: chmod plus x fileattrib2 dot sh.
09:03 Now, type: dot slash fileattrib2 dot sh.
09:09 We see the output as:
09:11 file1 is newer than file2
09:15 file2 is older than file1.
09:19 Now let's edit empty2 dot sh file.
09:23 Here also I will add an echo statement.
09:27 Type: echo within double quotes How are you after the quotes greater than sign (>)empty2 dot sh.
09:38 Let me clear the prompt.
09:41 Now let us execute our script again.
09:45 Press the up-arrow key.
09:47 Go to dot slash fileattrib2 dot sh Press Enter.
09:53 Now the output is displayed as:
09:55 "file2 is newer than file1"
09:59 And "file1 is older than file2".
10:03 This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
10:06 Let us summarize.
10:08 In this tutorial, we learned:
10:11 String comparisonfile attributes
10:14 ==(equal to equal to)
10:16 != (not equal to)* -f (hyphen f)
10:18 -s (hyphen s)* -w (hyphen w)
10:21 -nt (hyphen nt) and -ot (hyphen ot) attributes.
10:25 As an assignment-explore some more attributes.
10:29 Ex: -r , -x and -o.
10:33 Watch the video available at the link shown below.
10:36 It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
10:40 If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
10:45 The Spoken Tutorial Project team:
10:47 Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
10:51 Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
10:55 For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org
11:02 Spoken Tutorial project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.
11:06 It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
11:14 More information on this mission is available at the link shown below .
11:19 The script has been contributed by Fossee and spoken-tutorial team.
11:25 This is Ashwini Patil from IIT Bombay, signing off.
11:29 Thank You for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Ranjana, Sandhya.np14

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